The SAPCA Code of Practice for the Design, Construction

The SAPCA Code of Practicefor the Design, Construction andImprovement of Natural Sports Turf

www.sapca.org.uk

The SAPCA Code of Practice for the Design, Construction and Improvement of Natural Sports Turf

Copyright © SAPCA (June 2010, 1st Edition) Page 1

Copyright ©

The Sports and Play Construction Association

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the Sports and Play Construction Association (SAPCA).

June 2010, (1st Edition)

ISBN: 978-1-907391-05-7

Disclaimer

The Sports and Play Construction Association (SAPCA) do not accept any liability for the design or construction of any facilities, or the actions of any contractors employed, as a result of, or in connection with, any information provided in this publication.

Some sport surface system/products and designs, available to potential clients may be covered by Patents; clients should ensure that the use of similar products does not infringe any patents held by manufacturers or installers. The Sports and Play Construction Association (SAPCA) do not accept any liability for choice of surfacing systems infringing any current or future patents.



Contents

List of Figures .......................................................................................................... 6

Introduction ........................................................................................................... 7

Notes to be read in conjunction with the Code of Practice ...................................... 9

The Sports and Play Construction Association (SAPCA) ......................................... 11

Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. 12

Prologue ............................................................................................................... 13

1 Section One: SAPCA Quality Assurance ........................................................... 15

1.1 SAPCA Members Regulation and Conduct ....................................................... 15

1.2 SAPCA Membership Requirements for the Natural Sports Turf Division ....... 17

1.3 SAPCA Members Obligations ............................................................................ 18

1.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 18

1.3.2 British and European Standards.................................................................................... 18

1.3.3 Buried Apparatus and Utilities ...................................................................................... 18

1.3.4 Clearing the Site upon Completion ............................................................................... 18

1.3.5 Control of Dust .............................................................................................................. 18

1.3.6 Control of Noise and Vibration ..................................................................................... 19

1.3.7 Disposal of Waste Earthworks Materials ...................................................................... 19

1.3.8 Inclement Weather ....................................................................................................... 20

1.3.9 Information Boards ....................................................................................................... 20

1.3.10 Imported Materials ....................................................................................................... 20

1.3.11 Maintenance of Public and Private Roads .................................................................... 20

1.3.12 Materials Testing ........................................................................................................... 20

1.3.13 Protection of Services, Public Footways and Highways ................................................ 21

1.3.14 Risks to Health and Safety from Materials or Substances ............................................ 21



1.3.15 Safe Working Practices.................................................................................................. 22

1.3.16 Site Welfare Facilities .................................................................................................... 22

1.3.17 Storage of Chemicals ..................................................................................................... 23

1.3.18 Temporary Works ......................................................................................................... 23

2 Section Two: Project Guidance ....................................................................... 24

2.1 Stage 1: Site Feasibility and Assessment ......................................................... 24

2.1.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 24

2.1.2 Site Details .................................................................................................................... 24

2.1.3 Contact Details .............................................................................................................. 25

2.1.4 Client’s Brief .................................................................................................................. 25

2.1.5 Programme ................................................................................................................... 25

2.1.6 Site Conditions .............................................................................................................. 26

2.1.7 Site History .................................................................................................................... 28

2.1.8 Consent ......................................................................................................................... 29

2.1.9 Health and Safety .......................................................................................................... 29

2.1.10 Deliverable .................................................................................................................... 30

2.2 Stage 2: Design and Tendering .......................................................................... 30

2.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 30

2.2.2 Site Investigations & Risk Assessments......................................................................... 31

2.2.3 Topographical Surveys .................................................................................................. 35

2.2.4 Topsoil & Subsoil Assessment ....................................................................................... 35

2.2.5 Topsoil Quality and Physical Contamination................................................................. 36

2.2.6 Earthworks Design & Slope Stability ............................................................................. 40

2.2.7 Drainage Design & Water Attenuation ......................................................................... 40

2.2.8 Contract Tender Documentation .................................................................................. 41

2.2.9 The Tendering Process .................................................................................................. 41

2.3 Stage 3: Construction Monitoring...................................................................... 42



2.3.1 Construction Monitoring Process ................................................................................. 42

2.4 Stage 4: Handover .............................................................................................. 43

2.4.1 Winter Games Pitches ................................................................................................... 43

2.4.2 Cricket Pitches Fine Turf (Wicket) ................................................................................. 48

2.4.3 Cricket Outfield Areas ................................................................................................... 51

3 Section Three: Minimum Design and Construction Standards ......................... 53

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 53

3.2 Minimum Standards for Natural Turf Sports Facilities ..................................... 55

3.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 55

3.2.2 Grassroots Cultivated Pitches ....................................................................................... 56

3.2.3 Grassroots Non Cultivated Pitches ............................................................................... 61

3.2.4 Pipe and Excavated Slit Drained Pitches ....................................................................... 65

3.2.5 Pipe and Forced Slit Drained Pitches ............................................................................ 68

3.2.6 Suspended Water-table Pitches .................................................................................... 69

3.3 Specifications for the Construction of Winter Games Facilities ..................... 71

3.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 71

3.3.2 Topsoil Removal and Stockpiling .................................................................................. 71

3.3.3 Earthworks Operations ................................................................................................. 73

3.3.4 Pipe Drainage Installation to Pipe Drained Pitches....................................................... 74

3.3.5 Amelioration Sand......................................................................................................... 78

3.3.6 Seedbed Preparation .................................................................................................... 78

3.3.7 Seeding .......................................................................................................................... 80

3.3.8 Slit Drain Installation ..................................................................................................... 81

3.3.9 Sand Band Installation .................................................................................................. 82

3.3.10 Top-dressing Sand ......................................................................................................... 83

3.4 Specifications for the Construction of Fine Turf Cricket Facilities ................. 83

3.4.1 Initial Planning ............................................................................................................... 84



3.4.2 Initial Site Investigation ................................................................................................. 85

3.4.3 Drainage ........................................................................................................................ 85

3.4.4 Cricket Loam.................................................................................................................. 85

3.4.5 Grasses .......................................................................................................................... 85

3.4.6 Construction Methodology for a Normal Cricket Square ............................................. 86

3.4.7 Construction Methodology for a Drainage Layer Type Cricket Square ........................ 87

3.4.8 Specifications for the Construction of Cricket Facilities ............................................... 88

3.4.9 Cricket Pitches (Establishment and Grow In Period) .................................................... 92

3.4.10 Cricket Outfield Areas ................................................................................................... 95

3.5 Specifications for the Construction of Lawn Tennis Courts ............................ 96

3.5.1 Construction Considerations ......................................................................................... 96

3.5.2 The Construction of Lawn Tennis Courts ...................................................................... 97

3.5.3 Aftercare ..................................................................................................................... 101

3.5.4 Net Posts ..................................................................................................................... 103

3.5.5 Relaying a Grass Court ................................................................................................ 103

3.6 Performance Quality Standards ....................................................................... 104

3.7 Design and Construction Parameters ............................................................. 104

3.7.1 Slope and Orientation ................................................................................................. 104

3.7.2 Construction Tolerances ............................................................................................. 106

3.7.3 Pitch Dimensions ......................................................................................................... 106

4 Appendices................................................................................................... 110

Appendix One: ............................................................................................................. 110

Appendix Two: ............................................................................................................. 111

Appendix Three: .......................................................................................................... 112

Appendix Four: ............................................................................................................ 113



List of Figures

Figure 1 Recommended pitch construction where topsoil is cultivated

Figure 2 Recommended pitch construction where topsoil is cultivated and supplemented with sand bands

Figure 3 Recommended pitch construction where topsoil is not cultivated

Figure 4 Recommended pitch construction supplemented with sand bands where topsoil is not cultivated

Figure 5 Recommended pitch construction where topsoil is cultivated and supplemented with slit drains

Figure 6 Recommended pitch construction supplemented with slit drains where topsoil is not cultivated

Figure 7 Suspended water-table construction with a blinded and grit drainage layer

Figure 8 Typical Pipe Drainage Layout for a winter games pitch

Figure 9 The ‘typical’ construction of a lawn tennis court (not to scale)

Figure 10 Goal to Goal, Wicket to Wicket, or Baseline to Baseline Orientation Diagram, Adapted from the National Playing Fields Association

Figure 11 Senior 9 Cricket Pitch Layout

Figure 12 Junior 9 Cricket Pitch Layout



Introduction

The Sports and Play Construction Association (SAPCA) has produced this document to provide prospective clients and specifiers with guidance on how to procure or improve a new sports turf facility and introduce the basic construction requirements and specifications currently employed in building a natural sports turf facility.

The document calls on the experience of our member companies who have constructed a wide range of installations for a variety of clients over many years. The requirements of the various sports’ governing bodies and the relevant standards organisations are incorporated, where appropriate, in the document.

Whilst it is not intended that this document should become part of a contract, it is hoped that it will prove useful in the selection of an appropriate surface and form a useful reference in the design and construction process.

SAPCA highly recommend that experienced, professional consultants be retained to provide the necessary level of expertise in designing and detailing sports facilities and ensuring compliance with all of the current legislation. In the case of Natural Sports Turf, where the appropriate choice of surface and its design is vital to the success of any project, independent professional advice is essential.

Over recent years The Sports and Play Construction Association (SAPCA) has recognised that there is a need for improving the standard of the design and construction of natural turf facilities, especially at the grassroots level. SAPCA considers that it is now time for the industry to improve standards and embrace recent and future innovations which will ultimately lead to greater British sporting success.

Commonly observed problems relating to the design and construction of natural sports turf facilities include:

Insufficient site assessment

Poor and inappropriate specifications

Poor and inadequate construction monitoring

Poor material supply/control

Poor site management

The use of inexperienced contractors

The use of inappropriate and/or potentially hazardous construction materials

The construction of facilities at the wrong time of year

Unreasonable expectations of wear resistance

Insufficient discussion of maintenance budget at an early stage

Timing of operation and weather during construction

Misunderstanding between the contractor and clients’ expectations



Poor drainage design

The overuse and poor maintenance of new or upgraded facilities

A combination of the above factors can compromise the quality of the newly constructed or remediated facilities and the long lasting impact on a local community can be very disruptive, and expensive. The implementation of appropriate and adequate post-construction plus ongoing maintenance is very important in producing facilities which are sustainable and fit for use.

SAPCA has therefore produced this Code of Practice in response to these industry related problems to provide industry professionals with up to date guidance on the basic requirements and specifications to be employed in the construction of more sustainable, and easier to maintain, natural turf sports facilities. It is recognised that future developments and innovations will improve standards further and it is our intention to update and improve this Code of Practice so that it remains relevant and useful.

This document is prepared as a benchmark standard for the sports turf industry and the market place. It aims to enhance the quality of the natural turf sports facilities by making information relating to sport turf facility construction more accessible. It is a guide which is primarily applicable to grassroots sports facilities and contains recommendations for general briefing requirements, and guidance on current best practice and minimum standards.

This document represents a Code of Practice to which SAPCA members will be obliged to adhere to and it and calls on the experience of SAPCA member companies, members of the professional services division and recognised industry consultants.

The requirements of Sport England, the Football Association (FA), Rugby Football Union (RFU), Rugby Football League (RFL), England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) and the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) have been recognised in the preparation of this document.

The design and construction of natural sports turf facilities requires specialist skills and expertise. Examples of different types of facility construction are given in this document but due to the site specific nature of natural turf pitches, it is strongly recommended that a specialist natural sports turf consultant is employed to assist with the feasibility, design, construction monitoring, and aftercare of new or upgraded facilities.



Notes To Be Read In Conjunction with the Code of Practice

This Code of Practice is intended for use by sports surfacing contractors; sports facility design professionals and sports pitch purchasers and owners. The Code of Practice should not be used as a substitute for carrying out appropriate surveys and obtaining professional advice in individual circumstances or as a works specification. Although the Code of Practice has been produced by reference to facilities constructed under normal climatic conditions in the United Kingdom, the Sports and Play Construction Association cannot accept any responsibility whatsoever for any loss, damage or injury whatsoever arising from reliance on the specifications within the Code of Practice.

The Code of Practice provides minimum guideline specifications which members of the Sports and Play Construction Association are committed to meet. As guideline specifications, however, they do not supersede a reasonable interpretation of the specification and terms of contract applying in each contract. For individual projects, variations in climate, soil conditions, topography, planning constraints and other site-specific conditions may necessitate standards of specification greater than those recommended in the Code of Practice.

Parties not experienced in sports surfacing construction are strongly advised to consult qualified contractors and pitch construction consultants/agronomist, etc…. The Sports and Play Construction Association can provide details of experienced contractors and consultants.

In accordance with common practice within the construction industry the depth of any individual construction layer is specified within the Code of Practice as the nominal compacted depth. The nominal depth can be regarded as the design depth of a layer of construction within a sports pitch system.

The information contained within the Code of Practice, whilst accurate at the time of publication, may be subject to change at a future date. Due to changing technology and new developments in construction methods as well as the changing requirements of the sports’ governing bodies revisions to the recommendations are likely, and only the most recent edition of the Code of Practice should therefore be used.

A permanent joint committee will keep under review the use of the Code of Practice and will consider any suggestions for amendment, which should be addressed to the Technical Manager, The Sports and Play Construction Association, Federation House, National Agricultural Centre, Stoneleigh Park, Warwickshire CV8 2RF. Revision to the Code of Practice will be made when it is considered appropriate.

Due to the fact that many of the processes used in constructing a natural sports turf area are highly susceptible to weather conditions such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, etc, it is advisable to check with the specialist contractor as to the most suitable time of year for the installation.

Many planning authorities now publish very specific local planning requirements in the form of framework documents and development plans; these will include requirements for many types of outdoor sports facilities. The design of most elements of a sports turf is likely to come under scrutiny, in particular floodlighting, fencing, landscaping, planting and drainage.



It is essential that the designer of a facility has the experience and knowledge to undertake a full design at planning stage. They are likely to have to prove that the design meets all the requirements and may have to submit calculations to prove compliance.

The Construction Design and Management Regulation 2007, require that a CDM coordinator be employed during the design, specification, tendering and construction phases of any construction project that employs over a certain number of personnel or runs for more than a certain length of time. The CDM coordinator’s role is that of ensuring all H&S paperwork is in place, that it meets the minimum requirements of the regulations and all paperwork is passed to the client, the designer and the contractor when required. It is the client’s duty to ensure that a CDM coordinator is employed for the project and that they have full knowledge of their own responsibilities under the regulations.



The Sports and Play Construction Association (SAPCA)

As the recognised UK trade association, SAPCA fosters excellence, professionalism and continuous improvement throughout the sports and play construction industry, in order to provide the high quality facilities necessary for the success of British sport.

SAPCA’s Aims and Objectives

To promote high standards of design, construction and workmanship for sports facilities in the UK.

To regulate the industry through the vetting and monitoring of SAPCA members.

To participate fully in the development of British, European and other Standards for the construction and performance of sports facilities, for all levels of play.

To liaise closely with the governing bodies of sport, both nationally and internationally.

To encourage the use of new technology in the design and construction of sports facilities.

To provide and support training and education for the industry’s workforce.

To provide a strong voice for the sports construction industry in the UK.

www.sapca.org.uk

The SAPCA web site provides a wealth of valuable information for anyone involved in the development of sports facilities. Visit www.sapca.org.uk - for Industry News, Technical Guidance, Exhibitions & Events, the SAPCA Membership Database, and more. Visitors are invited to subscribe to the free SAPCA News Update service, for regular news bulletins.

Further information

The Sports and Play Construction Association operates through its own full-time administration. For further information, including a list of members, please contact SAPCA at the headquarters address below.

The Sports and Play Construction Association Federation House Stoneleigh Park Warwickshire CV8 2RF Telephone: 024 7641 6316 Fax: 024 7641 4773 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.sapca.org.uk



Acknowledgements

SAPCA would like to acknowledge the assistance from many people who contributed towards the production of this code of practice. People who suggested topics, sections and information combined with those who commented on technical issues during the consultation phase. Our deepest gratitude goes everyone that helped without your support this document would not have been possible. In particular we would like to acknowledge Jon Smith of Geoturf Consulting who was responsible for preparing many sections of this Code and collating information for many different sources.

This Code of Practice for the Design, Construction and Improvement of Natural Sports Turf has been produced in consultation with many organisations governing sport in the UK and is regarded by the industry as the recognised minimum standard for the construction of Natural Sportsturf in the UK.



Prologue

From the first thoughts about the need for a new or improved natural turf sports area, through to the final successful delivery of a quality facility, which will remain at the required standard for years to come, there is a need for a clear understanding of the processes involved. The processes and decisions that need to be undertaken and made can be complex and will depend upon many factors.

The diagram on the following page is designed to help potential clients make the correct decisions at the right times by looking at the ideal routes a project may take from proposal to completion and the information required at each stage.

Types of Contract

There is more than one way a project can be managed or run. The rights and obligations of the parties in respect of quality, programmes, payment, variations and dispute resolution need to be considered within the contract framework. In the UK construction sectors there are several standard forms of contract commonly used including ICE, JCT, NEC3 and PPC 2000. One should seek professional/specialist advice to ensure the correct type of contract is followed and all parties are protected.

Procurement Type

The way in which a facility is acquired depends on the selected procurement route. Whilst there are different procurement options in general there are two main approaches used in the UK sports construction sector.

Design and Build: typically the feature of a Design and Build project is that one organisation or company is responsible for both the design and construction of the sports facility.

Design, bid, build (or design-tender): is a more traditional form of procurement in which an architect or consultant fully designs the sport facility, tenders the construction work to several companies to bid for the contract and then selects the successful contractor. In this scenario the consultant will often take design liability and undertake key stage inspections during construction to ensure the design has been built correctly.

Specialist Assistance

To ensure the quality of any natural turf sports pitch is to the required standard it is vitally important that specialist assistance is used throughout. This should include the use of qualified consultants and contractors for each stage of the design and construction. Before selecting a consultant or contractor it is imperative to make certain they meet the requirements outlined in this document if they do not the quality and longevity of your facility may not attain the desired performance.

Ongoing Longevity

No matter how good the design and construction of the sports surface an appropriate plan for maintenance should be developed with suitable equipment and skilled groundsman to ensure the long-term quality of the surface. The Institute of Groundsman (www.iog.org) provides advice and training on natural sports turf ground care.

http://www.iog.org/



Construction of a Natural Sports Turf Area

This phase reviews the project brief and considers factors such as; location, sports usage, funding, procurement and project management.

This phase includes the development of a business plan, planning application and, if required, funding application. A consultant is often appointed during this phase.

Prior to the design phase a detailed site invesitigation is normally required. This includes soil survey, topographical, geotechnical and drainage surveys.

This phase includes the production of full design specifications and technical drawings.

In this section a review of the tender submissions is undertaken. This includes tender evaluation, short-listing and eventual contractor selection.

This phase includes the construction of the facility. If required independent quality control is undertaken to assess build quality and design specification conformity.

This section includes the hand-over of the completed project. If required performance testing should be undertaken to ensure compliance. Additionally, a maintenance regime should be provided by the installer.

This phase includes the ongoing maintenance programme and warranty (growing-in/hand over) period of the installation.

1. Project Brief

2. Project Feasibility

3. Site Investigation

4. Design Specification

5. Tender Process

6. Construction Period

7. Project Completion

8. Aftercare



1 Section One: SAPCA Quality Assurance

1.1 SAPCA Members Regulation and Conduct

It is essential that any company used to design, construct or improve a sports facility is appropriately skilled, experienced, qualified and reputable. The following section of the code of practice outlines the robust structure and quality monitoring procedures SAPCA have developed to provide assurance and confidence to the client/purchaser.

All SAPCA members are bound by this Code of Practice and a Code of Professional Conduct, as well as the Rules of the Association. By selecting a SAPCA member one is assured that the criteria and requirements outlined in this document will be followed.

Any comments or complaints about the quality or conduct of a SAPCA member company should be forwarded directly to SAPCA for investigation. SAPCA will vigorously scrutinize the performance of a member company and as required mediate to settle conflicts and ensure the quality of the construction is to the highest standards.

Clients and customers are assured that the following conditions will be adhered to by all SAPCA members.

Membership Criteria

All members must meet the required standards of experience, proficiency and commercial competence appropriate to this Code of Practice. Companies are required to demonstrate that they continue to comply with these membership criteria on an annual basis and will be inspected on a regular basis to ensure they continue to meet the required standards.

Financial Stability

All members within SAPCA are required to comply with the Association’s criteria for financial stability, as defined by the vetting and monitoring system.

Professionalism, Customer Care and Service

All members of SAPCA are committed to maintain high standards of professionalism and customer service at all times.

Staff within member companies should be aware of the requirements contained in the Association’s Code of Professional Conduct to provide a superior service to clients, in addition to their legal responsibilities.

All members should seek to enhance the reputation of SAPCA within the industry and not act in any way that would bring the Association or the industry into disrepute.

Advertising and Promotion

All advertising and promotional material produced by members of SAPCA should be truthful.

Competition Law and Competitiveness

The essence of a trade association is that all member companies should behave towards each other in a spirit of mutual respect. Whilst fully observing the requirements of current competition law, member companies and all their employees and representatives should



respect the commercial and professional integrity of fellow SAPCA members at all times, and not denigrate a fellow member in the interests of gaining commercial advantage.

Pre-contractual Information

Quotations, specifications and other pre-contractual information provided to clients should aim to be clear and helpful.

Contracts

Contracts between members and their clients should be clear and fair to both parties.

Standards of Construction

All members are required to comply with the minimum standards of construction as laid down by the Association in its Codes of Practice.

In exceptional circumstances, where an aspect of construction within a specification provided by a member does not meet the minimum standards or recommendations contained within a Code of Practice, the member company is required to notify the client, in writing, of the non-compliance.

Technical Mediation Service

SAPCA operates a Technical Mediation Service to provide impartial assistance in the resolution of disputes between members and their customers, should the need arise. This service is normally restricted to the technical, rather than contractual, aspects of a dispute.

All member companies are strongly encouraged to resolve any complaints without the involvement of SAPCA, and shall therefore operate an effective complaints handling system. However, a dissatisfied customer who cannot resolve a dispute with a SAPCA member may submit details of the complaint to the Association. Should it prove necessary, as a result of mediation, for SAPCA to issue a ruling on a case, the member company concerned will be bound by the findings of the Association. The costs of mediation are to be met by the member company and the service is free of charge to customers.

Training and Education

Members are required to support the training activities for the industry that are developed and provided by the Association.

Health and Safety Regulations

Members must comply fully with current Health & Safety Regulations, including the current Construction (Design & Management) Regulations, CDM.

Environmental Policy

SAPCA members companies are expected to follow a suitable environmental policy to ensure all due care is taken to reduce the impact of their operations on the environment.



Disciplinary procedure

Breaches of any aspects of the Code of Professional Conduct, including failure to abide by rulings of the Technical Mediation Service, or failure to maintain the proper standards of quality and performance, may be referred to the Association’s Disciplinary Panel.

Breaches of the Code of Professional Conduct will result in disciplinary action being taken. A member company committing a serious breach of the Code of Professional Conduct will be liable to expulsion from the Association.

1.2 SAPCA Membership Requirements for the Natural Sports Turf Division

The following criteria are the minimum requirements a company must meet before it is eligible for membership of the Natural Sports Turf Division of SAPCA. This list ensures that any company within the division will have the required skills, experiences and qualifications to design build or improve a Natural Sports Turf facility.

1. Comply with the Association’s Code of Professional Conduct and the Rules of Membership. Companies should have and maintain a good reputation, with the requisite expertise and experience as befits membership of a professional trade association.

2. Have been trading for a minimum of three years. In exceptional circumstances, companies may be admitted that have not traded for three years, but they must first be able to demonstrate outstanding merit, particularly in relation to their overall experience and financial stability.

3. Meet the Association’s requirements for satisfactory financial stability.

4. Be able to demonstrate appropriate in-house technical expertise relevant to the application and this Code of Practice.

5. Have previously constructed a minimum of five, full size natural turf pitches (or equivalent) that meet the following requirements:

6. All completed works should be conducted as the ‘Principal’ Contractor and not as a Sub-Contractor, unless this refers to a ‘Non-sports facility construction company i.e. a large Building/Property developer.

7. All works must be full or new installations, or major refurbishments to be considered.

8. All works for inspection should be located in the UK.

9. Provide evidence of high standards of performance and workmanship, both for the vetting of their application for membership and on an on-going basis as required by the Association as part of SAPCA’s Annual Monitoring. Member companies are required to comply with the current minimum standards of construction as laid down in this Code of Practice.

10. Provide satisfactory references from previous clients as outlined in the relevant membership application documents.

11. Have and maintain levels of insurance cover:



12. Public Liability insurance (minimum £ 2 million for any one occurrence)

13. Employer’s Liability insurance (minimum £ 5 million for any one occurrence)

14. Contractor’s All Risks insurance (minimum £ 0.5 million for any one occurrence)

15. Professional Indemnity insurance (to cover the cost of the project)

16. Have a current Sub-Contractor Tax Reference Number.

17. Have a current Health and Safety policy document, dated and signed by the Director responsible for Health and Safety matters. Policy documents must include a written statement of general safety policy and the organisation and arrangements in place to implement the policy, as required by the Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974.

18. Be members of Constructionline.

1.3 SAPCA Members Obligations

1.3.1 Introduction

SAPCA members are to follow the SAPCA Code of Conduct and this Code of Practice in the construction of sports turf facilities and are obliged to undertake site works in accordance with the following requirements.

1.3.2 British and European Standards

Where a relevant British and/or European standard specification (including British and European Standard Code of Practice) referred to in this document then all goods and materials used or supplied, and all workmanship, should either be in accordance with that standard, or of a higher standard.

1.3.3 Buried Apparatus and Utilities

The member should be responsible for determining the exact position of any services and utilities affected by the works. Any information provided to the member should be confirmed on site by liaising with the relevant Authority and hand digging where necessary.

1.3.4 Clearing the Site upon Completion

The member should, upon completion of the works, clear all plant, unused materials, etc., clean all roads, drains, watercourses etc. affected by the works and leave the whole of the site in a clean and tidy condition that is acceptable to the client.

1.3.5 Control of Dust

The member should conduct all operations such that as far as possible, any dust settles within the site and is not carried beyond the immediate working area. The member should also undertake a daily visual inspection of vehicles (if any) parked in the site compound areas and adjacent the areas of working for the presence of any settled dust.

The member should adjust the location of any excavation, re-grading or filling operations having regard to the wind direction and speed, and should suspend such operations altogether in the event that any such adjustment fails to prevent dust from being carried beyond the immediate working area.



Any stockpiles of material subject to wind whipping should be dampened down and covered to ensure satisfactory dust control. The member should ensure that airborne dust is kept to a minimum by the regular use of water bowsers during periods of dry weather.

The member should also deploy other water spraying equipment as required to control dust emissions whenever significant dust emissions are created or are likely to be generated by site operations.

1.3.6 Control of Noise and Vibration

The member should employ the best practical means to minimise noise and vibration produced by site operations and should have regard to the recommendations in BS 5228 Noise Control on Construction and Open Sites, the Noise Abatement Act (1960) and all amendments thereto, and the Department of the Environment Advisory Leaflet No. 72 “Noise Control and Building Sites” and such subsequent publications. Without prejudice to the generality of the member’s obligations under the preceding paragraph, the member should comply in particular with the following requirements:

All vehicles and mechanical plant used for the purpose of the works should be fitted with effective exhaust silencers and should be maintained in good and efficient working order.

All compressors should be “sound reduced” models fitted with properly lined and sealed acoustic covers which should be kept closed whenever the machines are in use, and all pneumatic percussive tools should be fitted with mufflers or silencers of the type recommended by the manufacturers.

Machines in intermittent use should be shut down in the intervening period between works or throttled down to a minimum.

All pumps should be fitted with effective exhaust silencers and should be maintained in good and efficient working order. All de-watering pumps should be “sound reduced” models fitted with properly lined and sealed acoustic covers.

The member should pay special regard to minimise noise at the site boundaries. Such measures include:

The location of the site offices, stockpiles and mobile noise screens

Limits on the amount of plant at work

Silencing of plant as described above

The member should take suitable steps to prevent damage to adjacent structures due to vibrations caused by executing the works.

1.3.7 Disposal of Waste Earthworks Materials

The member should be responsible for the correct disposal of all non-re-usable surplus earthworks material, and where necessary should undertake Waste Acceptance Criteria Testing of the material prior to removal from site. All waste should be disposed of in accordance with the Landfill Regulations for England and Wales at an appropriately licensed landfill facility.



1.3.8 Inclement Weather

The Works or any part thereof should be suspended temporarily by the member when, in his/her opinion, working conditions are deemed to be unsuitable due to inclement weather. Work should cease when ground conditions on site are such that compaction, puddling and/or deep rutting of the soil or any other detriment would result.

1.3.9 Information Boards

Members should provide, maintain and remove on completion of the Works two information boards that should be sited at the entrance to the compound and main site entrance. The information boards should give details of the Client and the member’s name together with telephone contact numbers for both office hours and out of office hours. The Information Board should also provide details of the scheme name.

1.3.10 Imported Materials

Members should compile a list of the suppliers from which it is proposed to purchase materials necessary for the works from and should obtain test certificates confirming the suitability as appropriate for approval. Samples should be taken in accordance with the relevant British Standard where applicable and materials subsequently used in the works should be consistent with the samples as tested or approved. Any site derived or imported general fill material for use in the works should be obtained from a clean identified source. Any imported fill material should be clean and inert and should not pose a risk to human health or the environment. It should not contain chemicals that can be leached out and cause contamination of controlled waters.

1.3.11 Maintenance of Public and Private Roads

The member should be responsible for keeping clean all public roads, pavements, verges, and watercourses.

1.3.12 Materials Testing

As a control on the quality of all drainage, sand and topsoil materials imported onto site, the member should take bulked samples of the materials. The member should then retain a sample on site and forward a sub-sample to an approved laboratory for analysis to confirm compliance with the requirements of the specification.

Following each sampling exercise the samples should be forwarded to a recognised sports turf industry recognised and accredited laboratory for analysis.



Material Test Comments Grass Seed

Mixtures n/a

Compliance with seed regulations and purity plus

germination test certificates from producer

Drainage

Aggregates

Particle size distribution

Calcium carbonate content Test at approved sports turf laboratory

Blinding Sand

(Sand

Rootzone)


Calcium carbonate content

Percolation rate

pH

Salinity

Test at approved sports turf laboratory

Topsoil


pH value

Organic matter content

Nutrient Status (P & K)

Salinity

Heavy metals

Percolation rate

Organic contaminants

Topsoil to be tested to requirements of BS

3882:2007

Heavy metals and organic contaminants should

ideally be tested for at a UKAS accredited geo-

environmental laboratory.

Tests comparable to those given will be necessary for any equivalent work, goods or materials proposed by the Member of the natural turf division.

The materials chosen for construction or renovation works should match the standards of, and be compatible with, any existing materials used.

1.3.13 Protection of Services, Public Footways and Highways

The member should make all necessary provision, including the supply of protective coverings as appropriate, to protect and maintain:

the public highway along the proposed access and egress routes to the site

all public footways adjacent to the public highways detailed above

all underground services along the proposed access and egress routes in a) above

all foul and storm sewer drain covers and road drainage gullies within the areas covered above

all overhead services within the site

1.3.14 Risks to Health and Safety from Materials or Substances

The member should comply with all the relevant legislation including the "Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999," which governs the use of the substances listed.



1.3.15 Safe Working Practices

Where possible the main access point should be permanently attended by the member to supervise the movement of delivery lorries into and out of the site. When not in use or outside working hours the access point should be securely closed and locked. Appropriate signage warning the general public of the construction hazard should be established.

As a minimum all members’ staff should be issued with the following Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Protective footwear (steel toe caps and insoles to BS 1870)

Safety helmets

High visibility reflective jackets or waistcoats

Rubber gloves

Eye protection

The member should provide qualified First Aiders as appropriate and should ensure that at any time during working hours at least one qualified First Aider is in full time attendance.

1.3.16 Site Welfare Facilities

If site welfare facilities are not provided by the client then the member should provide and maintain adequate shelter accommodation for the use of all staff. As a minimum requirement the following accommodation and welfare provided should be:

No site office for use with meeting room facilities

No welfare/mess room

The welfare unit/mess room unit should provide the following facilities and be maintained in an acceptable clean and tidy condition and have:

Adequately heated and lighted room(s) containing a table, chairs or benches for use during meal breaks

Facilities for heating food and providing hot water

Adequate first aid equipment

A wash basin with hot and cold water & toilet facilities

Where permanent toilets are not easily accessible the member should provide use of dedicated toilet facilities for all staff within a designated part of the site.



1.3.17 Storage of Chemicals

The member should ensure that any liquid including fuel oil used on site in connection with the works are stored in suitably labelled containers with appropriate “Hazchem” notices. Such containers should be stored on an impermeable hardstanding in accordance with the Environment Agency’s Special Requirements. Any spillages should be disposed of to an appropriate disposal site. Any spillage of liquid, which may give rise to an environmental pollution incident, should be contained and removed immediately to an appropriate disposal site.

1.3.18 Temporary Works

The member should make all necessary temporary provision for the run-off of surface and groundwater from the areas of excavation during the period between the start of the works and the final connections to the drainage outfalls. The member should allow for compliance with the guidelines presented in:

Pollution Prevention Guidelines – Working at Construction and Demolition Sites; PPG6 – Environment Agency

Pollution Prevention Guidelines – Works in, near or liable to affect Watercourses: PPG5 – Environment Agency.

The member should provide and maintain all temporary access roads, sleeper tracks, storage areas, groundwater/surface water control measures or any other temporary works required during the execution of the Contract, remove the same as required and make good on completion of the works.

The member should take all necessary precautions to prevent any adjacent ground or watercourses from being adversely affected by loss of fines through any de-watering process.

All excavations should be kept free from water at all times and adequate pumping plant, including special de-watering equipment, should be provided by the member, who should also make arrangements for the disposal of all water encountered in the excavations. All sumps should be located clear of excavations for permanent work, and when no longer required the sumps should be filled in with suitable material.

The member should not carry out any concreting or other constructional work unless the excavations are dry, and the excavations should be kept free from water until the concrete has set sufficiently so as not to be damaged by water.

The member should ensure that so far as is practicable all constructional work is carried out in the dry and that excavations for such work are kept well drained and free from standing water.



2 Section Two: Project Guidance

2.1 Stage 1: Site Feasibility and Assessment

2.1.1 General

As part of any development project, a feasibility study and design should be undertaken by a qualified and experienced sports turf design specialist. The specialist sports turf consultant should ideally have a recognised degree in plant or earth-science and have adequate experience and Professional Indemnity Insurance cover.

The main purpose of a feasibility study is to establish site and ground conditions, plus drainage discharge points and to present possible development options with associated guideline costs. The study should also present a development risk register so that risks associated with the project are identified and assessed at an early stage.

The feasibility study should not constitute a specification as it only illustrates the design principles involved in improving sport facilities. Feasibility studies and technical appraisals must not be used to obtain construction prices or forwarded to contractors as specification or outline contract documents. Full contact documentation including a specification, bill of quantities and detailed design drawings should be provided for this purpose. Such contract documents will provide adequate information for contractors to prepare accurate, comparative and competitive tenders.

The feasibility study must include a site visit and the following aspects should be investigated during the visit. The findings for the study should be formally presented in a detailed feasibility report.

2.1.2 Site Details

Site details should include the following:

Location

Address

Access details

Current land use

Agroclimate area

Proximity to an indicative flood plain

Proximity to a ground water source protection zone

Furthermore, the size of the proposed equipment required to undertake the works and delivery of materials should be taken into account.



2.1.3 Contact Details

Contact details of the client and site owner should be provided, plus details of other parties involved in the project, these may include:

Planners

Architects

Engineers

Contractors

Site Users

2.1.4 Client’s Brief

To enable an accurate feasibility study to be undertaken, the Client’s brief should be clearly defined and understood. It should be established whether the works are required as part of a new development, improvement works or as a result of a legal dispute.

In addition information relating to the facility should be obtained and this should detail the number, standard and dimensions of facilities, plus the proposed usage levels and maintenance practices.

The available budget and funding streams should be identified. To assist with the production of the report any existing information relating to the site should be collated and reviewed. Such information could include existing reports, plans and topographic or geotechnical surveys.

2.1.5 Programme

The key to a successful project is establishing any critical dates and timescales. The timescales for the following aspects should be established with the Client at the earliest opportunity:

Delivery of Feasibility Reports

Site Investigations

Planning and Drainage Discharge Consent Approvals

Funding Programme (if required)

Timing of the Works

Turf Establishment Period

First Use



Please note: the seasonal programme must reflect the weather and growing periods. Unexpected or adverse conditions can alter the anticipated timescale and hence a period of slack should be built into the programme. If a strict timescale is forced onto the project (i.e. ready for the start of a season) but the weather is not conducive there are some possible operations that can be used to finish the project on time but they are often more costly. It is recommended that in these situations alternative plans are discussed upfront so the client, consultant and contractor are prepared and have options to deal with different situations.

2.1.6 Site Conditions

Photographs should be taken, and general information relating to site boundaries and the surround area and local climate should be recorded. Details of the site vegetation should be recorded including the number and species of trees and the location and size of hedgerows. The existing turf should be inspected and grass species identified. The inspection of the sward should also include:

Percentage ground cover

Rooting depth

Percentage broad-leaved weed

Sward height, quality and composition

Grass plant disease

Physical contamination, stones, flints, shale, metal, glass etc

The depth of the topsoil should be recorded and multiple samples should be obtained and tested at a sports turf laboratory for the following parameters:


pH value

Organic matter content

Nutrient status

Salinity

Topsoil samples should be tested for heavy metals and organic contaminants at a UKAS accredited geo- environmental laboratory.

The topsoil profile should also be inspected for compaction, texture and structure plus moisture levels taking into account recent weather conditions.



The topsoil should be examined for physical contamination which could be deleterious to human health, including but not limited to glass, flints, metal, plastic and ceramics. The near surface soil profile should also be assessed for:

Pests - e.g. Leatherjackets, Nematodes etc...

Thatch depth

Hardness

Water Infiltration Rate

The Soil Survey of England and Wales, a National Soil Resource Institute publication, is a useful reference which includes mapped soil associations for the whole of England and Wales. It describes soil distribution and related land quality. The bulletins help to provide specific information about soils on a regional basis by providing keys soil profile descriptions and references to help with a site assessment. The bulletins describe geology, landscape, climate and land, plus description of soil associations. Relevant details of soil water regimes and drought risk are also identified.

Soil pits should be excavated to establish the makeup of the near surface soil profile. The texture of the subsoil will give an indication as to the natural drainage properties and the investigation will help to establish if rock is located close to surface and if ground water is present at the time of investigation.

If the subsoil is found to consist predominantly of clay-based cohesive soil then ideally this should be sampled and tested for linear shrinkage potential as future shrinkage of the soils can disrupt surface levels and drainage.

If possible the dimensions of the proposed development area should be measured and basic levels should be established over the area with the use of a laser level. Internet based mapping technology such as Google Earth contains a measuring facility which can provide assistance with establishing approximate site measurements.

A record of surface water features, footpaths and bridleways, car parking, buildings, should be made together with an assessment on the impact of works on surrounding neighbours. The need for temporary access and site clearance requirements should be recorded together with a record of levels and gradients and surface evenness. An assessment of the orientation of the proposed facilities should also be made.

The natural drainage properties of the site can be established by hand digging trial holes to establish the characteristic of the near surface geology. The use of a Dutch auger can also be beneficial to investigate further into the soil profile and the near surface subsoil and this will help to establish if groundwater is present. An assessment should be made as to whether any drainage problems relate to ground-water, surface water or both, as the solutions to such problems may be different.

Other aspects that should be considered when assessing drainage are, runoff, seepage, water-table, flooding, existing drains, drain outlets, ditches and watercourse, plus winter conditions.



The requirements for an irrigation system should be considered. An irrigation system can facilitate renovation work and speed the establishment of young grass. Even in an area with a fairly high annual rainfall, dry weather at the time of seeding is not that unusual. The more pressure put on an area, the more important irrigation becomes and if pitches are used in the summer the ability to irrigate can be extremely useful. The design of irrigation systems required specialist expertise and as part of any irrigation design water resources and existing infrastructure should be fully assessed and understood together with the design and drainage properties of the proposed facility.

Special issues that should be considered in the preparation of a feasibility study may include:

Archaeology

Conservation SSSI

Ecology- badgers, nesting birds, newts, otters and other endangered species

Tree protection

Flood Plain/Catchment

Utility services

Proximity to a groundwater service protection zone

2.1.7 Site History

Ideally as part of the feasibility study an Envirocheck Site Check report should be procured. Envirocheck is the industry standard desk study report that provides accurate environmental assessments. Available for the whole of Great Britain, an area of up to 1km from the site is searched for data held in the LegendTM database. Envirocheck delivers site-specific environmental information with access to comprehensive Ordnance Survey current and historical mapping.

The Envirocheck Site Check will assist with helping to identify if the site is contaminated and/or landfill. If this is the case then thorough site investigation and risk assessments should be undertaken by specialist geo-environmental engineers. This should be undertaken during the design stage so that the environmental status of site is established and so that the design can be prepared to account for the site restrictions.

Issues relating to developing sports facilities on contaminated land include, but are not limited to:

The potential to affect landfill gas migration if present

Total and differential settlement

Potential for leachate production and contamination of water courses

Restrictions imposed by the presence of landfill caps

Health and Safety issues relating to site workers and end users



2.1.8 Consent

During the feasibility stage the Local Authority should be contacted to establish if Planning Consent is required for the development. If Planning Consent is required then certain conditions may be imposed on the developer and these normally need to be discharged prior to works being allowed to commence.

Important to the success of any proposed sports development project is the presence of a suitable drainage system outlet point. These typically comprise streams, ditches, or existing inspection chambers. If such features are not present then it may be possible to discharge water to a soak-away. If this is the case an onsite soak-away test should be undertaken to establish if it is feasible to install a soak-away. The soak-away test information will assist in designing the feature. It is likely that drainage discharge consent will be required from the Local Authority and/or Environment Agency for discharging drainage water to surface water features and soak-aways.

2.1.9 Health and Safety

As part of the feasibility study, Health and Safety issues and regulations should be discussed. In 2007, new laws relating to the Construction Design Management (CDM) Regulations came into effect which has a bearing on projects. Copies of the Regulations are available from the Office of Public Sector Information or online at www.opsi.gov.uk.

Under the regulations there are certain things that parties involved with the project must do. For example, the designer has a duty to plan to eliminate hazards and reduce risks during the design stage, and contractors have a duty to ensure that workplaces comply with Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations.

The Client’s responsibilities should be fully understood and to aid in this the early appointment of a CDM Planning Co-ordinator is recommended if required. The appointment of a co-ordinator is actually a requirement for projects lasting more than 30 days or needing more than 500 person working days. Further information on CDM Planning Co-ordinators can be obtained from the Association for Project Safety for CDM Co-ordinators. This Association keeps a database of individual and registered practices who can act as CDM Planning Co-ordinators.



2.1.10 Deliverable

The findings of a feasibility study and recommendations should be presented in a formal report. This should discuss development options and guideline costs associated with the options presented. Experienced contractor capable of undertaking the work should be recommended and possible costs should also be presented for additional work; and these could include:

Archaeological survey

CDM Planning Coordinator Services

Design, tendering, contract management and agronomic support

Ecological survey

Geo-environmental site investigation

Geophysical survey for underground structures and unexploded ordnance

Land drainage consent

Planning consent submission

Services and utilities searches

Flood risk assessments

Topographical survey (if not already conducted as part of the briefing study)

2.2 Stage 2: Design and Tendering

2.2.1 Introduction

Once site feasibility and site assessment work has been completed, the design consultant may prepare a detailed specification and drawings showing details such as the layout, levels and drainage infrastructure, etc. Preparation of the tender specification and design drawings should be a detailed process acting on recommendations for further work indentified during the feasibility and assessment stage.

To be able to prepare a thorough and detailed specification, a topographical survey of the site and possibly a detailed site investigation will be required. Site investigations should include a survey of topsoil resources and geo-environmental aspects of the site. It is very important that the environmental status of the site is fully understood before site works begin so the any environmental and health risks can be minimised at an early stage through the design process.



2.2.2 Site Investigations & Risk Assessments

As part of the design process, a site investigation should be undertaken and this will involve examining the site history and underlying ground conditions. If the environmental status of a site is not fully investigated and understood before site works begins then the works could:

Increase the quantity of contaminated water discharged off site to controlled waters

Increases the concentration of contaminants present in water discharged off site to controlled waters

Increases the risk of exposing end users to contamination.

Increase the risk of exposing construction workers to contamination and live services

Increase the risk of topsoil becoming toxic to plants

Contravene Waste Management Regulations

Alter the migration path of landfill gas if present

Result in the surface being subject to total and differential ground settlement

It is important that the environmental status of any proposed site is investigated and fully understood prior to site works commencing. There are hidden risks associated with upgrading a natural turf sports facility, and the procedures which should be undertaken when assessing a site to mitigate those risks are detailed below.

As a first step, research into the site’s former history and geology should be undertaken. This may take the form of a Phase 1 Desktop Study which will collate and assess pertinent information relating to the site’s former use. Based on the findings of the desktop study it may be necessary to undertake a Phase 2 geo-environmental site investigation. The site investigation would normally involve a site reconnaissance walkover, sampling of soils, geo-environmental laboratory testing, and the assessment and reporting of findings relevant to the proposed end use of the site.

With any development there are a number of potential receptors that can be adversely affected by exposure to contamination. The following is a typical list of receptors which should be included in the assessment:

Site end users

Construction and maintenance workers

Surface and groundwater features

Grass plants

The CLEA (Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment) guidelines provide a model from which acceptable levels of individual contaminant can be generated to assess the risk to site end users. The Environment Agency has run the CLEA model for a number of determinants using selected generic end users to produce Soil Guidance Values (SGV’s).



At the time of writing, the new SGV’s have been published for seven heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, inorganic mercury, nickel, selenium and lead) and for four generic site uses:

Residential with edible plants

Residential without edible plants

Allotments

Commercial and industrial

No SGVs have been published as yet for recreational open spaces.

As part of the Phase 2 investigation work a Tier One Risk Assessment may be undertaken. This will help to establish whether levels of any contaminants identified on site will pose a potential risk to future site users.

Photograph 1a : Monitoring for Volatile Contamination



Photograph 1b : Monitoring for Volatile Contamination

If the results of the Tier One Assessment conclude that the site may be a risk, then a Tier Two Assessment should be undertaken to further define and quantify the risk. The Tier Two Assessment is more detailed in that it is site specific and new site specific SGV’s will be generated for the site itself. The levels at which these values will be set may take account of the age and sex of the site users, and the degree of exposure anticipated. The SGV’s produced will be compared with the soil sample test results to establish whether there is a significant risk. If so, then remedial site works may be required. These remedial measures may include importing a specified depth of “clean cover” over the contaminated soils to prevent exposure and to cut the link between the source and receptor. The depths and design of the “clean cover” system will be dependent on the nature, degree and extent of contamination found. In some instances significant contamination may be limited in extent to a single “hotspot” and the most cost-effective remediation solution may be to simply excavate and remove the contaminated soil off site to an appropriately licensed landfill site. The excavated material would then be replaced with an approved and validated inert fill.



If a clean cover system is required to remediate a sports field, it is important that specialist geo-environmental engineers work closely with sports turf designers so that the most cost-effective and suitable remediation design is developed. Typically, clean cover systems may range from 200 mm to 400 mm in depth.

For the remediation of landfill sites the clean cover layer may include a granular layer to assist with venting of landfill gas if present, and possibly the installation of a geo-synthetic mesh or membrane within the granular layer. The mesh or membrane will act to reinforce the clean cover system. This will help to mitigate the effects of any differential settlement which may occur as a result of biodegradation of any underlying waste mass. Other options for stabilisation works could be considered. These could include dynamic compaction of ground materials prior to placement of the ground stabilisation layer. Although this is most likely to provide optimum compaction of underlying material, the likely required easements to nearby buildings and any services beneath the site may make this option technically impossible.

If new drainage systems are installed into ground which is potentially contaminated, this could increase the soil/water contact and the risk of clean water becoming contaminated with inorganic or organic contaminants by leaching. Clean water which becomes contaminated will be discharged off site via surface water features such as streams and rivers, surface water sewers or to underground aquifers via on site soak-aways. To assess the potential risk to these receptors, soil samples should be tested for leachate potential. If the potential for leachate generation is high then remedial measures may be required. These measures may include lining drainage trenches with impermeable high density poly-ethylene geo-membranes or a geo-composite material to prevent contact between clean water and contaminated material.

If as a result of the environmental investigation and risk assessments remedial works are required then they should be discussed and agreed with the Environmental Health Department of the Local Authority and the local Environment Agency.

If remedial works need to be undertaken later in the development of a project, this could be very disruptive and costly. It is therefore very important that the appropriate investigations are undertaken during the design stage so that cost effective remediation solutions can be integrated into the design prior to works commencing.



2.2.3 Topographical Surveys

To be able to prepare an earthworks and drainage design to a satisfactory standard, an accurate topographic survey will be required. If computer ground modelling of the site is to be undertaken, then the survey should be undertaken in three dimensions i.e. X, Y and Z co-ordinates. If the survey is to be used simply for a drainage layout design then a two dimensional survey, ground spot levels and contours would be adequate. The survey should be undertaken by a specialist survey company and the scope of works should include, but not limited to:

Detailed levels across the site on a 10 m-20 m grid on open areas, depending on the size and steepness of the site.

Surface features relating to drainage and services such as ditches and drainage chambers (invert and cover levels). Wherever possible manholes should be labelled as storm, foul, etc.

Site boundaries, fences and overhead power-lines should be included.

Any other features such as roads, and buildings and rights of way.

Surveys are often presented at a scale of 1:500

Levels should be to Ordnance Datum.

Survey stations should be left in place and identified on survey drawing following completion - for setting out purposes. (At least 2 stations should use Road Nails or similar to ensure that they are not disturbed – these should be identified).

All features within the survey envelope should be surveyed, including spot heights in open ground.

String lines are to be used wherever appropriate – e.g. kerblines, structures, etc. A string should also be provided along the centre line of roads, which are crowned.

Individual trees should be picked up but areas of woodland could be shown as canopy lines only.

Survey information should be supplied in electronic form as a two dimensional AutoCAD DWG file, or a three dimensional AutoCAD DXF or DWG file if three dimensional ground modelling is required for earthworks design.

The AutoCAD file should be layered and a copy of the layer name conventions used should be supplied with the survey to allow easy identifications of features within the AutoCAD Drawing.

2.2.4 Topsoil & Subsoil Assessment

An assessment of topsoil and subsoil is an important part of the design stage. As a minimum topsoil should be assessed for depth and quality. Samples should be obtained for laboratory analysis to establish stone content, nutrient status, pH, salinity organic matter content and the presence of organic and inorganic contaminants.



The assessment of potential risk to human health is presently primarily based on total levels of contaminant within a soil. The potential phytotoxic risk to grass plants of heavy metal contaminants, especially boron, copper, nickel, zinc and certain hydrocarbons present in topsoil is a question of bio-availability as opposed to total levels of contaminants. The availability of a heavy metal to a grass plant will depend on a number of factors including soil cation exchange capacity, pH, soil redox potential, organic matter and moisture content values. When assessing a soil for the bio-availability of a contaminant it is important to assess levels of contamination at increasing depth intervals throughout the soil profile. Topsoil which appears to be uncontaminated and capable of supporting a healthy grass sward could, if disturbed or cultivated, become potentially phytotoxic.

For the development of sports facilities, the minimum recommended topsoil depth is ideally 200 mm (absolute minimum of 150 mm) and so where topsoil depth is limited, this places restriction on the potential of surface grading and levelling. On such sites it may not be possible to grade the surface to acceptable tolerances. In these instances the topsoil will need to be stripped and placed to temporary stockpile and the subsoil formation laser graded.

The requirement to strip and replace topsoil will obviously increase costs. If funds are available this can present an opportunity to place the stripped topsoil through a power-screen to help to reduce stone content and other potentially hazardous material.

It should however be noted that the process of stripping, handling and screening topsoil can have a detrimental effect on topsoil quality and structure which in turn can affect the soil’s natural drainage properties. If the topsoil is to be stripped and handled then this should be done when the topsoil moisture content is low and during periods of dry weather as wet soils are very susceptible to damage when handled.

The testing of subsoil for shrinkage potential is important as it is likely on heavier textured soils with a moderate to high shrinkage potential that the granular backfill within the drains will settle during the first few years following installation. The degree of settlement can be high and in some instances this can go unnoticed as a hidden void is created between the base to the rootzone layer and the top of the granular infill. In such instances the ground is level over the drain, but when foot pressure is applied the surface will collapse resulting in possible injury.

Where settlement of drains is a problem then they should be regularly topped up with a high sand content soil and if possible irrigation should be used to maintain an adequate soil moisture level. This will reduce the amount and degree of surface cracking. To help to reduce the potential for drain settlement, if possible, drains should be installed during the summer months when soils tend to be at their driest and lowest volume. Also it is important to try to establish and maintain good grass cover as this will help to reduce the amount and degree of surface cracking. When soils rehydrate following shrinkage, heave can be created along pipe and slit drain lines which results in an uneven playing surface. Slit drains should therefore be avoided on soils which have the potential to shrink.

2.2.5 Topsoil Quality and Physical Contamination

Topsoil Quality

Where topsoil is to be imported to site for use in the construction of the new facility or to supplement existing topsoil then as a minimum it should meet the requirements of ‘Premium Grade’ topsoil as detailed in BS 3882: 2007. The texture of the topsoil should be specified by a specialist sports pitch consultant and the choice of texture will depend on a number of factors including drainage requirements, levels of use, plus the ability to irrigate the facility.



Topsoil should be of high intrinsic fertility. When inspected visually the topsoil should be free of propagules of aggressive weeds, fragments of any glass, brick, concrete, wire or foreign matter that could be hazardous to health and vegetative growth. The soil should have a maximum stone size of 16 mm and should not contain more than 20 % stone by weight.

If required, the stone content of the topsoil should be reduced by placing the topsoil through a power screen. Screening will help to remove all stones and particles greater than 16mm in any one dimension. The power-screen should be fitted with a soil shredder and grid screens to maximize the removal of material greater than 16 mm in size.

Any form of recycled topsoil is not acceptable for use in the construction of natural turf sports facilities.

Topsoil Physical Contamination

It is generally accepted that for the development of winter games pitches the upper 100 mm depth of the topsoil profile should not contain stones larger the 16 mm in any one dimension. This upper zone of the topsoil profile should also be free of all material which could be potentially hazardous to health and these include, but are not limited to glass, ceramics, flint and shale.

If there is an opportunity to reduce the stone content of topsoil during the development works then this should be undertaken. Stones may be removed from this upper zone either by a process of stone picking and stone burying or topsoil screening if appropriate. Ideally power-screens used should be fitted with a soil shredder and a 16 mm mesh grid. Care should be taken when stony soil containing flints are encountered and ideally trials should be undertaken to ensure the most appropriate method of flint removal. The chosen method should result in the effective removal of flints without causing them to shatter resulting in the production of potentially hazardous shards.

For potentially high wear areas such as football pitch goalmouths and centre spot areas, the minimum uncontaminated depth of the topsoil profile should be 200 mm. In situations where physically contaminated topsoil has previously been used to construct winter games pitches ideally the topsoil should be removed from site to an appropriately licensed landfill facility and replaced with approved sandy loam topsoil (premium grade to BS 3882: 2007) installed to a minimum consolidated thickness of 200 mm. When such action is cost prohibitive an alternative, but less satisfactory, procedure to make the playing surface safer is detailed below:

Place the contaminated topsoil through a power-screen fitted with a (10-16 mm mesh) and a soil shredder

Treat the subsoil to remove compaction and any physical contamination to 300 mm – 450 mm depth depending on subsoil conditions

Replace the topsoil to an even and uniform depth over the development area

Treat the subsoil again to remove any remaining compaction

Undertake a thorough inspection of surface and handpick and remove all remaining visible contamination

Following a period of one week power-harrow the full extent of the replaced topsoil



Undertake second thorough inspection of the surface and handpick and remove all visible contamination

If a large amount of contamination is identified in any specific areas, undertake a second power harrowing operation on these areas, and again inspect for contamination and remove by handpicking

If possible do not carry out any further work until following rainfall. This should wash the fines off any contamination especially glass fragments present and make them more visible

Following a further inspection for contamination, grade and lightly roll the surface to produce an even surface and firmed soil profile

Undertake a metal detection survey over the full extent of the soil and log and remove any metal fragment identified

Import approved sandy loam topsoil (premium grade to BS 3882:2007) to give a minimum consolidated depth of 100 mm across the extent of the replaced screened soil

Following installation of the approved imported topsoil it should be lightly rolled or tracked in to give sufficient degree of consolidation and a resulting minimum firmed depth of 100 mm. It is very important that a minimum 100 mm depth is installed across the full extent of low wear areas and 200 mm depth in high wear areas such as goalmouths and centre circles. Obviously a void would need to be created in the underlying soil in these areas so that an even playing surface could be achieved. The deeper topsoil in these areas may be prone to settlement and therefore it may be necessary to top up any settlement with additional topsoil prior to seeding. Additional drainage may also be required in these high wear areas.

Following topsoil placement and consolidation a pre-seeding fertilizer should be applied and lightly cultivated into the surface of the topsoil prior to seeding.



Photograph 2 Clay with 40 % Shrinkage Potential



2.2.6 Earthworks Design & Slope Stability

The greatest risk and uncertainty of any sports turf development project arises from site ground conditions. The earthworks design therefore needs careful attention before starting construction or the installation of drainage. The extent of earthworks depends on ground conditions and topography. Winter games pitches should, if possible, be laid to relatively flat gradients so sloping sites will require more extensive earthworks than relatively flat sites. On sites where gradients and levels are within tolerance then major earthworks may not be required and if topsoil depth is sufficient then cultivating and grading of the topsoil may be enough to form a uniform and even playing surface.

Steep cutting into slopes or the production of steep slopes brings a risk of landslip. A landslip is a mass movement of sloping ground which can cause widespread damage and can be potentially dangerous. Landslips may occur immediately or much later following construction of the slope. Not all slopes are unstable and the stability depends on a number of factors including:

Slope length and or angle

Local geology

Groundwater

Surface water

If constructed correctly fill slopes tend to be more stable than cut slopes. Allowable cut and fill slope angles will be site specific, but if possible cut and fill slopes should be no steeper than 1:4 (horizontal: vertical) for short slopes.

Where slope stability is a possible issue a specialist geotechnical engineer should be employed to undertake a site specific slope stability analysis. From this work it should be possible to determine the maximum safe slope angles and lengths of both cut and fill slopes.

2.2.7 Drainage Design & Water Attenuation

The design of sports turf drainage systems is dependent on a number of factors including local climate, site topography, topsoil texture and depth, underlying geology and both the type of sport and the levels of use. For these reasons the drainage system should be designed by a recognised sports turf professional.

Where the site is to be re-profiled, the earthworks design should, where possible, take account of the need to install drainage to natural falls without installing pumping systems. Where the site is not to be re-profiled and a gravity fall to a suitable outfall cannot be attained then pumping will have to be considered.

For the installation of new or an additional drainage system, Land Drainage Consent will most probably be required from the Local Authority or the Environment Agency. Such consents may place restrictions on the amount and quality of water which can be discharged into a water course. As a result there may be a requirement to design a water attenuation feature so that peak water flows may be restricted during periods of heavy rainfall. Such features may include attenuation ponds or lakes or possibly underground storage tanks. Where the quality of water to discharge is a possible concern then there may be a requirement for reed-beds to be installed in order to improve water quality prior to discharge off site.



Where it is not possible to discharge drainage water to a surface water feature by gravity or pumping, the only alternative may be to discharge water to an onsite soak-away feature. In these instances the soak-away should be designed by a specialist. The design process will include performing on-site soak-away tests which should be undertaken in accordance with BRE Digest 365 Designing soak-aways. When a soak-away is to be installed, the Local Authority and/or Environment Agency should be consulted as Land Drainage Discharge consent may be required.

2.2.8 Contract Tender Documentation

Based on the completed design documentation tender documentation may then be issued to invite specialist contractors to price the works. It is important that at this stage as much detail about the site is given to the contractor so that it may be accurately priced.

The information included in the tender documentation may include:

Bill of Quantities

Conditions of Contract

Constraints on how the contractor provides the Works

Contractor’s design elements

Description of the works

Design drawings

Health and Safety Requirements – CDM Regulations

Instructions for tendering

Programme

Scope of works

Specifications

Underground and overhead services

Site information

2.2.9 The Tendering Process

Following completion of the design and tender documentation then a range of specialist sports turf contractors are invited to tender for the specified works. The traditional form of contract such as the Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) includes a bill of quantities which need to be completed by the tendering contractor. Other forms of standard contract are available for example, The New Engineering Contracts (NEC), The Joint Contracts Tribunal Limited Contracts (JCT) and the Landscape Institute’s Contract (JCLI).



The contractors need to complete and sign the tender by a strict deadline and tenders which do not meet the deadline are rejected. As part of the tendering process the contractor is also normal required to sign a declaration to show that they have not colluded with other contractors. The tender process normally takes between two to three weeks depending on the size and complexity of the project and normally between three and five specialist contractors are chosen to tender the works.

It is very important that the contractors invited to tender have the correct skills, equipment management and resources to be able to complete the works successfully and on time. Therefore the preparation of the tender list is a vitally important part of a successful project.

Following completion for the tenders it is normal practice to draw up a short list of contractors and invite them to interview. The interview is normally conducted by the consultant with the client being present. Following this process the consultant should recommend which contractor should be appointed for the works.

2.3 Stage 3: Construction Monitoring

2.3.1 Construction Monitoring Process

Even the most comprehensive specification does not guarantee a satisfactory outcome on completion unless the various stages of the project are carefully monitored by the consultant or an appointed project manager acting on behalf of the client. This is to ensure that the details in the specification are adhered to, correct materials provided and the progress of each stage of the operation is monitored, approved and signed off.

Depending on the size and complexity of the project, monitoring may be undertaken on a fulltime basis or at key stages. Keys stages could include, but are but not limited to inspections and testing of the earthworks and formation, topsoil placement, drainage system installation, material deliveries, seedbed preparation.

Monitoring of the works should also include testing of construction materials such as soils, root zones, sands and gravels to ensure compliance with the works’ specification. Materials should be tested and approved prior to importation onto site and samples of approved proposed materials should be retained on site as a point of reference.



Photographs and notes should be taken during the monitoring visit and then a formal site visit log should be prepared and issued to the project team. The site visit log should include details of:

Project start date

Visit number

Client name

Date of visit

Site/project name

Contractor/s

Plant on site

Weather conditions

Ground conditions

Comments and observations

Recommendations

Details of material conformance testing

Monitoring visits should extend for at least one year following seeding to ensure that the facility is establishes correctly and that appropriate maintenance works are undertaken and that the facility is not over used.

2.4 Stage 4: Handover

The correct programme of maintenance during establishment is essential to ensure the sports surface meets the required quality and standards. The table in Appendix 4 illustrates some of the key maintenance operations.

2.4.1 Winter Games Pitches

2.4.1.1 Introduction

Insufficient discussion of maintenance budgets at early stages with the client can lead to poor and insufficient maintenance of facilities. The client’s expectations should be clearly understood early in the design process and careful attention to a comprehensive maintenance programme should be given to ensure that facilities are sustainable and fit for use.

As a guide minimum maintenance operations should include regular and frequent mowing, applications of spring/summer and autumn/winter fertilisers as required, deep tine aeration, repairs to divots and other seasonal renovations (including goalmouth areas).

The performance of the playing surface should be regularly monitored and a maintenance programme implemented and/or altered accordingly to meet the requirements at the time. Ideally a qualified agronomist should be employed to assist with facility assessment and



developing maintenance programmes and practices. Ground maintenance staff should be adequately experienced and qualified and have satisfactory equipment, resources and budgets to be able to maintain the facility to an acceptable standard. Grounds maintenance staff should also undertake ongoing training.

2.4.1.2 Maintenance Equipment

Presented below is a list of maintenance equipment. This is presented as a general guide and the amount and type of equipment required will depend on a number of factors including the size and type of facilities to be maintained. Depending on the size of facility it may be more economical to hire in certain equipment required to undertake infrequent tasks, such as verti-draining and top-dressing. The equipment procured should however be kept in good condition be adequately maintained.

Three gang cylinder mower with verti-cutters and clipping collectors or rotary mower.

Tractor with grass tyres – 40 - 60 hp

Tractor with grass tyres – 30 - 40 hp

Equipment for grooming, raking and light rolling.

Slitter

Punch action aerator with micro-tines

Scarifier with collector

Sweeper collector

Fertiliser spreader

Top-dresser

Verti-drain

Trailer

Strimmers

Brush

Light roller

Sprayers /Line marking equipment

Storage areas for equipment and materials including fertilisers, sands and chemicals

Personal protective and first aid equipment

Chemsafe storage box

Hand equipment, including rakes, forks, spades, buckets etc…



2.4.1.3 Annual Maintenance

Given below are general outline maintenance procedures relating to annual maintenance and pitch renovation works required at the end of the season.

Cutting: Playing Area

During the playing season the pitches should be maintained with a height of cut of between 25 mm and 30 mm and during the summer months between 30 mm and 50 mm. The sward should not be allowed to grow beyond 60 mm between cuts. If growth has been excessive between cuts then the height of cut should be gradually lowered in stages of 5 mm -10 mm until the desired height is obtained. Grass clippings should either be removed or dispersed.

Mowing should ideally be undertaken with cylinder mowers of either self propelled or towed gang units. There should be at least 6 blades in each cylinder and achieve at least 100 cuts per metre. If possible clippings should be removed. Alternatively rotary mowers are acceptable but the quality of cut will be reduced.

Cutting direction should be alternated through 90 degrees between each cut. Generally the direction should follow the same line as the side or base lines of the pitches. If grass clippings are not removed then the frequency of cut should be sufficient to prevent the accumulation of dense grass clippings on the surface which would be detrimental to future grass growth.

Cutting: Other Areas

The off-pitch areas including banks should be maintained with a height of cut of no higher than 50 mm – 60 mm. Mowing should be undertaken using a suitable rotary or cylinder mower. The frequency of cut should be sufficient to prevent the accumulation of dense grass clippings on the surface which would be detrimental to future grass growth.

Aeration

The area should be aerated on an eight weekly basis using 13 mm solid tines at a spacing of 100 x 100 mm and to a minimum depth of 200 mm. This should be supplemented with shallow surface aeration using a suitable punch-action aerator fitted with micro-tines.

The aeration equipment should not cause surface disruption or damage through wheel marking. Operations should be suspended in inclement weather conditions.

Fertiliser Applications

It is difficult to estimate the precise application requirements but the guidelines below may be useful and additional fertiliser applications should been included if necessary.



Autumn Fertiliser Applications

Apply an autumn fertiliser of no greater than 4% Nitrogen content at a rate of 35g/m2. Phosphorus should be no greater than 6% and potassium 10%. Iron and Magnesium may be within the formulation.

The equipment for application should be accurately calibrated and suitable to apply a uniform application.

Fertiliser application should occur during late October and again in November with a low nitrogen slow release fertiliser. Cutting should not follow within two days. Ideally, fertilisation should occur prior to a forecasted period of rainfall.

Spring and Summer Fertiliser Applications

Apply a spring fertiliser of no greater than 12% Nitrogen content at a rate of 35g/m2. Phosphorus should be no greater than 6% and potassium 10%. Iron and Magnesium may be within the formulation.

Application should be as for Autumn application

Fertiliser application should occur during late March and provisionally every six to eight weeks depending on sward health. Cutting should not follow within two days. Ideally, fertilisation should occur prior to a forecasted period of rainfall.

Late Summer Fertiliser Application

Apply a late summer fertiliser of no greater than 4% Nitrogen content at a rate of 35g/m2. Phosphorus should be no greater than 6% and potassium 10%. Iron and Magnesium may be within the formulation.

Application should be as for autumn application.

Fertiliser application should occur during September and cutting should not follow within two days. Ideally, fertilisation should occur prior to a forecasted period of rainfall.

End of Season Pitch Renovations

During the end of season renovation period the following works should be undertaken sequentially.

Scarification

The playing surface should be scarified or lightly harrowed to remove any thatch accumulation. The maximum depth of scarification should be no more than 5 mm into the turf surface and the depth of thatch should not be allowed to exceed 5 mm.

Top dressing

The facility should be top-dressed with approved salt free medium fine sports turf sand ideally with a particle size distribution within the central recommended range of the Grading Curve; shown in Appendix 2. The selection of top-dressing materials should however take into account compatibility with existing materials used in the construction of the facility.



The dressings should be applied in dry weather and ground conditions in a uniform layer of no more than 10.0 mm deep from suitable top-dressing equipment. Any drain lines showing subsidence should be top-dressed level with a suitable approved top-dressing sand or tennis loam.

Verti-draining

The surface should be verti-drained using 19 mm solid tines set to penetrate at least 200 mm. The amount of heave should be as great as possible to prevent surface disruption. The site should be in a suitable condition to accept the level of tine penetration as above but not too soft that the equipment causes surface disruption from wheel marks. The verti-drain should be used to reduce hardness of the playing surface which should be between 35 g and 200 g when measured by the STRI method of test using a 0.5 kg Clegg Impact Hammer from a drop height of 0.55 m.

Note:

If the drainage properties of the facilities have deteriorated to a significant degree then consideration should be given to the installation of sand bands so long as a clean connection between the sand bands and the existing pipe and/or slit drains can be achieved.

Brushing and levelling

Following the application the top-dressing sand it should be thoroughly brushed into the grass surface and levelled using a lute which will help to work the top-dressing into the verti-drain tine holes.

Levelling should be progressive and a target surface evenness should be within 20 mm deviation along a 3.0 m straight edge.

Overseeding

The playing surface should be over-seeded at a rate of 20 g/m2 using suitable equipment.

Fertiliser Application

Apply a Spring fertiliser of no greater than 12 % Nitrogen content at a rate of 35g/m2. Phosphorus should be no greater than 6 % and potassium 10 %. Iron and Magnesium may be within the formulation. The chosen fertiliser should be approved and based on annual topsoil nutrient status analysis.

The equipment for application should be accurately calibrated and suitable to apply a uniform application.

Fertiliser application should occur during late April or early May and cutting should not follow within two days. Ideally, fertilisation should occur prior to a forecasted period of rainfall.

Weed & Pest Control

The need for weed control should be assessed and a selective turf herbicide applied to the surface if required. Ideally the playing surface should be maintained so that broadleaved weed does not exceed 10 %. Application should use suitable low drift equipment and by a certified operator. A risk assessment and spray records should be made. Application should be undertaken only in ideal conditions and once a threshold level of weeds has been identified. Application should only be made during active weed growth and at time to prevent exposure to the site users and general public to the herbicide. Users are required by law to



take all reasonable precautions when using pesticides to protect the health of human beings, creatures and the environment. Advice on how to meet their responsibilities under this legislation is given in the statutory Code of Practice for Using Plant Protection Products. This is available on the Health & Safety Executive website together with other relevant guidance and regulations.

The need for pest control should also be assessed and if required the appropriate pesticide applied. The use, supply, storage and advertisement of pesticides are regulated by a number of pieces of legislation including, for Great Britain, the Control of Pesticides Regulations (COPR) and Plant Protection Products Regulations (PPPR). PPPR is the newer legislation and implements a European Directive (91/414/EEC) which regulates ‘Plant Protection Products’, these include agricultural pesticides and growth regulators. The use of pesticides is also regulated by COSHH (the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health).

2.4.2 Cricket Pitches Fine Turf (Wicket)

A most important aspect towards facilitating early settlement, maturity and maximising the performance ratings of newly laid or restored squares and pitches, is the correct deployment of grow in and aftercare procedures.

Germination

Cheap germination sheets that cover the entire area are an extra expense but well worth considering to avoid wash-off and retain moisture to prevent seed failure. The practice of lightly rolling the surface (no more than a 20 inch fine turf mower weighing approximately 110 Kg) when the grasses are just coming through may be considered. This action may encourage tillering and conserve moisture in the surface.

Mowing

Initially a good quality, sharp rotary mower could be used, although an outfield cylinder mower may also be suitable. The first cut can be with the usage of an Hover. This should occur about four weeks after germination depending on climatic conditions and growth rate or at least when the sward is around 50-75 mm. Aim to gradually lower the mowing height in stages (2-3 mm at a time) until a maintenance height of cut is achieved (Approximately. 20 – 25 mm, in winter, 15 – 20 mm in summer). Following autumn seeding the sward should be maintained via cutting through January to early March, as regularly as necessary to keep growth topped off at maximum of 30 mm.

It is detrimental to allow the sward to become long as the soft top growth will obscure worm casting and facilitate the development of a thin open surface when eventually cut back. The aim is to cut no more than a third of the grass leaf at a time. The broader leaved species normally succumb to closer mowing regimes and once the sward is strong enough, an application of selective weed control will account for the remaining weed content.

Worm and Disease Control

It is important that worm casting is controlled with an approved lumbricide if it becomes a problem. Heavy worm casting can disrupt surface levels and smearing can seriously compromise a developing young sward. Cricket loam companies will not normally supply sterilised loam unless specifically requested and this is usually at a higher cost. There are around twenty five species of earthworm occurring in the UK although only three are responsible for the majority of worm casting activity. If allowed to go unchecked, worm activity can ruin smooth surface levels resulting in unsafe playing conditions and the creation of bare areas ideal for weed establishment. There are no chemical worm eradication



products available but there remains for an uncertain period of time products classified as worm control. These should be applied by a competent and certified operator whenever worm activity is present. No chemical control measures should be undertaken until the grass plant has matured to the three leafed stage of growth. Regular brushing or drag-matting of the square will assist in dispersing casts when friable.

Similarly, the young grass seedlings should be protected from disease. If an outbreak of diseases occurs treat the turf with an approved fungicide, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Refer to product label for details on application rate.

Fertiliser

Should the table start to look yellow and deficient in nitrogen then an autumn/winter fertiliser should be applied evenly and accurately at no more than 35 g/m². Such material may typically contain 3-4 % nitrogen, up to 5 – 6 % phosphate and up to 10 % potassium. This should be a granular fertiliser and applied accurately through either a drop spreader or a spinning disc spreader.

In the spring once some natural growth is apparent, the first of the spring/summer fertiliser dressings should be given (these will be dominated by nitrogen but consult your agronomist for further guidance)

Rolling

Initial rolling procedures are one of the most important yet less understood operations that are essential towards achieving the deep seated consolidation required of a square/pitches to create good pace, carry and consistency of bounce.

Once the sward is sufficiently dense and the surface feels relatively firm underfoot then rolling can start. As a guide, when cut at 25 mm, if the soil surface cannot be seen through the grass then rolling will be suitable. N.B. Rolling should be avoided in particularly wet periods; suitable ground and weather conditions are normally found from early March onwards.

The timing is not an exact science but recent rolling trials indicate that the condition of the soil profile and optimum moisture content is the key. Initial rolling could be undertaken with a hand roller (say 250 kg) or if unavailable, possibly use the outfield mower. At this stage rolling should be carried out in 2 directions, along the line of play and across the line of play. The exact number of passes and the speed at which the treatment is carried out will vary according to turf and soil moisture status. At least a couple of passes in each direction is likely to be needed, perhaps carrying out such work over a period of days. Do not hesitate to repeat the work if you feel that further firming at this stage is needed. The rolling weight could then be increased to around 500 kg, again completing several passes in different directions.

Alternatively a 36 inch motor mower weighs around 254 kg and is ideal for initial settlement, especially during winter months when the soil is in a “plastic” condition. The cutters can be engaged during mild spells to tidy up the sward but again ensuring that the blades are sharpened. Sooner or later the decision will have to be made to introduce the heavy roller and this will solely depend on the moisture content of the new square. Neither too wet nor too dry. It is advisable though to ere on the side of caution for the initial rolling so as not to risk pushing the surface in a “bow-wave” fashion and capping the surface or induce “rippling” which can lead to very unsafe playing conditions. The operation should not be excessive in the first year and priority should be given to performing cross and diagonal passes with speeds progressively slower as even consolidation is achieved.



As the season approaches, the rolling treatments should be along the line of play with an even heavier roller (say 1 tonne)

Bringing Into Play

In parcelled with the rolling programmes the height of cut can be gradually reduced over a period of time through Mar/April. Aim to leave a height of 12 mm – 15 mm for pitches not in play or those that have received additional spring top-dressing/over-seeding, otherwise a height of 10mm -12 mm for the table as a whole. Do not overstress the new sward by cutting too low.

If the sward is too dense, then it may be necessary to undertake a gentle scarification to thin out the sward. This should take the form of the normal scarification operation for cricket tables.

Conversely, if the sward is thin in places, then some spring overseeding should be undertaken. Use good quality ryegrass cultivars, chosen for their density and high tolerance to wear and close mowing (refer to current version of the Turfgrass Seed Booklet, available from all major seed suppliers or the Sports Turf Research Institute). Sow at a rate of 20 g/m2. For best results, use a specialist overseeding machine such as one that pricks the surface and drops the seed in behind. If such machinery is unavailable, thoroughly prick the surface with a Sarel roller or similar prior to seeding. It will no doubt help if you could avoid the weakest areas for the earliest games.

A feature of newly laid squares or pitches is that during the process of maturing a certain amount of settlement can occur, the severity of which usually depends on how well accomplished the construction methods were applied; specifically the condition and quality of tennis loam materials and consolidation. This may appear as overall slight or deeper sinkage, excessive cracking and associated movement of “plates”, during the formative years. To counteract this primary settlement and expedite maturity, wide cracks should be methodically filled with finely screened loam and firmed using an implement such as a builder’s wide cold chisel and seeding in order to knit the cracks together. Just rubbing in top-dressing will not facilitate the procedure. Deep tine aeration to break large plates into smaller cracking patterns is known to improve irregular bounce characteristics but should only be undertaken under expert supervision. The fine cracks that appear during normal pitch preparation are an accepted feature that can often be limited by use of covers to prevent the surface from drying too rapidly. By use of a 12 foot straight edge or similar device, routine checks on surface levels should be made especially if “rippling” has occurred, so that, where considered necessary, carefully applied top-dressing can be administered to correct levels. It is important though to thoroughly key the dressing in and not trap organic matter in low spots as it would lend towards a root-break discontinuity in the profile years later after many seasons of applied clay loam top-dressings. Aeration (spiking) is generally not necessary within the first year of use for newly laid squares. It may however be extremely beneficial for some restored squares but in all cases observation and management of the profile should be undertaken before considering the type of machine and timing of the operation.

Top-dressing

Using a long straight edge, routine checks should be made so that where necessary, top-dressing can be carefully applied to correct levels. It may be possible to do this during the growing-in period as long as the top-dressing is integrated into the surface and there is sufficient growth for the grass to grow through the dressing, Overseeding may also be required with the top-dressing if the sward is thin. However, unless necessary to address a



marked undulation problem, the most appropriate time for levelling would be the autumn renovation period. In all instances, it is essential that:

The same loam is always used

The loam is thoroughly ameliorated into the surface after removing thatch by scarification and spiking

Other treatments

During the first year you will need to “nurse along” the grass cover avoiding too much stress on the young sward. Of course you will have to dry out the surface if a pitch is being prepared, but other than this, ensure there is no shortage of water during dry spells (although you will have to avoid a soft surface when the turf is in play). Do not overuse the young grass cover in its first year and give careful thought to spreading wear and tear. Only apply chemicals such as selective weedkiller if it is really necessary and ensure that strong growth is taking place.

A surround fence will assist to deter wildlife from damaging the completed project and indicate a restricted area to unauthorised personnel.

Nutrients are generally in more demand in a new construction so nutrient levels need to be attended to when necessary. It is advisable to seek a nutritional analysis at intervals to ensure the correct nutrient and pH levels are maintained for optimum grass health.

2.4.3 Cricket Outfield Areas

Standard maintenance practices will apply to outfield areas further details of which are given below. In the early years following construction the outfield may tend to be hard especially if the topsoil has been screened prior to replacement. Therefore additional de-compaction and soil conditioning work may be required during this first few years following seeding. Further details of the normal maintenance practices are given below:

Mowing

The outfield should be mowed regularly throughout the year to maintain good sward density. During the spring/ summer months, mowing should be undertaken weekly and the grass cut to a height 20 mm – 32 mm. during winter the outfield should be mown when possible and the sward height maintained no higher than 35 mm.

Earthworm Control

Worms are a problem on heavier soils; casts smear, disrupt surface levels and encourage weeds. If worm casting becomes a problem then use an approved suppressant, as directed by the manufacturer, on 1 or 2 occasions through the problem period (October – March).

Soil Conditioning & Aeration

Verti-drain 25 mm diameter tines to 200 mm – 250 mm depth on one occasion through October to March. The soil should be in a relatively dry condition to encourage the development of cracks and fissures. Other forms of de-compaction work can be undertaken if required. These may include the Earth-Quake or Ground Breaker machines.



Fertiliser

The fertiliser requirements will depend on the local soil type and climate. In the majority of instances cricket outfields are constructed on heavy clay loam soils which tend to retain nutrients. Such soils do not require large amounts of fertilisers especially if grass clippings are not boxed off. Therefore, a single application of fertiliser applied in the spring may be sufficient to boost of growth. Typically a spring outfield fertiliser such as 9:7:7 at 35 g/m2 will be adequate.

Newly constructed and drained outfields may require additional fertiliser inputs and ideally in these instances a fertiliser programme should be developed based on soil nutrient analysis.

Weed Control

Once every few years a selective herbicide may need to be applied to control weeds especially clover if nitrogen applications to the outfield are restricted. Herbicide applications should be made by an approved contract sprayer in order to meet the relevant pesticide regulations. An approved herbicide (effective for the weeds present) could be applied at any time through spring to autumn, provided the weeds are actively growing to ensure uptake of the chemical.



3 Section Three: Minimum Design and Construction Standards

3.1 Introduction

Natural turf sports pitches are an important and essential resource for many of our most popular sports and can help promote a more active lifestyle. There are many competing pressures which impact on the funding that is available for natural turf facilities for schools and Local Authorities. Whilst we recognise these competing demands, SAPCA believe it is essential that well-constructed and well-maintained facilities are provided. We hope that the following minimum design, construction standards will help to provide natural turf pitches and cricket facilities of appropriate quality, that are sustainable, affordable and easier to maintain to a satisfactory standard. The implementation of the minimum standard will help to ensure that funding for facility improvement and construction work is not unnecessarily wasted.

Natural turf facilities can only accommodate a restricted amount of use whilst still maintaining adequate playing quality. Grassroots winter games pitches which are well constructed, drained and maintained should be able to accommodate approximately seven hours per week of the varied type of use expected. It should be noted that this is very much dependant on the pitch being of the requisite quality and receiving an appropriate level of routine maintenance. Pitches which do not meet such a standard cannot be expected to accommodate such high levels of use and national audits have highlighted that a large majority of grass pitches at schools would need improvement works in order to accommodate such levels of use.

Although a good standard of construction is required to enable seven hours per week of use to be attainable, it must be noted that an adequate and appropriate standard of construction may not be the primary factory relating to pitch usage levels. The amount of use the pitch will be able to withstand relates to a number of variables. These include:

Weather conditions before and during use

Turf density and rooting depth

Grass species and varieties

If weather time dependant play is required i.e. whether it is it possible to restrict pitch during poor weather conditions

Pitch usage pattern

Pitch maintenance, including but not limited to:

• Aeration programmes • Fertiliser regimes • Mowing frequency • Topdressing practices • Scarification and thatch control • Decompaction treatments

The key factor in maximising durability and the level of use relates to the rate at which water can be removed from the playing surface through the pitch profile, which in the majority of cases will be related to a pitch drainage system.



A playing surface which remains saturated during use will, over a very short period of time lose turf cover, and result in a muddied, smeared and uneven surface which in turn will be susceptible to compaction. If an adequate drainage system has been installed the rate of movement of water from the pitch surface to the drainage system will in the long-term be related to pitch maintenance practices. If thatch is allowed to accumulate on the surface, the topsoil remains compacted, slit or band drains are not top-dressed and become capped over, then the surface drainage rates will become greatly reduced resulting in the rapid deterioration of the playing surface.

A poorly constructed pitch maintained well will outperform a well-constructed pitch maintained poorly. Therefore the use of the seven hours per week pitch ‘design’ performance levels are somewhat arbitrary. Traditionally the form of pitch construction recommended to achieve the seven hours use per week has generally been a pipe drained pitch with pipe drains installed at spacings of between 5.0 m and 15.0 m supplemented with a secondary drainage system normally in the form of slit drains installed perpendicular to the main drains at approximately 1.0 m centres. When installed at the grassroots level the secondary drainage systems in the majority of cases tend to fail and cap over after a few years due to poor or inadequate maintenance practices. This often results in a drainage system which is reliant mainly on the pipe drains which could be at 15.0 m centres. This is too wide for adequate drainage performance, even on free draining soils.

Literature states that during the period 1979 to 1981 most drainage schemes installed on Local Authority playing-fields were still restricted to pipe drainage systems. Drainage problems manifested themselves during this period by showing poached areas between drains lines. Widely spaced pipe drainage systems (between 5.0 m and 15.0 m centres) for sports use on such soils are therefore in practice ineffective, as the benefit of a lateral pipe drain may extend only about a metre either side of each drain.

Ideally a better quality sports turf drainage system should be able to cope with greatest local rainfall intensity of at least 30 minutes duration that is likely to occur over a one year period. Typically in Britain such rainfall intensity could be as large as 20 mm\h-1. Drainage rates of 20mm\h-1 and greater can only be guaranteed using very costly sand based constructions. A more realistic design drainage rate is in the order of 5.0 to 10.0 mm\h-1.

There are generally three options to increase the design drainage rate. The first would be to increase the depth of sand ameliorated topsoil, however this would be uneconomical for the majority of winter games pitches in the UK.

The second preferred option to improve drainage rates is the installation of sand bands. Sand bands are typically 20 mm wide and are installed at 250 mm centres to a depth of 100 mm – 150 mm. Sand bands assist with moving surface water through the topsoil profile into the pipe drainage system, and are typically installed by forcing open the ground to create a void into which medium/fine sand is inserted. Normally play can be resumed soon after the installation of the sand bands.

The third option traditionally used on winter games pitches has involved installing a secondary slit drainage system over and existing pipe drainage system.

Pipe drained and secondary drained pitches have in the past been constructed by installing lateral drains at between 5.0 m and 15.0 m spacing and then supplementing these with secondary slit drains. To improve drainage rates secondary drainage has been installed in the form of slit drains to increase the rate of water movement from the pitch surface to the pipe drains. Close centred slit drains (1.0 m or less) enable water to be removed from the pitch surface at a high rate. Thus slit drains help to improve conditions for turf growth by a



general reduction in excessive surface moisture. This results in topsoil which is less susceptible to damage under foot traffic and the resulting loss of turf cover.

There are number of fundamental problems related to slit drains. Annual sand dressings are required usually for at least the following three to four years following installation in order to prevent the slits from becoming capped over with topsoil. Thereafter, occasional lighter dressings of sand may be required. Slit drainage is normally carried out when the sward is established and this usually means ten or more months after seeding. As with other construction work it must be done when conditions are dry.

If conditions are too dry problems can arise through lack of grass growth and through difficulties in excavating the slits. In this situation the pitches are usually played on before the slits have become grassed over. Other disadvantages include:

On stony soils or soils contaminated with debris, the installation operation can be both difficult and disruptive.

In soils of higher clay contents the slits can open up because of shrinkage of the surrounding soil. This is usually limited to the first year after introduction and topping up with sand is then required. The installation of slit drains on high shrinkage potential soils should be avoided.

The surface may be slightly uneven in the first year of use. It is desirable, if possible, not to use the pitch for the first year after introduction. Slits can be slow to grass over particularly during dry seasons.

Slits can be adversely affected by worm activity. Worms may cast both on the playing surface, leading to capping over of the slits, and into the voids in the gravel backfill. This can lead to a rapid reduction in the efficiency of the system. This is more important now that the worm suppressants on the market have a comparatively limited period of effectiveness.

The cost of the system is relatively high and the ongoing requirement for maintenance work such as sand dressing and worm control measures adds markedly to maintenance costs. If pipe and slit drained pitches are constructed, and then it proves impossible to meet the maintenance requirements, the systems may fail. Once the slits have become capped over or are contaminated, it is very difficult to repair the damage.

It is recognised that the combination of wide space drains combined with slit drainage can and does work. However in most cases, especially at grassroots and Local Authority level it is not generally considered to be a sustainable system. This is primarily due to the high cost and large degree of maintenance required to keep the system and pitch surface in good condition. As a result there is now a desire from many parties for basic winter games pitches which are level, safe and drain adequately during the majority of the winter period, and are affordable to maintain and sustainable.

3.2 Minimum Standards for Natural Turf Sports Facilities

3.2.1 Introduction

In order to produce grassroots winter games pitches that will perform to an adequate standard and ones that are easier to maintain are and sustainable, it is recommended that in the majority of instances in the United Kingdom that lateral pipe drains should be installed at between 3.0 m and 4.0 m centres.



Ideally prior to the installation of the drainage system the topsoil should be cultivated and graded, and then ameliorated with sand and following grass establishment the pipe drains should be supplemented with sand bands. It is considered that the installation of such a system for grassroots sports facilities which may have a limited maintenance budget and resources this method of construction will result in a long-term improvement of pitch quality and levels of use.

Drainage works described above would best be undertaken during the drier ground and weather conditions which can normally be expected during the summer months. Normally the ideal time for seeding would be in late August/early September when the prevailing weather conditions are still reasonably mild, yet there is sufficient rainfall to assist germination and establishment of the young grasses.

Certain soils, especially those with high clay content can have a high shrinkage potential and can be prone to shrinkage and cracking during dry periods. Pipe drainage systems installed into such soils can be prone to settlement and the provision should always be made to top up drain lines. Ideally drainage systems should be installed into such soils when they are at their driest, as this will help to reduce the degree of future settlement, plus the number of times the drain lines will need to be topped up. It is recognised that the geology and soil types vary across the United Kingdom and that certain sites may not need intensive drainage, sand amelioration of topsoil plus the installation of sand bands. It is therefore advised for all developments that a specialist sport turf design consultant is employed to undertake a site assessment and prepare a detailed specification and drainage design, and monitor the construction works. This will help to ensure that the most practical and appropriate form of construction is used, and that the works are undertaken to a satisfactory standard.

3.2.2 Grassroots Cultivated Pitches

If the topsoil needs to be cultivated and/or removed and replaced so that surface uniformity and evenness may be improved, then following grading works the topsoil should be ameliorated with between 30 mm and 70 mm depth (depending on topsoil texture) of an approved medium/fine lime free sand.

After cultivation of the topsoil and prior to the addition of sand the works area should be carefully graded, if possible with laser-controlled grading equipment, to as far as possible eliminate all dips, depressions and undulations. However, grading should be carried out in such a manner that at no point that the resulting profile will have a sand ameliorated topsoil depth less than 150 mm. Ideally, the topsoil depth with surface sand amelioration should range from 200 mm to 250 mm as this will assist with drainage and moisture retention during drier periods. Care must be taken to avoid over compaction and any cultivation required should be carried out in such a way that that there is no possibility of the topsoil being contaminated with underlying subsoil.



Photograph 3 Cultivation of Medium Fine Sand into Topsoil

Following topsoil grading the minimum recommended 30 mm depth of sand should placed in an even layer with specialist sand spreading equipment and then cultivated into the topsoil surface to produce 80 mm – 100 mm depth of high sand content topsoil. Sand applications greater than 40 mm depth should be made in two separate and equal depths of dressings. The first application should be cultivated to a depth of no greater than 100 mm, and then second application to a depth of no greater than 40 mm.

The recommended minimum depth of amelioration sand for clay loam topsoil is 50 mm and this should be applied in two dressings the first of 3 0mm depth and the second of 20 mm depth. Care should be taken not to over cultivate the topsoil when ameliorating the sand into the topsoil. This will result in a gradual change in soil texture with depth through the profile, changing from a more to less sandy textured soil with depth. The gradation in soil texture will help to promote a freer draining and more durable surface with the profile becoming more moisture retentive with increasing depth. The development of such a profile will help with drainage during the wetter winter months, and promote the retention of moisture and reduce surface hardness during the summer period.

Following amelioration of the topsoil with sand then the pipe drainage system should be installed with lateral drains placed at between 3.0 m and 4.0 m centres. A large proportion of soils in the UK tend to be clay based and in these situations it is recommended that lateral drains are installed at 3.0 m centres. Advice as to the most appropriate drain spacing for a particular site and ground conditions should be gained from a specialist sports turf consultant. A suitable outlet for the drainage system should be identified and these are normally a surface water features, such as a ditch or stream. If such features are not present on site then it may be possible to discharged drainage water to an on-site soak-away.



If drainage water is to be discharged to a soak-away then on-site soak-away tests will be required at the design stage to establish if this is a feasible option. Please note that Land Drainage Discharge Consent is normally required for discharging drainage water to surface water features and soak-aways and this should be discussed with the local Environment Agency. If granted the consent may place limits on the quality and rate at which drainage water may be discharged. This may result in the need to construct a water attenuation feature on site.

Following installation of the drainage system the topsoil should then be lightly cultivated. The final cultivation should cross the drain lines so that topsoil is lightly mixed into the drainage sand. Following final grading the seedbed should be prepared and the works area sown with high quality sports turf seed mixture containing a high proportion of wear tolerant Ryegrass.

Figure 1 illustrates this form of recommended construction when the topsoil is cultivated. If drainage rates remain low following grass establishment surface durability drainage can be improved through the installation of sand bands perpendicular to the lateral drains. Sand bands are typically 20 mm wide installed at 250 mm centres to a depth of approximately 150 mm. Although they have a lesser drainage capacity than slit drains and do not have some of the benefits, they are not prone to the same problems, and it is normally possible to play on a pitch directly following sand band installation.

Following installation of sand bands the treated area should be top-dressed with approved fine-medium sand with a grading curve in the central region of the diagram at Appendix 1. The sand should be applied as soon as possible at the rate of 80 tonnes/ha and should be worked well into the grass surface by means of brushing and/or chain harrowing, as appropriate. Following top-dressing the treated area should be overseeded. If correctly maintained the effect of sand bands should last approximately two to three years and they should be replaced to help to maintain drainage rates. Figure 2 shows the preferred form of construction where the topsoil is cultivated and drainage rates are improved by the addition of secondary drainage in the form of sand bands.



Figure 1 Recommended pitch construction where topsoil is cultivated



Figure 2 Recommended pitch construction where topsoil is cultivated and supplemented with sand bands



3.2.3 Grassroots Non Cultivated Pitches

In certain instances including where pitch gradients, surface evenness and uniformity are satisfactory, or if there are budgetary and pitch usage constraints then the playing surface may not be cultivated. In these situations retaining the grass cover will mean that the facility will be brought back into use sooner than when cultivation and reseeding is undertaken, but it will not be possible to ameliorate the topsoil with medium/fine sand.

Where pitches have not been cultivated and the topsoil has not been ameliorated with sand the topsoil will be more prone to compaction resulting in poorer natural drainage properties. It will therefore be important to promote improved surface drainage by installing sand bands following the installation of a pipe drainage system. The installation of sand bands will place sand directly into the soil profile in vertical strips resulting in improved drainage rates.

As stated it is recommended that the main drainage work should be undertaken in the summer. In these instances and when the topsoil has not been cultivated the ground may be too hard for the successful installation of secondary band drains. If so then the installation of the band drains could be left until late autumn of the same year or the following spring. The installation of a pipe and secondary drainage system can be disruptive and ideally the grass should be established over all drain lines prior to first use.

Following the installation of pipe drains and/or sand bands the treated area should be top-dressed with approved fine-medium sand with a grading curve in the central region of the diagram at Appendix 1. The sand should be applied as soon as possible at the rate of 80 tonnes/ha and it should be worked well into the grass surface by means of brushing and/or chain harrowing, as appropriate. The dressing should not be so heavy that the existing grass cover is blinded and allowance should be made for dividing the total application into two separate operations, working the first well in, before applying the second. Initially, the sand top-dressing should be applied at a minimum frequency of one to two applications per year.

An application at the rate of 80 tonnes/ha is the equivalent of applying approximately 5.0mm sand over the surface and gradually the percentage of sand in the upper soil profile will increase. It may be that after five to ten applications the frequency could be progressively lowered but, again, the performance of the playing surfaces should be monitored, as appropriate. The treated area should be over-seeded following installation of sand bands.

Figure 3 shows the form of recommended pipe drainage when the topsoil is not cultivated, and Figure 4 illustrates the pipe drainage with the addition of secondary drainage in the form of sand bands, which is preferable.



Photograph 4 Initial Phase of Pipe Drainage Installation



Figure 3 Recommended pitch construction where topsoil is not cultivated



Figure 4 Recommended pitch construction supplemented with sand bands where topsoil is not cultivated



3.2.4 Pipe and Excavated Slit Drained Pitches

The addition of slit drains to pipe drained pitches will greatly improve drainage rates and the amount of use a pitch can withstand especially during periods of poor weather. During longer spells of dry and/or hot weather, heavier soils, in particular, have a tendency to shrink, causing the slits to widen or open-up and the aggregate backfill to settle deeper into the trench. This can result in a potentially dangerous surface, particularly for participants of summer sports such as cricket, athletics and informal/casual uses, if the slits are not topped-up on a regular basis. Generally, is recommended that any area with sand slits installed should be top-dressed with sand (at the rate of approximately 125 tonnes/ha) at least once a year. Ideally the facility should also be equipped with at least a basic irrigation system which will assist with grass germination and establishment along the slit drains following installation. If an irrigation system is not present consideration may be given to changing the slit drain sand for an approved rootzone. Rootzone is a high sand content soil which is more moisture and nutrient retentive than sand, and this will assist with grass germination and establishment during period of dry weather. It should however be noted that the use of rootzone instead of sand may compromise drainage rates.

If the topsoil needs to be cultivated and/or removed and replaced so that surface uniformity and evenness may be improved, then following grading works the topsoil should be ameliorated with between 30 mm and 70 mm depth (depending on topsoil texture) of an approved medium/fine lime free sand. After cultivation of the topsoil and prior to the addition of sand the works area should be carefully graded, if possible with laser-controlled grading equipment, to as far as possible eliminate all dips, depressions and undulations. However, grading should be carried out in such a manner as to ensure that at no point the resulting profile will have a total topsoil depth of less than 150 mm. Ideally the total topsoil depth should range from 200 mm to 250 mm as this will assist with drainage and moisture retention during drier periods. Care must be taken to avoid over compaction and any cultivation required should be carried out in such a way that that there is no possibility of the topsoil being contaminated with underlying subsoil.

Following topsoil grading the minimum recommended 30 mm depth of sand should be cultivated into the topsoil surface to produce 60mm depth of high sand content topsoil. Sand applications greater than 40 mm depth should be made in two separate and equal depth of dressings. The first application should be cultivated into to a depth of no greater than 60mm, and then second application to a depth of no greater than 30 mm. Care should be taken not to over-cultivate the topsoil when sand is added in two separate applications.

Following sand amelioration of the topsoil, the pipe drainage system should then be installed with lateral drains placed at between 5.0 m and 7.0 m centres. The topsoil should then be lightly cultivated to a maximum depth of 100 mm. The final cultivation should cross the drain lines so that topsoil is lightly mixed into the drainage sand. Following final grading the seedbed should be prepared and the works area sown with a high quality sports turf seed mixture, containing a high proportion of wear tolerant Ryegrass.



Following grass establishment drainage rates and surface durability can be improved through the installation of slit drains at 0.6 m - 1.0 m centres perpendicular to the lateral drains. The layout of the drainage scheme should be arranged such that lateral drains run approximately down the slope, with slit drains running along the contour to optimise interception of excess surface water. Slit drains should be 50 mm wide and installed to a depth of 250 mm to 300 mm. Following the installation of slit drains the treated area should be top-dressed with approved medium/fine sand with a grading curve in the central region of the diagram at Appendix 1. The sand should be applied, as soon as possible at the rate of 125 tonnes/ha, and should be worked well into the grass surface by means of brushing and/or chain harrowing, as appropriate. Following installation top-dressing the treated area should be overseeded.

Figure 5 shows the form of recommended pipe and slit drainage when the topsoil is cultivated and Figure 6 shows pipe and slit drainage where topsoil is not cultivated.

Figure 5 Recommended pitch construction where topsoil is cultivated and supplemented with slit drains



Figure 6 Recommended pitch construction supplemented with slit drains where topsoil is not cultivated



3.2.5 Pipe and Forced Slit Drained Pitches

In certain instances it may be appropriate to install slit drains prior to seeding and grass establishment. Prior to grass establishment it is difficult to excavate slit drain trenches as the topsoil will be unstable and slit drain trenches tend to collapse before installation of the granular infill materials. To overcome this problem specialist equipment has been developed over recent years which can install forced slit trenches. The equipment works by forcing open the near surface soil and creating a void into which gravel and sand can be sequentially installed into the topsoil profile. The operation does cause a degree of surface heave, but this can be corrected through surface cultivation prior to seeding. Due to the heave created during installation this technique is not appropriate for uncultivated surfaces.

Photograph 5 Installation of forced slit drains through topsoil

Situations where forced slit drains may be appropriate include facilities where intensive first use is required as soon as possible after seeding, or where ground conditions are poor and the subsoil is contaminated with glass and/or ceramics. The installation of excavated slits can bring materials deeper in the soil profile up towards the playing surface and so the installation of forced slits would help to prevent this from occurring.

It should be noted that due to the need to cultivate and grade the surface following installation of forced slit drains, the integrity and performance of the slits close to the playing surface can be compromised to a small degree. The mixing of topsoil into the slit drains sand does however assist with grass germination and establishment along the slit drains and if required drainage rates may be further improved by the installation of sand bands at 250 mm centres following grass establishment.

Prior to the installation of forced slit drains ideally the area should be dressed with 20 mm depth of approved medium/fine sand with a grading curve in the central region of the diagram at Appendix 1. The sand should be lightly cultivated into the surface of the topsoil.



Following the installation of the forced slit drains the area should be lightly graded, stone picked and cultivated and then seeded or turfed. If the area is to be tufted it is essential that turf grown on a rootzone material that is hydraulically compatible with sand used in the slits is selected.

3.2.6 Suspended Water-table Pitches

The term suspended water table refers to water being held by capillary forces in the lower rootzone above the capillary break which forms at the interface between the bottom of the base rootzone and the underlying drainage medium. The depth at which water persists in the rootzone following a rainfall event is primarily gravel dependant on the size and uniformity of the sand used in the production of the rootzone. If a coarse sand is used the resting water level will be lower in the profile; if a fine sand is used the rest water level will be higher in the profile. For this reason, the depth and specification of materials used to construct the profile are very important in ensuring that the rootzone does not dry out too readily or remain waterlogged. Figure 7 shows the profile of a suspended water table pitch.

The rootzone is designed to have low silt, clay and organic matter content and high sand content so that a high porosity is produced resulting in high drainage rates. This can be in the order of 300 mm/hour. With such high drainage rates bypass drainage systems such as slit drains are not required to move surface water through the soil profile.

The high sand content means that the rootzone can be become unstable, especially when turf density and rooting is poor. Recent developments have resulted in the possible addition of synthetic materials into the rootzone which help to stabilise and firm the playing surface, especially following sward establishment.

The reinforced high sand content rootzone gives a good level of performance and if correctly maintained enables high levels of use during wet conditions. However this form of pitch construction is a lot more demanding in terms of management particularly with regard to fertiliser and irrigation requirements.

The suspended water table form of construction typically comprises:

Topsoil removal and subsoil cut and fill to produce a formation platform

Installation of a comprehensive subsoil drainage system into the subsoil

Installation of a separator geotextile across the subsoil between the drain lines

Installation of a stone drainage carpet

Installation of a coarse sand blinding layer

Installation of a base rootzone (pure sand)

Installation of an upper rootzone

Installation of a synthetic reinforcement system

Installation of a fully automatic irrigation system

Seedbed preparation, seeding and establishment of playing surface

Initial maintenance



Note if the surface is to be turfed then ideally the turf should be grown on the same upper rootzone as that used to construct the pitch. This form of turf is known as custom grown and is typically supplied in large roll format (1.2 wide) and between 30 mm and 40 mm thick.

Due to the very high maintenance demand and costs plus the need for the installation of an irrigation system suspended water table pitches are not recommended for grassroots Local Authority or school facilities.

Figure 7 Suspended water-table constructions with a blinded and grit drainage layer



3.3 Specifications for the Construction of Winter Games Facilities

3.3.1 Introduction

The forms of pitch construction described in previous sections are made up of primary components, pipe drainage, sand band or slit drains and sand dressings. For the success of any pitch construction or improvement works it is very important that the correct specialist materials are used. Details of the recommended minimum specification for the construction of winter games pitches are given in the following sections.

3.3.2 Topsoil Removal and Stockpiling

In situations where the topsoil needs to be removed, grass should be sprayed with a total non-residual herbicide at least one week prior to stripping. The herbicide should be applied according to manufacturer’s recommendations and all current legislation and Health & Safety Regulations. On no account must the herbicide be allowed to drift or otherwise affect any areas beyond the designated working boundary. After a minimum of one week following spraying the topsoil should be cultivated using a power harrow, rotary cultivator or other suitable equipment to break up the existing vegetation. Great care should be taken to prevent subsoil being mixed with topsoil.

Photograph 6a Topsoil Stripping in Progress While the Topsoil is Dry



Photograph 6b Photo 6a Topsoil Stripping in Progress While the Topsoil is Dry

The topsoil should be handled at low moisture content and soil structure should be maintained by minimising soil compaction and using appropriate soil handling techniques. In certain situations, especially when poor weather is expected, it may be preferable not to cultivate all of the topsoil prior to removal. The cultivation process opens up the topsoil and makes it more susceptible to becoming saturated during periods of poor weather. In these situations it is advisable to strip off the surface vegetation and then removing the exposed topsoil to stockpile over a series of small areas at a time. Working in this manner will help to minimise the risk of the topsoil being wet when stockpiled, and this in turn will help to maintain topsoil condition and structure. The stockpile should be constructed so as to shed water and to minimise erosion, plus be sealed up as soon as possible to prevent the water ingress. Following stripping the maximum height of topsoil stockpile should where possible be keep to a minimum, although site restrictions may impact up on this. The stockpile height should also be in accordance with any Planning Consent conditions. When stockpiled for a prolonged period, topsoil will probably become anaerobic, and may produce gases such as hydrogen sulphide. However when removed from stockpile and exposed to air the topsoil will become aerobic relatively quickly.



3.3.3 Earthworks Operations

Where the site needs to be re-graded to improve surface grades and evenness then the subsoil will need to be cut and filled to form the proposed site levels. Ideally in these instances the site should be subjected to a detailed three dimensional topographic survey. This information can then be used to produce computer generated ground models of existing and proposed contours. The two models can then be superimposed and the amount of earthworks cut and fill required calculated. If required the levels and falls of the proposed contours can be adjusted so that an earthworks balance is achieved, eliminating the need to import or export subsoil onto or off site.

Following topsoil removal to stockpile, the fill material used to construct the formation layer should be site-derived naturally occurring fill materials. The fill material should be placed and compacted in accordance with Table 6/4 Method 6 of the Highways Agency Specification for Highway Works. The method of compaction, type of compaction plant to be used and the number of passes should be carefully considered and tested prior to placement and compaction of the formation fill material. The fill material should be placed and compacted at a layer depth and with moisture content within the acceptable limits as detailed in the Highways Agency Specification for Highway Works. All fill materials should be placed and compacted as close as possible to their optimum moisture content so that their maximum dry density can be obtained under least compactive effort.

Prior to the placement of topsoil, the entire formation should be proof-rolled. Any soft spots identified during proof rolling must be removed and replaced with suitable compacted fill material so that a firm formation is produced. Topsoil materials should not be used for fill works.

Photograph 7a Formation Preparation with a Laser Controlled Blade



Photograph 7b Formation Preparation with a Laser Controlled Blade

During and following the placement and compaction of the formation fill material it should be subjected to geotechnical testing to ensure an adequate degree of compaction has been attained. Following initial grading the formation surface should be sub-soiled in two alternate directions with approved tine sub-soiling equipment. Following sub-soiling the formation should be consolidated and the surface made smooth to the gradients specified i.e. free from humps, ruts and depressions. The formation should be graded to a tolerance of ± 10 mm.

3.3.4 Pipe Drainage Installation to Pipe Drained Pitches

Following completion of the earthworks and topsoil replacement a trenched, piped, land drainage system should be installed using 80 mm diameter, perforated, plastic, lateral drains laid to a minimum 600 mm depth. All pipe drains require permeable fill to be placed in them to provide drainage continuity. Permeable backfill should be used to facilitate the rapid flow of water from the trench into the pipe.

No excavated material should be allowed to fall on to, or otherwise contaminate, the excavated trench. Pipe drain trenches should be as narrow as possible, but allow easy placement of the pipe without the risk of forcing the pipe into the trench. The bottom of the trench should be at least 50 mm wider than the external diameter of the pipe.



The lateral drains should be installed on the bed of the trench, which should then be backfilled to within 150 mm of the surface with 5 mm – 10 mm clean aggregate. The aggregate should be a hard material resistant to breakdown by abrasion or chemical action and should have a particle size range complying with the table below

Particle Size % Passing 12 mm 100

10 mm 90 – 100

8 mm 50 – 100

4 mm 0 – 10

2 mm 0 – 2

The trench should then be topped to within 100 mm of the surface of the topsoil, using an appropriate coarse lime and salt free blinding sand. The blinding sand should have a particle size distribution within the central recommended range of the Grading Curve shown in Appendix 2.

The trench should be topped to the surface with appropriate medium/fine sand. The sand should have a particle size distribution within the central recommended range of the Grading Curve as shown in Appendix 1.

Where the topsoil is not cultivated and the grass remains in-situ the trench should be topped to the surface with appropriate sandy topsoil or rootzone and the line of the drains overseeded.

Photograph 8a Installation of 80 mm Diameter Pipe Drains Prior to Topsoil



Photograph 8b Installation of 80 mm Diameter Pipe Drains Prior to Topsoil

Where the topsoil has been removed and the formation re-graded lateral drains can be installed either, prior to, or following topsoil replacement. If the drains are to be installed prior to topsoil replacement then the drainage trench should be excavated and the pipe installed and the trench filled to formation level with 5 mm – 10 mm clean hard aggregate. A mound of approved blinding sand (see Appendix 2) should then be placed along the drains to the same depth to which the topsoil is to be replaced. Following placement of the blinding sand the topsoil should then be carefully replaced between the mounds of sand. Care should be taken to avoid disturbing or damaging the sand rows while the topsoil is being replaced.

The topsoil should be placed in a single layer and where possible not trafficked by wheeled vehicles. The plant used to place the topsoil should have a maximum bearing pressure of 30KPa.

Following topsoil replacement it should be lightly cultivated through the lines of sand so that the sand and soil is lightly mixed. The resultant sand/soil mix over the drain line should enable adequate drainage and the presence of topsoil within the sand will assist with grass establishment as moisture and nutrients will be retained to a higher degree. On no account should the topsoil be allowed to cap off the drain lines.

The lateral drains should be laid to run into the collector drain(s) which should be installed using 125 mm, 150 mm and 200 mm pipes, laid to a minimum invert depth of 750 mm, backfilled as described above. The main drains should be installed off the playing surface and should fall, as far as possible, with the maximum fall of the ground and, if appropriate, to the periphery of the field. If required, a drain should be installed to the periphery of the field, to the high sides, to act as a catch-water drain.



All main and ‘catch-water’ drains should be laid to true line and gradient, depth and angle using specialist laser guided equipment and laid to a minimum fall of 1:150.

Figure 8 shows the typical layout the recommended pipe drainage system with pipe drains installed at 3.0 m centres. If required sand band could be installed perpendicular to the lateral drains. This would result in both the lateral drains and band drains being installed at an angle to the main fall.

Inspection chambers/catch pits should be installed at the junctions of all main and/or catch water drains. Any existing land drains cut, exposed or otherwise discovered during the progress of the works should be connected to the new system, as work proceeds, using appropriate purpose-made junctions or connectors.

Figure 8 Typical Pipe Drainage Layout for a winter games pitch



3.3.5 Amelioration Sand

Following topsoil replacement and the installation of the drainage system the sand used for the amelioration of topsoil should be placed over the works area. The depth of sand to be used will be dependent on the quality and texture of topsoil and type of secondary drainage system to be installed, but should range between 30 mm and 70 mm. The sand should be spread carefully with specialist sand spreaders and delivery lorries should not be allowed on the area under any circumstances.

Photograph 9 Sand Spreader Used to Evenly Install Sand

The sand should be lime and salt-free (less than 2000 μS/cm) and have a medium/fine particle size distribution within the central limits of the grading curve in Appendix 2. The sand should have a pH value in the range of 6.0 to 7.5. The sand should be cultivated into the near surface of the underlying topsoil using tractor mounted cultivating machinery with depth control.

3.3.6 Seedbed Preparation

Levelling and finishing of the surface should ideally be undertaken using an approved rotary stone rake or other equivalent equipment. The surface tolerances of the prepared seedbed should be ± 10 mm under a 3 metre straight edge. The surface should be adequately firmed but not over-compacted and should have a smooth, even surface free from ridges, ruts, hollows, humps or other undulations. The final preparation should be carried out using equipment fitted with low ground pressure tyres.



Photograph 10 a Laser Controlled Power Rake

During the final seedbed preparation a further stone picking operation should be carried out and all stones or other debris with any dimension greater than 16 mm, should be collected and removed and the area stone buried. After the seedbed has been prepared and shortly before seeding is carried out an appropriate pre-seeding fertiliser should be applied uniformly with an approved distributor.

Photograph 11 Stone Burying Operation



3.3.7 Seeding

Winter games pitches should ideally be sown with a high quality sports turf seed mixture containing a high proportion of wear tolerant ryegrass comprising at least three different cultivars of perennial ryegrass. An appropriate mixture may comprise 80 % perennial Ryegrass 20 % smooth-stalked meadow-grass or 100 % perennial Ryegrass. The incorporation of tall fescue and slender creeping red fescue within the seed mix should also be considered together with site conditions such as the potential for shade and drought.

The seed should be sown at the rate of 350 kg/ha, ensuring an even and uniform cover and should be lightly raked or otherwise worked-in, taking care not to ridge or otherwise disturb the surface. The works should, preferably, be programmed to allow for a late summer/early autumn seeding. The seed mixture should comply with the minimum standards set out in the relevant Seed Regulations.

Seeding should be carried out during suitable weather conditions. The total quantity of seed should be divided in half each half being sown in transverse directions by broadcasting and on completion the seed should be firmed using an approved roller. A base fertiliser should be applied prior to seeding.

Photograph 12 Dimple Seeding Equipment



3.3.8 Slit Drain Installation

Following grass establishment, excavated slit drains may be installed. Installation of this type of slit drain involves the excavation of narrow trenches 50mm wide to a minimum depth of 250mm ensuring that the depth is sufficient to make a good connection with the stone backfill above the pipe drains. The slits should be installed at 0.6m to 1m centres, backfilled to within no less than 75mm of the surface with 5.0 – 8.0mm fine free, hard stone topped up to the surface with a medium coarse sand with a grading curve in the central recommended range of the diagram at Appendix 5.

Photograph 13 Slit Drain Installation plus a Small Gravel Compactor Dimple Seeding Equipment



3.3.9 Sand Band Installation

Sand bands should only be installed on a close centred pipe drained, or a pipe and slit drained facility. Installation of sand bands into a pitch surface where sward density and surface stability is poor may cause significant damage to the playing surface. The sand used in the construction of the sand bands should have a particle size distribution within the central recommended range of the Grading Curve shown in Appendix 3.

Photograph 14a An Example of Sand Band Installation



Photograph 14b An Example of Sand Band Installation

3.3.10 Top-dressing Sand

Following the installation of slit drains and or sand bands, top-dressing sand should be applied evenly to a maximum depth of 10.0 mm. The sand should be spread in with specialist top-dressing spreaders and thoroughly brushed into the sward. The sand should be dry when applied to a dry surface in good weather conditions.

The sand should be lime and salt free (less than 2000 μS/cm) and have a medium/fine particle size distribution within the central recommended limits of the grading curve in Appendix 1. The sand should have a pH value in the range of 6.0 to 7.5.

3.4 Specifications for the Construction of Fine Turf Cricket Facilities

The following section incorporates the requirement of the English and Wales Cricket Board. “TS4 - Recommended Guidelines for the construction, preparation and maintenance of cricket pitches and outfields at all levels of the game”. The document is freely available from the ECB website: http://www.ecb.co.uk/development/facilities-funding/technical-specifications/ and this Code of Practice should be read in conjunction with the ECB guidelines to ensure compliance.



3.4.1 Initial Planning

Identify the level of cricket to be played and therefore the standard of the pitches required. Plan on the square having an unspecified life span, dependant on maintenance standards and financial/human resources available. It is unwise to standardise on a type of construction for a cricket square as a number of factors are involved and the cost of such provision may be unnecessary bearing in mind the condition of the site and what materials are available.

Clay cricket loam normally has to be imported to construct the cricket square. Very occasionally the native topsoil on site may be suitable but testing would need to be carried out to confirm this. If the native topsoil is suitable for the cricket square then it is unlikely to be suitable for the outfield without improvement.

As a general rule most squares are typically made up of:

An imported clay-loam laid to a consistent depth of between 100mm–150mm onto the native topsoil or subsoil. It is important the native soil is checked for suitability before committing to this design

A ring drain around the perimeter, which may be desirable to prevent waterlogging of the square and to aid water disposal from the covers

In certain situations such as sites that have been landfilled, sites with a very high water tables, impoverished soils, or soils with high organic matter such as peaty soils, then squares can be made up of:

An imported clay-loam laid to a consistent depth

Intermediary zone, which supports the clay loam

Supported by a drainage layer with a blinding layer to prevent particles migrating into the free draining layer

A drainage system consisting of a ring drain around the perimeter together with a piped drainage laterals installed under the drainage zone

The depth of each zone shall be consistent but will vary depending on the ground conditions, the topsoil and subsoil profile in the location where the square is to be laid, prevailing climatic conditions, and the level of cricket to be catered for. At club level the clay loam shall have an ASSB soil binding strength of no less than 56 kg whereas at higher levels a binding strength of no less than 60 kg is more desirable. The organic matter content of the loam should be 3.0-8.0 %. Typical consistent depths of each zone shall be within the ranges indicated below:

Clay loam zone 100mm to 200mm

Intermediary Zone 100mm to 150mm

Drainage Zone 100mm to 200mm



3.4.2 Initial Site Investigation

One pitch area is 75 ft. x 10 ft. (22.87 m x 3.05 m) therefore the size of the square will depend on the likely fixture list (suggested maximum of five matches per pitch during the season), the number of teams that will use the facility (consideration for future club expansion and development should be taken into account), boundary restrictions, and time allowance for ground staff to maintain and prepare pitches. Once the size of the square has been determined, the pitch orientation must be taken into account when considering the overall layout.

A north/south orientation is preferable to minimise the effects of the sun on the bowlers and batsman, though a possible variation of 55º to the east and 35º to the west from the point of north is acceptable.

The boundary must be considered when planning the site; the boundary should be a minimum of 45.72 m (50 yards) from the centre of the pitch in use, although the ideal planning size should be a minimum of 50 yards from the centre stump of any designated pitch to be used on each side of the square to allow for League and Premier legislation ruling. The local indigenous soil must be identified for its texture and compatibility characteristics before any construction is undertaken. It is recommended that when soil analysis is carried out, a minimum of six locations in a ‘W’ formation on the site are used and a professional report gained. Both topsoil and subsoil should be analysed.

3.4.3 Drainage

Identify the natural run off and any drainage lines if present. If the site has been previously used, any drainage plans must be obtained. If a survey has determined the necessity of a ring-drain around the square then sufficient distance from the edges should be regarded to allow for future club development considerations for extending the square and to minimise the risk of removal and alterations. Drains should not be located below the surface area of the square unless a drainage layer is being installed.

3.4.4 Cricket Loam

The choice will be dictated by the standard of pitch required:

First Class and county standard: minimum of 28-35% of clay

Club standard: minimum of 25-30% of clay

School: minimum of 25-28% of clay

Loam should be compatible with the local indigenous soil if it is being laid onto it. Initial planning will indicate depth and therefore quantities. The use of marl is not recommended.

3.4.5 Grasses

There are a number of cultivar blends on the market. Mainly mixes containing Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) are used on cricket squares, and advice should be sought for those recommended specifically for cricket purposes and considerations given to the level of play and maintenance resources. Individual cultivars of different species can be evaluated from the yearly edition of “Turfgrass Seed” published by the Sports Turf Research Institute (STRI).

Turfing a square is strongly discouraged.



3.4.6 Construction Methodology for a Normal Cricket Square

Set out, excavate and remove topsoil to an agreed depth and to a uniform, graded formation level. The formation grade should be level along the direction of play although a fall of 1:100 is acceptable with a cross fall of 1:60-1:80 to reflect what is required in the finished surface.

Import and spread cricket loam in layers not exceeding 50 mm. Each layer should be consolidated (but not heavily compacted) and thoroughly keyed in during construction.

Uniform construction is the most vital element of the construction of any wicket or square; the formation (base) and each and every subsequent layer must be accurately graded preferably using laser controlled equipment. Uneven construction leads to uneven play and cannot be rectified at later date without loss of time and money. Uniform consolidation should be undertaken by using an appropriate method.

Consolidation is important. Uniform consolidation should be undertaken using an appropriate method. The best and time-honoured process is by “heeling” but it is very time consuming and labour intensive to be cost effective for most contractors who prefer using appropriate machinery such as the caterpillar tracks or “sheep’s foot” rollers. Whatever method is used, care must be taken to ensure uniformity with no air pockets remaining and each layer keyed in. The projected optimum playing performance rating will only be achieved if this process is completed correctly. The final surface levelling should not be done by a heavy roller as it may leave isolated and uneven pockets.

Levels are normally set using laser equipment although these can be accomplished by using basic strings and pegs or rails/shuttering. The best practice is to use laser guided grading technology and equipment that has proved to be precise and rapid, thus minimising the chance of inclement weather interfering with the construction schedule. In all cases the square should blend smoothly into the outfield and be finished proud of the surrounds by a maximum of 25 mm to allow for water run-off and to prevent standing winter rainfall to the detriment of grass health and build up of associated algae or “squidge”.

A pre-seeding fertiliser should be applied before seeding or after establishment, if considered necessary.

Prepare a seedbed by raking the surface using powered or hand rake, or by using seeding equipment specially made for the purpose. Sow seed at a rate of 35-50 g/m2 using a suitable seed drill. Mechanical drills should leave the surface “slotted” or “dimple” finished, or the surface should be hand raked lightly.

Irrigate when necessary to encourage germination and establishment. Germination sheets can be considered to facilitate germination and prevent the occurrence of damage from wash-off cause by severe rain storms.

Erect a form of protective fencing around the area of the square to prevent unwanted encroachments and follow the appropriate aftercare maintenance measures.

The desirable pH levels for the square should be in the range of 6 to 7.5 for the healthy growth of ryegrasses.



3.4.7 Construction Methodology for a Drainage Layer Type Cricket Square

Set out, excavate and remove topsoil/subsoil to required depth and to a uniform, graded formation level.

Install piped land drains into the formation using either a trencher or excavator. Backfill drains using the same aggregate as the drainage layer.

Import, spread and grade the drainage layer consisting of an appropriate clean gravel/stone aggregate. The finished grade on the drainage layer should be level along the direction of play although a fall of 1:100 is acceptable with a cross fall of 1:60-1:80 to reflect what is required in the finished surface.

Import, spread and grade the blinding layer consisting of a suitable clean coarse sand/grit.

Import, spread and grade the intermediate layer consisting of native soil, if this has been tested and approved for its suitability, or an imported approved soil/loam.

Import and spread cricket loam in layers not exceeding 50 mm. Each layer should be consolidated and thoroughly keyed in during construction.

Uniform construction is the most vital element of the construction of any wicket or square. The formation (base) and each and every subsequent layer must be accurately graded, preferably using laser controlled equipment. Uneven construction leads to uneven play and cannot be rectified at a later date without loss of time and money.

Consolidation is important. Uniform consolidation should be undertaken using an appropriate method. The best and time-honoured process is by “heeling” but it is very time consuming and labour intensive to be cost effective for most contractors who prefer using appropriate machinery such as the caterpillar tracks or “sheep’s foot” rollers. Whatever method is used, care must be taken to ensure uniformity with no air pockets remaining and each layer keyed in. The projected optimum playing performance rating will only be achieved if this process is completed correctly. The final surface levelling should not be done by a heavy roller as it may leave isolated and uneven pockets.

Levels are normally set using laser equipment although these can be accomplished by using basic strings and pegs or rails/shuttering. The best practice is to use laser guided grading technology and equipment that has proved to be precise and rapid, thus minimising the chance of inclement weather interfering with the construction schedule. In all cases the square should blend smoothly into the outfield and be finished proud of the surrounds by a maximum of 25 mm to allow for water run-off and to prevent standing winter rainfall to the detriment of grass health and build up of associated algae or “squidge”.

A pre-seeding fertiliser should be applied before seeding or after establishment if considered necessary.

Prepare a seedbed by raking the surface using powered or hand rake, or by using seeding equipment specially made for the purpose. Sow seed at a rate of 35-50 g/m2 using a suitable seed drill. Mechanical drills should leave the surface “slotted” or “dimple” finished, or the surface should be hand raked lightly.



Irrigate when necessary to encourage germination and establishment. Germination sheets can be considered to facilitate germination and prevent the occurrence of damage from wash-off cause by severe rain storms.

Erect a form of protective fencing around the area of the square to prevent unwanted encroachments and follow the appropriate aftercare maintenance measures.

3.4.8 Specifications for the Construction of Cricket Facilities

Example Specification for the Construction of a New Normal Cricket Square

Schedule of Works: The following information provides a summary of information for the construction of a cricket square. The area of the square is normally 24m x 24m and the construction depth below existing ground level is a maximum of 175mm. The work involves excavation of topsoil, profile construction, seed bed preparation and seeding.

Excavations: Excavations should be carried out when there are suitable ground conditions so that minimal damage is caused to the surrounding area. Topsoil should be removed from the area of cricket square, and if it is to be re-used, should be stockpiled for re-use. The formation should then be accurately graded to allow for build up of the cricket loam. The formation level should be of even consolidation and graded to a tolerance of +/- 5 mm over a three metre straight edge.

Soil Profile: Import proprietary cricket loam containing between 25-35 % clay particles, organic content of 3-8 %, ASSB strength of 56 kg or more and substantially free from stone i.e. no more than 5 % above 8 mm. Lay, grade and consolidate the loam in layers not exceeding 50 mm. Rake surface to create key for next layer. Continue laying loam in layers until the desired finished level has been achieved. The final surface of the square should be a maximum 25 mm proud of, and married into, the surrounding outfield.

Surface and Seed Bed Preparation: Carry out final grade to a tolerance of +/-3 mm over a three metre straight edge. Apply an approved pre-seeding fertiliser evenly to the whole area, and power/hand rake surface to prepare for seeding.

Seeding: Supply and sow an approved grass seed blend at a rate of 35g/m2 in two directions using a seed drill. Hand rake into surface.

Establishment: Attend site and irrigate area to aid establishment for up to * visits if required.

Maintenance: Carry out initial mowing operations when the sward is established to a height of 50 mm (2 inches) primarily with a rotary type machine then with a cylinder mower.



Example Specification for the Construction of a Drainage Layer Type New Cricket Square

Schedule of Works: The following information provides a summary of information for the construction of a cricket square. The area of the square is normally 24 m x 24 m and the construction depth below existing ground level is a maximum of 525 mm. The work involves excavation of topsoil and subsoil, drainage installation, profile construction, seed bed preparation and seeding.

Excavations: Excavations should be carried out when there are suitable ground conditions so that minimal damage is caused to the surrounding area. Topsoil should be removed from the area of cricket square and, if it is to be re-used, should be stockpiled for re-use and not mixed with subsoil. The exposed subsoil should then be excavated to a maximum depth of 325 mm from the original surface level. The sub-soil should then be accurately graded to allow for build up of the drainage layer, blinding layer and cricket loam. The formation should be of even consolidation and graded to a tolerance of ± 10 mm over a three metre straight edge.

Drainage: On completion of the earthworks a piped drainage system should to be installed into the graded formation. The ring/main drain should run along the four edges of the square and link to outfield drainage.

Trenches should be excavated to a width of 125 - 225 mm. Ring/Main drainage pipes should be 100 mm diameter and lateral drainage pipes 80 mm diameter, plastic perforated corrugated pipes, laid to a minimum depth of 300 mm and a minimum gradient of 1:250 and kite marked to BS 4962. Lateral drains should be installed at 6 metre centres within the footprint of the cricket square and these should link into the perimeter drains with proprietary pipe connectors. Backfill all drains with using the same aggregate as the drainage layer to the top of the formation.

Separation Layer (provisional): Supply and install a geotextile membrane onto the formation between the drain lines. This item may be required in certain ground conditions.

Stone Drainage Layer: Supply, load and spread onto the formation 100 mm firmed depth of approved lime free 3-6 mm hard, angular gravel or broken stone should be installed over the drained sub-formation surface. Following installation level and trim the drainage layer to a tolerance of ± 5 mm over a 3.0 m straight edge.

Blinding Layer: Following installation of the drainage layer supply, load and spread a 50mm deep blinding sand layer. The sand should have a particle size distribution within the central recommended range of the Grading Curve shown in Appendix 2 and be raked and graded prior to the installation of the cricket loam.

Soil Profile: Following installation of the drainage layers supply and place proprietary medium to heavy loam topsoil suitable for the purposes of cricket i.e. containing between 25-30% clay particles, organic content of 3-8 %, ASSB strength of 56 kg or more and substantially free from stone i.e. no more than 5 % above 8 mm. Lay, grade and consolidate the loam in layers not exceeding 50 mm. Rake surface to create key for next layer. Continue laying loam in layers until the desired finished level has been achieved. The final surface of the square should be a maximum 25 mm proud of, and married into the surrounding outfield.



Surface and Seed Bed Preparation: Carry out final grade to a tolerance is ± 3 mm. Apply evenly to the whole area an approved pre-seeding fertiliser and power/hand rake surface to prepare for seeding.

Seeding: Supply and sow an approved grass seed blend at a rate of 35 g/m2 in two directions using a seed drill. Hand rake in to surface.

Establishment: Attend site as and irrigate area to aid establishment for up to *visits if required.

Maintenance: Carry out initial mowing operations when the sward is established to a height of 50 mm (2 inches) primarily with a rotary type machine then by a cylinder mower.

Guideline Specification for the Construction of Outfield Areas

The outline specifications are intended for general guidance only. They must be interpreted and the wording adjusted to suit the job in hand and not applied regardless of local conditions and requirements. Design advice should be obtained from a specialist sports turf consultant generally; however the following scope of works and sequence may be undertaken.

Grading, two categories of grading can be identified:

Type A, where surface levels are acceptable after small adjustments

Type B, where minor or major grading is required

Type A: Any existing grass sward must be dealt with by spraying off with herbicide and subsequent cultivation or stripping and removing. Cultivate with suitable powered equipment and regulate the entire surface by grading the topsoil using a box grader (preferably laser controlled) to produce a surface with smooth contours free from mounds or depressions. Special care should be taken to produce a true level for the cricket square and to marry this in smoothly with the surrounding land. Produce a smooth surface with running falls to existing main contours. An absolute minimum depth of 200 mm final firmed true top-soil should be left throughout on completion.

Type B: Any existing grass sward must be dealt with by spraying off with herbicide and subsequent cultivation or stripping and removing. Strip top-soil from areas indicated on the plan and stockpile in approved position convenient for re-use. Where possible the outfield should be constructed to an even and uniform fall of 1 in 100 which grades gently into adjacent land. If minor levelling is required grade and trim the sub-soil surface. If major levelling is required cut and fill the subsoil and compact in layers the fill material should be placed and compacted in accordance with Table 6/4 Method 6 of the Highways Agency Specification for Highway Works. The method of compaction, type of compaction plant to be used and the number of passes should be carefully considered and tested prior to placement and compaction of the formation fill material. The fill material should be placed and compacted at a layer depth and with moisture content within the acceptable limits as detailed in the Highways Agency Specification for Highway Works.

When the formation grade has been achieved within the subsoil, de-compact the subsoil with a wing tined sub-soiler in the direction of maximum fall, to a minimum depth of 450 mm and no more than 600 mm centres, and remove any large stones.



Replace topsoil carefully using appropriate low ground pressure equipment in dry weather and ground conditions to prevent damage to the topsoil structure. Topsoil should be replaced to the original depth subject to an absolute minimum firmed depth of 200 mm.

Cultivations

Cultivate the outfield using suitable powered cultivators; several passes may be required in transverse directions to create a sufficiently fine tilth. Before completing the cultivations, de-compact the topsoil with an approved sub-soiler. The operation will be carried out in the direction of the maximum fall, at centres no greater than 600mm at a depth depending on subsoil conditions. If the subsoil contains large boulders then the sub-soiling operation should be avoided. After any sub-soiling operations, trim to final grade using a box grader (preferably laser controlled). At no point must the site finish with less than 200mm topsoil on completion.

Drainage

Drainage works should be undertaken in line with the guidance for grass roots winter games pitches. The use of slit drains on cricket outfield should be avoided if at all possible and the installation of sand bands would be more appropriate following grass establishment.

Seedbed preparation

Using appropriate powered equipment, create a suitably fine textured seed bed ensuring adequate removal of surplus vegetation, debris, and all stones having one dimension of over 16 mm. Appropriate equipment may include, power harrows, rotary stonerakes, stone collectors/pickers and stone buriers. The seedbed shall be fine, smooth and evenly firm but not compacted. Shortly before seeding, evenly apply specified fertiliser to the outfield. The fertiliser to be of ratio 10N:15P:10K or approved alternative applied at 250-300 kg/hectare. Lightly harrow fertiliser into the immediate surface.

Seeding

Provide a seed mixture composed of (typically):

25% Smooth stalked meadow grass

25% Strong creeping red fescue

20% Slender creeping red fescue

20% Chewings fescue

10% Brown top bent

Sow at 350kg/Ha.

Where a the cricket outfield is used for other activities such as winter sports consideration should be given to using a seed mixture that includes some cultivars of Perennial Ryegrasses to improve the wear characteristics.

A certificate of composition, purity, germination, year of harvest and country of origin for the above should be provided. Seeding should be carried out during suitable weather conditions. The total quantity of seed required should be divided into two and each half sown in



transverse directions. Lightly harrow seed into immediate surface, care to be taken not to ridge the surface.

3.4.9 Cricket Pitches (Establishment and Grow In Period)

A most important aspect towards facilitating early settlement, maturity and maximising the performance ratings of newly laid or restored squares and pitches, is the correct deployment of grow in and aftercare procedures.

Germination

Cheap germination sheets that cover the entire area are an extra expense but well worth considering to avoid wash-off and retain moisture to prevent seed failure. The practice of lightly rolling the surface (no more than the weight of a 20 inch fine turf mower approx 110kg) when the grasses are just coming through may be considered. This action may encourage tillering and conserve moisture in the surface.

Mowing (Using machines fitted with grass collecting boxes)

Initially a good quality, sharp rotary mower could be used, although an outfield cylinder mower may also be suitable. The first cut can be carried out using an airborne (Hover) mower. This should occur about four weeks after germination depending on climatic conditions and growth rate or at least when the sward is around 50-75mm. Aim to gradually lower the mowing height in stages (2-3 mm at a time) until a maintenance height of cut is achieved (approx. 20-25 mm in winter, 15-20 mm in summer). Following autumn seeding the sward should be maintained via cutting through January to early March, as regularly as necessary, to keep growth topped off at maximum of 25 mm.

It is detrimental to allow the sward to become long as the soft top growth will obscure worm casting and lend towards a thin open surface when eventually cut back. The aim is to cut no more than a third of the grass leaf at a time. The broader leaved species of weeds normally succumb to closer mowing regimes and once the sward is strong enough, an application of selective weed control will account for the remaining weed content.

Worm and Disease Control

It is important that worm casting is controlled with an approved lumbricide if it becomes a problem. Heavy worm casting can disrupt surface levels and smearing can seriously compromise a developing young sward. Cricket loam companies will not normally supply sterilised loam unless specifically requested and this is usually at a higher cost. There are around twenty five species of earthworm occurring in the UK although only three are surface feeders and responsible for the majority of worm casting activity, which if allowed to go unchecked can ruin the smooth surface levels with resultant unsafe playing conditions and create bare areas ideal for weed establishment. There are no chemical worm eradication products available but there remain for an uncertain period of time products classified as worm control. These should be applied by a competent and certified operator whenever worm activity is present. All chemical control measures should not be undertaken until the grass plant has matured to the three leafed stage of growth. Regular brushing or drag-matting of the square will assist to disperse casts when friable.



Similarly, the young grass seedlings should be protected from disease. If an outbreak of Fusarium (Microdochium nivale) occurs, treat the turf with an approved fungicide, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. N.B. some products are licensed for and effective against both worms and Fusarium so both could be treated simultaneously. Refer to product label for details on application rate. Red Thread (Laetisaria Fusiformis) is another common disease on the cricket square but if the attack is minor it can be treated with an application of fertiliser to help strengthen the grasses against the disease.

Fertiliser

During the winter, should the table start to look yellow and deficient in nitrogen then an autumn/winter fertiliser should be applied evenly and accurately at no more than 35 g/m². Such material may typically contain 3-4% nitrogen, up to 5-6% phosphate and up to 10% potassium. This should be a granular fertiliser and applied accurately through either a drop spreader or a spinning disc spreader.

In the spring once some natural growth is apparent the first of the spring/summer fertiliser dressings should be given (these will be dominated by nitrogen but consult your agronomist for further guidance).

Rolling

Initial rolling procedures are one of the most important yet less understood operations that are essential towards achieving the deep seated consolidation required of squares/pitches. This is an essential element towards the requirements of the game of cricket, good pace, carry and consistency of even bounce.

Once the sward is sufficiently dense and the surface feels relatively firm underfoot then rolling can start. As a guide, when cut at 25 mm, if the soil surface cannot be seen through the grass then rolling will be suitable. N.B. rolling should be avoided in particularly wet periods; suitable ground and weather conditions are normally found from early March onwards.

The timing is not an exact science but recent rolling trials indicate that the condition of the soil profile and optimum moisture content is the key. Initial rolling could be undertaken with a hand roller (say 250 kg) or if unavailable, possibly use a 36 inch (914 mm) outfield mower. At this stage rolling should be carried out in 2 directions, along the line of play and across the line of play. The exact number of passes and the speed at which the treatment is carried out will vary according to turf and soil moisture aspects. At least a couple of passes in each direction is likely to be needed, perhaps carrying out such work over a period of days. Do not hesitate to repeat the work if you feel that further firming at this stage is needed. The rolling weight could then be increased to around 500 kg, again completing several passes in different directions.

Alternatively a 36 inch motor mower weighs around 254 kg and is ideal for initial settlement, especially during winter months when the soil is in a “plasticine” condition. The cutters can be engaged during mild spells to tidy up the sward but again ensuring that the blades are sharpened and the clippings are collected. Sooner or later the decision will have to be made to introduce the heavy roller and this will solely depend on the moisture content of the new square; neither too wet nor too dry. It is advisable though to err on the side of caution for the initial rolling so as not to push the surface in a “bow-wave” fashion or cap the surface, or induce “rippling” that can lead to very unsafe playing conditions. The operation should not be excessive in the first year and priority to cross and diagonal passes with speeds progressively slower as even consolidation is achieved.



As the season approaches, the rolling treatments should be along the line of play with an even heavier roller (say 1 tonne).

Bringing Into Play

Along with the rolling, the height of cut can be gradually reduced to the table height over a period of time through Mar/April. Aim to leave a height of 12 mm-15 mm for pitches not in play or those that have received additional spring top-dressing/over-seeding, otherwise a height of 9 mm-10 mm for the table as a whole. Do not overstress the new sward by cutting too low.

If the sward is too dense, then it may be necessary to undertake a gentle scarification or verti cutting to thin out the sward. This should take the form of the normal scarification operation for cricket tables but ensuring the surface is not disrupted by the action of the scarification/ verti cutting tines.

Conversely, if the sward is thin in places, then some spring overseeding should be undertaken. Use good quality ryegrass cultivars, chosen for their density and high tolerance to wear and close mowing (refer to current version of the Turfgrass Seed Booklet, available from all major seed suppliers or the Sports Turf Research Institute). Sow at a rate of 35 g/m2. For best results, use a specialist overseeding machine such as one that pricks the surface and drops the seed in behind. If such machinery is unavailable, thoroughly prick the surface with a Sarel roller or similar prior to seeding. It will no doubt help if you could avoid the weakest areas for the earliest games.

A feature of newly laid squares or pitches is that during the process of maturing a certain amount of settlement can occur, the severity of which usually depends on how well accomplished the construction methods were applied, specifically the condition and quality of rootzone materials and consolidation. This may appear as overall slight or deeper sinkage, excessive cracking, and associated movement of “plates” during the formative years. To counteract this primary settlement and expedite maturity, wide cracks should be methodically filled with finely screened loam and firmed using an implement such as a builder’s wide cold chisel and seeding in order to knit the cracks together. Just rubbing in top dressing will not facilitate the procedure. Deep tine aeration to break large plates into smaller cracking patterns is known to improve irregular bounce characteristics but should only be undertaken under expert supervision. The fine cracks that appear during normal pitch preparation are an accepted feature that can often be limited by use of covers to prevent the surface from drying too rapidly. By use of a 12 foot straight edge or similar device, routine checks on surface levels should be made especially if “rippling” has occurred, so that, where considered necessary, carefully applied top dressing can be administered to correct levels. It is important though to thoroughly key the dressing in and not trap organic matter in low spots as it would lend towards a root-break discontinuity in the profile years later after many seasons of applied clay loam top dressings. Aeration (spiking) is generally not necessary within the first year of use for newly laid squares. It may however be extremely beneficial for some restored squares but in all cases observation and management of the profile should be undertaken before considering the type of machine and timing of the operation. Vertical action machines are recommended for use on the square rather than the drum type that can tear at the surface and disrupt the surface levels.



Topdressing

Using a long straight edge, routine checks should be made so that, where necessary, topdressing can be carefully given to correct levels. It may be possible to do this during the growing-in period as long as the top dressing is integrated into the surface and there is sufficient growth for the grass to grow through the dressing, Overseeding may also be required with the top-dressing if the sward is thin. However, unless necessary to address a marked undulation problem, the most appropriate time for levelling would be the autumn renovation period, in all instances, it is essential that:

The same loam is always used

The loam is thoroughly ameliorated into the surface after removing thatch or by two thirds of the vegetation by scarification, uniformly applying the top dressing and working in.

Other treatments

During the first year you will need to “nurse along” the grass cover avoiding too much stress on the young sward. Of course you will have to dry out the surface if a pitch is being prepared, but other than this, ensure there is no shortage of water during dry spells (although you will have to avoid a soft surface when the turf is in play). Do not overuse the young grass cover in its first year and give careful thought to spreading wear and tear. Only apply chemicals such as selective weedkiller if it is really necessary and ensure that strong growth is taking place.

A surround fence will assist to deter wildlife from damaging the completed project and indicate a restricted area to unauthorised personnel.

Nutrient levels are generally in more demand in a new construction so these need to be attended to when necessary. It is advisable to seek a nutritional analysis at intervals to ensure the correct nutrient and pH levels are maintained for optimum grass health.

3.4.10 Cricket Outfield Areas

Standard maintenance practices will apply to outfield areas further details of which are given below. In the early years following construction the outfield may tend to be hard especially if the topsoil has been screened prior to replacement. Therefore additional de-compaction and soil conditioning work may be required during this first few years following seeding. Further details of the normal maintenance practices are given below:

Mowing

The outfield should be mowed regularly throughout the year to maintain good sward density. During the spring/ summer months, mowing should be undertaken weekly and the grass cut to a height 20 mm - 25 mm. During winter, the outfield should be mown when possible and the sward height maintained no higher than 35 mm.

Earthworm Control

Worms are a problem on heavier soils; casts smear, disrupt surface levels and provide ideal seedbeds for weeds. If worm casting becomes a problem then use an approved suppressant, as directed by the manufacturer, on 1 or 2 occasions through the problem period (October – March).



Soil Conditioning & Aeration

Verti-drain using 25 mm diameter tines to 200 mm – 250 mm depth on one occasion through October to March. The soil should be moist but with a firm enough surface to allow passage of aeration equipment without undue surface disturbance. Other forms of de-compaction work can be undertaken if required which may include the Earth-Quake or Ground Breaker machines.

Fertiliser

The fertiliser requirements will depend on the local soil type and climate. In the majority of instances cricket outfields are constructed on heavy clay loam soils which tend to retain nutrients. Such soils do not require large amounts of fertilisers especially if grass clippings are not boxed off. Therefore, a single application of fertiliser applied in the spring may be sufficient to boost of growth. Typically, a spring outfield fertiliser such as 9:7:7 at 35 g/m2 will be adequate.

Newly constructed and drained outfields may require additional fertiliser inputs and ideally in these instances a fertiliser programme should be developed based on soil nutrient analysis.

Weed Control

Once every few years a selective herbicide may need to be applied to control weeds, especially clover, if nitrogen applications to the outfield are restricted. Herbicide applications should be made by an approved contract sprayer in order to meet the relevant pesticide regulations. An approved herbicide (effective for the weeds seen) could be applied at any time through spring to autumn, provided the weeds are actively growing to ensure uptake of the chemical.

3.5 Specifications for the Construction of Lawn Tennis Courts

The following section is taken from a guide written by Mr Seaward MBE, the head groundsman for Wimbledon. SAPCA would like to acknowledge and thank him and the All England Lawn Tennis Club for their permission to reproduce the document within this Code of Practice. Whilst the construction of natural turf (or Lawn) tennis courts are rare the knowledge and expertise generated through vast research and experience at Wimbledon should be fully utilised where possible when designing, constructing and improving lawn tennis courts.

3.5.1 Construction Considerations

Before any construct takes place on a lawn tennis court there are a number of factors to consider:

Orientation

Ideally this would be in the line of north and south. The reason for this is to minimise the effect of the sun on the players' eyes. If it is not possible to achieve the ideal for social and club play, it may not be a deciding factor.



Size

While the playing surface measures 23.774 m x 10.973 m, the area required, when including the run-off, will vary depending on the type of play catered for. At the elite level (Wimbledon Championship) play requires a minimum area of 36.57 m x 18.29 m. Wherever possible this dimension should be considered for club play but if not possible the area can be reduced to 33.53 m x 16.45 m. If a smaller area has to be settled upon, it has to be appreciated that play can be affected as there is an increasing risk of players colliding with surrounding fences.

Levels

The Lawn Tennis Association states that falls should not exceed 1:120 for Championship play and 1:100 for club and social play. The gradient should, ideally, be across the line of play, but if this is not possible then the fall can be in the line of play. Whether in line or across the line of play, falls must always be in a single plane. Other arrangements, such as, a camber throughout the middle has the effect of altering the effective height of the net and is not acceptable.

Access

When choosing the site for a new tennis court, access must be considered for construction purposes. There is a real need to be able to deliver new materials as close as possible to the site. This is also essential for the removal of materials from any excavation which may be required. If access is limited then construction costs win rise by the very fact that labour would be required to move materials over a greater length.

Drainage Outlet

This can be a major factor for consideration and will have an effect on the final costing. If it is into a stream or another drainage system, permission will need to be sought from the Local and Water Authorities.

Services

If irrigation or electricity is required then it is important to know where they have to be linked from local supplies. Also decide where the control points are to be housed in relation to the courts.

Once all these elements are resolved then construction can take place. For simplicity, the building of a Championship court will be presented followed by a review at how costing can be reduced for club and social play.

3.5.2 The Construction of Lawn Tennis Courts

There is no one set construction profile of a lawn tennis court. The profile used at Wimbledon is one that has proved successful over the years. All the Championship courts are constructed to this one design. This requires the area used to be excavated to a depth of 450 mm below the final level of the court and then backfilled with:

150 mm of 5.0 mm – 10 mm gravel

50 mm of medium/course blinding sand

250 mm of tennis loam



Another possible profile makeup could consist of

150mm of 2.0mm – 5.0mm fines free grit

250mm of tennis loam

If the second profile is chosen then the area used to be excavated to a depth of 400mm below the final level of the court.

Mark out the exact area that is to be excavated and decide upon the exact depth of the excavation. The final levels should allow for the surface of the court to be in the region of 25 – 75 mm proud of all surrounds. Any less and there is a considerable risk of damaging machinery when maintaining the court. It may also be dangerous for players.

Excavate trenches for the drain pipes. These should be positioned diagonally across the line of play at 5.0m to 9.0 m intervals to a minimum of 1:200. These drain runs are known of as laterals. The laterals lead to a main drain located along the edge of one side of the construction.

The main drain will continue out of the court area to a point where drainage water is discharged. Wherever possible it is advisable to have a silt trap located within the main drain not far from the court. The purpose of this is to allow the main drain within the court construction to be cleaned if it becomes blocked in the future as any material, such as silt, that enters into the pipe will be collected at this point rather than running the risk of blocking the pipe as it runs to the outfall.

The silt trap should have a removable cover to allow for easy and regular inspection. The trap consists of a manhole type, brick construction, with the outlet pipe from the drain being placed at a higher level than the outlet pipe that runs to the discharge area. This outlet pipe should be positioned at least 150 mm above the floor of the trap. The principle is that any material washed through the drainage system will sink to the bottom of the trap from where it can be periodically removed, so avoiding unwanted material passing through the system.

Once the drainage excavation is completed place a thin layer of gravel or sand onto the bed of the trenches ensuring that the falls are correct. A suitable land drain pipe can now be placed in the trenches to a minimum depth of 230 mm (invent level. bottom of the pipe) below the excavated level. The pipe sizes are 75 mm for the laterals and 100 mm for the main drain.

When laying the pipes it is essential they are positioned at the correct levels to allow a satisfactory passage of the water without any risk of it becoming static. It is advisable to test that the pipes are working before carefully filling the trench back in with stone avoiding any disturbance to the pipes.

If required the surrounding edging to retain the court should now be put in place. Lay to the correct levels 255 mm x 50 mm pre-cast concrete chamfered edging around the four sides of the court, with the chamfered to be falling inwards. The edging should be bedded on concrete which is haunched up to 125 mm on both sides of the edging for support. It is important that the edging be placed 25 mm below the final level of the turf to avoid future machinery damage.



To ensure that the materials are laid at the correct level one of two methods can be used:

If a laser level is available, constant checks can be made very quickly.

By placing pegs at 3 m centres and making a line at 150 mm to show the level of the angular stone and a further marker at 50 mm above the line of the stone to indicate the final level of the pea gravel.

When installing the materials care must be taken not to damage any work that has been completed or to the firm soil base upon which the stone is to be laid.

During wet weather it can be an advantage to lay a geotextile on the soil so avoiding the stone being pushed into the soil during construction and future migration of particles. Whatever product is used care must be taken to avoid placing it over the drain ditches if the system is non-previous and hence there is a risk of impeding water movement in the future.

To avoid the blinding sand becoming mixed with the underlying gravel layer divide the area into quarters and start at the furthest section from the access to the court. Lay the gravel and then the blinding sand consolidating both to the correct levels before commencing the next quarter. Any movement of the stone caused by the wheels of the machinery should be constantly raked back to level.

When the operation is completed remove any pegs used and fill the holes with the appropriate stone. The completion of the stone installation should result in an even bed on which to introduce the tennis loam.

The most important element when introducing the tennis loam is to ensure that the materials are compacted evenly so avoiding the creation of any air pockets or soft non compacted areas which will be prone to shrinkage at some time in the future.

A common method is to introduce the soil in 50 mm layers and compact each layer. At Wimbledon this has been done by the tried and tested method of treading with the heel of the foot, raking level and treading again before the next 50 mm layer is introduced. The levels can be checked using the same procedure as with the stone.

More recently techniques for soil placement include the use of compact tractors fitted with laser guided gradin boxes which achieve uniform and evenly consolidated final levels. These methodologies reduces the potential for localised settlement

During the process of introducing the soil it is vital that the area is kept dry if rain does come into contact with the soil work might have to be suspended until the soil dries sufficiently in order to work on it again. It is advisable to cover it with some form of sheeting at the end of each day to ensure that the work can be continuous. Once the soil level is completed it is good practice (if time scales allow) to leave the soil open to the weather and avoiding any further work for at least two months. This will allow for any minor settlements which may occur. These can then be rectified before the surface is produced either for seeding or turf. The topsoil used in the construction of the tennis court should have a clay content in the range of 15 - 20% with higher clay content soils being more suitable for higher standards and more intensively maintained surfaces. The stone content should be less than 1.0% with a maximum stone size of 8.0mm. The ASSB (Adams, Stewart Soil Binding) test should give a value of no less than 35 kg. The organic matter content of the topsoil to be used should ideally range between 1% and 5%. On no account should topsoil with an organic matter content of in excess of 10% be used. The remaining fractions of the topsoil will consist of silt, sands, gravel and small stones. Topsoil contain an excessive amount of silt be avoided and



this can affect the binding strength of the soil especially when wet. Topsoil containing a high proportion of gravel and small stones should also be avoided.

Although tennis is a summer sport the grass court must be reasonably well drained and this will help with out of season maintenance. The use of a gravel drainage carpet and proprietary soils installed at Wimbledon gives a very good form of construction. If budgets are restricted and it is not possible to install a granular drainage carpet then pipe drainage systems can be introduced as a cheaper alternative. This form of construction combined with the use of indigenous topsoil (if suitable) can produce good playing surfaces.

Where courts are constructed on indigenous or imported soil with no granular drainage layer a degree of judgement is required as to the most appropriate drainage system. For any form of construction advice should be sought from experienced sports turf consultants and/or contractors.

On well drained sites there may be no need for drains but on site with poor natural drainage characteristics then a perimeter drains may be adequate especially if there is only one court. On wetter sites additional drains may be needed. It should be noted that drains installed through the court are likely to cause problems through drying out and cracking plus possible settlement along the drain lines. In these instances the installation of a granular drainage carpet would be worthwhile considering if the budget allows. If the body of the court is to be drained then 80mm diameter perforated pipe drains could be installed as close as 4.0m centres and ideally they should be installed along the length of the court.

During the installation of the pipe drains no excavated material should be allowed to fall on to, or otherwise contaminate, the excavated trench. Pipe drain trenches should be as narrow as possible, but allow easy placement of the pipe without the risk of forcing the pipe into the trench. The bottom of the trench should be at least 50 mm wider than the external diameter of the pipe.

The lateral drains should be installed on the bed of the trench, which should then be backfilled to within 150 mm of the surface with 5 mm – 10 mm clean aggregate. The aggregate should be a hard material resistant to breakdown by abrasion or chemical action and should have a particle size range complying with the table below

Particle Size % Passing 12 mm 100

10 mm 90 – 100

8 mm 50 – 100

4 mm 0 – 10

2 mm 0 – 2

The trench should then be topped to within 100 mm to 150 mm of the surface of the topsoil, using an appropriate coarse lime and salt free blinding sand. The blinding sand should have a particle size distribution within the central recommended range of the Grading Curve shown in Appendix 2.

The trench should be topped to the surface with appropriate topsoil, sand/soil mix or sand depending on the situation.



Prior to installation of seed or turf general cultivation work will be an essential part of seed/turf bed preparation. The amount of work and number of passes required will vary depending on the type and texture of topsoil and cultivation can be performed with equipment such as tines, discs and harrows. Powered cultivation equipment can be used but care needs to be taken not to over work the topsoil and produce a loose surface. Where pipe drains have been installed the topsoil should be lightly cultivated into the surface of the drain lines.

3.5.2.1 Producing the surface from turf

Ideally the turf should be purpose grown for the court and be two years old by the time it is laid so there is need for forward planning. The tennis loam that the turf is grown in should be of the same analysis as that used for the construction of the court. This will avoid a layering effect and will greatly improve the speed at which it takes the new turf to root and establish.

The seed mixture used at Wimbledon consist of hard wear amenity Ryegrass varieties The varieties used are chosen following extensive research work at STRI in which many cultivars and mixtures have been trialled. The research work continues as the plant breeder makes new cultivars available and the latest STRI recommendations should be followed.

With the turf being available and the tennis loam layer of the court weathered the final preparations can commence. At this stage it is imperative that the final levels of the tennis loam are produced and that the soil is firm. Failure to achieve this will only lead to a greater time being taken to lay the turf or costly remedial work having to be carried out at a later date.

Once the bed is ready then turfing can commence, either by hand using traditional sized turf or by a machine capable of laying larger rolls of turf. The latter has the advantage of not having so many joins to deal with in the maintenance programme which will follow once the turf has been given time to establish.

The great advantage of producing a court by turf is that it can be brought into full play in less time than a newly seeded court. The disadvantage is the cost.

3.5.2.2 Producing the surface from seed

The same procedure of producing a firm level soil bed as with turfing must be carried out prior to seeding taking place. Ideally, this should be programmed to take place in the autumn while the soil is warm.

3.5.3 Aftercare

3.5.3.1 The turf court surface

Once the turf is laid it should be given time to establish its roots into the tennis loam so that no disturbance to the turf will occur from traffic. An easy way to test this is to gently try to lift one of the corners of the last piece of turf to be laid by holding a few of the grass leaves. If the turf comes away from the tennis loam then more time is required for rooting.

If the turf has rooted care must be taken not to work on the surface when it is soft after rainfall or irrigation.

When conditions are satisfactory, work can commence on managing the grass plant and the courts surface. This will consist of brushing, light rolling, mowing, top dressing and possible aeration and applications of wetting agents and fungicides.



Brushing: This should be carried out on a daily basis when conditions allow

Light Rolling: This can help bed the turf down. The equipment should be as wide as possible and pedestrian. The ideal is a dew roller.

Mowing: Once the grass begins to grow do not allow the leaf to become long and weak. When mowing just the tip of the leaf should be removed with care being taken not to scalp the turf.

Aeration: The only equipment which can be used in the first few months after construction is the Hydrojet or a similar type machine. With this type of machine there is no risk of lifting the turf and disturbing the surface although care must be taken that the surface is sufficiently firm to avoid wheel damage.

Wetting Agents: The soil structure of a new court will take time to mature. While this process is naturally taking place the court can, during rainfall fail to drain quickly. This will improve with time. To assist with water passage, an application of wetting agent can be applied according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Fungicides: Apply when required up to the manufacturer's recommendations.

Top Dressing: To keep with the sound practice of soil consistency the top dressing should be of the same analysis as that used in the construction. A number of light dressings can be applied and brushed in when conditions are suitable. This will fill in any small gaps which may have appeared between the turfs and also assist in producing the final surface.

The stage at which the court will be ready for play will be dictated by the time of year the construction took place and the attention to the maintenance thereafter. The court should be ready for use between a year and 18 months after construction is complete.

The final preparation of the court for play will consist of a similar programme as any mature court although rolling may not have to be quite so frequent during the first two years.

3.5.3.2 The seeded court surface

Once the court has been seeded then it will need a regular supply of moisture to assist in germination and grass plant establishment.

During the first year the plant will need a regular supply of nutrients and to be protected against fungal diseases. Any broadleaf weed can be removed by hand. It is advisable to check with manufacturers before applying a selective weed killer as to how long after sowing any particular chemical can be applied. Areas of thin grass will need to be over-sown. The aim is to achieve an even sward throughout. The new grasses should not be allowed to grow to a height of more than 25 mm before mowing takes place when conditions allow. Only use a mower that is sharp and set correctly. Failure to do so will damage the plant and can, in extreme cases, tear it out of the soil completely.

By the second year the grass should be sufficiently strong to allow more maintenance to take place including aeration and top dressing. General maintenance should take place while the plant is gaining strength and play should be able to take place in the third year after sowing.



3.5.4 Net Posts

If the posts require sockets to be concreted into the ground this can take place either before or after turfing or sowing. It is essential that the sockets are fixed at the correct distance from the court and at the correct depth.

Prior to installing the sockets string line the court, the centre of the socket should be 914 mm from the outside of the line. The socket must be set just below ground level to avoid damage to machinery or user.

3.5.5 Relaying a Grass Court

The relaying of a grass court has taken place primarily as a way of improving the performance criteria when it is not possible to rebuild the entire court due to time constraints. The procedure for this is:

Remove all existing turf to a depth of 25 mm

Remove a further 50 mm of the root zone and dispose of it

Deep aeration to the remaining root zone

Introduce new tennis loam to a depth of 50 mm and ameliorate into the existing root zone with the use of a power harrow

Consolidate the tennis loam and produce final levels

Lay new purpose grown turf

Top dress to achieve the final playing surface

As previously stated, the newly constructed courts (and indeed those which have just been re-laid) tend to dry out quicker than the older more mature courts. As a result of this more effective drying the courts will not require the degree of rolling needed on the existing courts.

Figure 9. The ‘typical’ construction of a lawn tennis court (not to scale)



3.6 Performance Quality Standards

The Performance Quality Standards (PQS) provide a recommended minimum quality standard for sports surfaces. They look at the structural quality, presentational quality and playing quality of natural sports turf. They were developed by the Institute of Groundsmanship, Sports Turf Research Institute (STRI) and National Playing Fields Association with assistance from Sport England and several Sports National Governing Bodies.

Cricket (ECB), Football (FA) and Rugby (RFU) have their own versions of the PQS and should be contacted directly for more information. Additionally the Institute of Groundsmanship (IOG) can be contacted for further clarification (www.iog.org).

Principally, the PQS recommend that natural sports turf must:

have adequate grass cover

have a low level of weed coverage

have an even and uniform surface

have the ability to drain water to a satisfactory degree

The PQS have three standard levels; basic, standard and high quality. Basic is aimed at recreational level with limited budgets and resources, Standard is designed for general clubs use and High is designed for professional and international use.

Not only is the quality of the natural Sportsturf reliant on the maintenance and usage it is susceptible to seasonal and environmental factors hence the time at which the PQS is conducted is of great importance. If PQS testing is to be undertaken the timing should be agreed in advance between the client, consultant and contractor to ensure the surface is at the appropriate stage at development.

3.7 Design and Construction Parameters

3.7.1 Slope and Orientation

Slope aids surface drainage and constructions should never be re-graded to a flat surface. When a natural slope exists the pitch should ideally be orientated so that the maximum slope is across the pitch. A maximum slope at any point on the playing surface in excess of 1:40 is considered to be unacceptable for football and rugby. Ideally the slope along the line of play should not exceeded 1:80 and across the line of play exceed 1:60. Cricket squares should be level in the direction of play although a maximum gradient of 1:100 is acceptable as is a cross gradient of 1:60 to 1:80.

When possible the sports surface should be in a north/south orientation. Figure 10 below illustrates the recommended orientation of various sports facilities.



Figure 10. Goal to Goal, Wicket to Wicket, or Baseline to Baseline Orientation Diagram, Adapted from the National Playing Fields Association



3.7.2 Construction Tolerances

The following table outlines the construction tolerances for Cricket Outfield, Football Pitches and Rugby Pitches.

Works Area Item Tolerances

1 Drain lines Gradient ± 15 mm

Line ± 50 mm

2 Subsoil formation surface ± 10 mm

3

Drainage carpets ± 10 mm

Specified depth 100 mm 100 mm minimum depth



4

Topsoil ± 10 mm

Minimum depth 150 mm Thickness 150 mm minimum depth

Finished surface From design ± 10 mm

5

Surrounds and verges

Drain lines Gradient ± 15 mm

Line ± 50 mm

Topsoil

Minimum depth 150 mm Thickness 150 mm minimum depth

Finished surface Tolerance ± 20 mm

3.7.3 Pitch Dimensions

3.7.3.1 Football

Pitch dimensions vary for different standards of play, age groups and grades of competition. The FA has published a comprehensive guide to pitches which is available on their web site at www.thefa.com.

The FA Laws of the Game state that the field of play must be rectangular and the length of the touchline must be greater than the length of the goal-line.

The FA suggests that run-offs for natural grass pitches should be a minimum of 1.83 metres, but ideally 2.0 metres. The run-off must be of natural grass and must not be of tarmac or concrete construction, with no barriers or obstructions evident within the run-off area. Where pitches neighbour others within a confined area, the minimum run-off between both pitches should ideally be 4.0 metres to allow for spectators watching either match.

The size of the field of play may be modified in their application for matches for players of under 16 years of age, for women footballers, for veteran footballers (over 35 years) and for players with disabilities.



The FA suggests the following should be applied where possible for pitches:

3.7.3.2 Rugby Football Union

Pitch Measurements

100 m (109 yds) in length by 70m (75 yds) in width maximum. Minimum permissible dimensions should be laid down in the rules of the competition in which a match is played. Minimum end and side safety margins 3 m and 4.5 m respectively.

Dead Ball Line: Should not be less than 10 m (10.94 yds) or more than 22 m (24.06 yds) from the goal line. The six short lines are marked 5 m (5.47 yds) in front of and parallel to the goal lines and at the 5 m and 15 m lines. These lines are 1 m (1.09 yds) long.

Goal Lines: 22 m (24 yds) from the endline on either side of the field.

10 Metre Line: The broken line is marked 10 m from and parallel to the halfway line on both sides and 5 m from and parallel to the touch line, again on both sides.

3.7.3.3 Rugby League

100 m (109 yds) in length by 68 m (74.36 yds) in width maximum. For adult games the dimensions should be as near maximum as possible. Minimum permissible dimensions should be laid down in the rules of the competition in which a match is played.

External dimensions exclude the width of the lines; all other dimensions are measured between the lines.

Dead Ball Line: 6 m (6.56 yds) minimum to 11 m (12.03 yds) maximum behind the goal lines on either side of the field.

Age Group

Suggested Football

Pitch Size Max and Min Pitch Dimensions

Length

(m) Width (m)

Length (m) Width (m)

Max Min Max Min

Mini-Soccer U7 – U8 45.75 27.45 45.75 27.45 27.45 18.30

Mini-Soccer U9 – U10 54.90 36.60 54.90 45.75 36.60 27.45

9 v 9 78.76 45.50 78.46 64.00 50.77 42.00

Youth U11 – U12 72.80 45.50 82.00 68.25 50.77 42.00

Youth U13 – U14 82.30 50.77 91.00 72.80 56.00 45.50

Youth U15 – U16 91.00 56.00 100.60 82.30 64.00 45.50

Youth U17 – U18 & Seniors 100.60 64.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 45.50

Please note: all values are in metres, the FA commonly specify yards please check all dimension to

ensure the correct measurement system is used.



3.7.3.4 3Cricket Fine Turf

Seniors 9 Pitch Layout

Figure 11. Senior 9 Pitch Cricket Layout (From: TS4 - Recommended Guidelines for the construction, preparation and maintenance of cricket pitches and outfields at all levels of the game, www.ecb.co.uk)

http://www.ecb.co.uk/



Junior 9 Pitch Layout

Figure 12. Junior 9 Pitch Layout (From: TS4 - Recommended Guidelines for the construction, preparation and maintenance of cricket pitches and outfields at all levels of the game, www.ecb.co.uk)

3.7.3.5 Further information

If more than one sport is to be played on the same surface or you are unsure of the specific required dimensions of a particular sport you should seek the advice of the relevant governing body or a specialist consultant/contractor.

http://www.ecb.co.uk/



4 Appendices

Appendix One: Top Dressing/Soil Modification Sand Grading Curve (After STRI)



Appendix Two: Blinding Sand Grading Curve (After STRI)



Appendix Three: Slit Drain Grading Curve (After STRI)



Appendix Four: Outline Maintenance Programme for Winter Games Pitches

Outline Maintenance Programme For Winter Games PitchesTask Notes September October November December January February March April May June July AugustMowingHeight of cut 30mm - 40mmFertiliserType 1 - Granular

Application Rate g/m 2 TBC 2x20gNitrogen 10% 4Phosphorus 15% 6Potassium 10% 4Type 2 - Slow Release

Application Rate g/m 2 1x40gNitrogen 8% 3.2Phosphorus 0% 0Potassium 6% 2.4Type 3 - Granular

Application Rate g/m 2 1x35g 1x35gNitrogen 18% 6.3 6.3Phosphorus 0% 0 0Potassium 0% 0 0Type 4- Granular

Application Rate g/m 2 1x35gNitrogen 20% 7Phosphorus 10% 3.5Potassium 10% 3.5IrrigationAeration TreatmentsVerti-drainTop DressingApproved medium fine sandOver seedingBare PatchesFull Extent of PitchesWeed ControlDisease Control

September October November December January February March April May June July AugustKey Additional NotesEssential Fertiliser programme is provisional and will depend n the results of topsoil analysisAccording to Growth and Ground Conditions Maintenance programme is indicative and may change depending on ground conditionsEnd of Season Renovation Additional maintenance plan required for pitch grow-in and establishment period. May be required Organic and liquid fertilisers may be required instead of or in addition

Documents

The SAPCA Code of Practice for the Design, Construction