Upload
truongdung
View
230
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Czar Nicholas II (1894-1917)Czar Nicholas II (1894-1917) During Industrial Revolution, During Industrial Revolution,
90% of people depended on 90% of people depended on farmingfarming
20th Century times begin to 20th Century times begin to changechange– University students debate University students debate
thinkers like Darwin and Karl thinkers like Darwin and Karl MarxMarx
– Russian cities were growing Russian cities were growing and encouraged to and encouraged to industrializeindustrialize
– Begin Trans-Siberian Railroad Begin Trans-Siberian Railroad (completed in 1904)(completed in 1904)
Czar Nicholas II mistakesCzar Nicholas II mistakesTrade Unions outlawed, Trade Unions outlawed, miserable working conditions miserable working conditions existexist1. Bloody Sunday 1905- soldiers 1. Bloody Sunday 1905- soldiers fire on protestors for better working fire on protestors for better working conditions in factoriesconditions in factories2. 2. Not working with DumaNot working with Duma
- Want to limit Czar Power- Want to limit Czar Power
3. Entering World War I 3. Entering World War I -many killed-many killed
- Strain on resources- Strain on resources
4. Letting Rasputin influence 4. Letting Rasputin influence Czarina Alexandra’s political Czarina Alexandra’s political decisions while Nicholas at front decisions while Nicholas at front lines during WWIlines during WWI
A Nation in ChaosA Nation in ChaosDuring World War IDuring World War I Factories could not produce enough suppliesFactories could not produce enough supplies 1916-1917 food and fuel were in short supply1916-1917 food and fuel were in short supply prices were inflatedprices were inflated many deaths due to the war, more men being many deaths due to the war, more men being
drafteddrafted Transportation system broke down, not enough Transportation system broke down, not enough
supplies to troops- food, guns, ammunitionsupplies to troops- food, guns, ammunition Millions of soldiers killed or injured in warMillions of soldiers killed or injured in war Gregory Rasputin influenced Czarina Alexandra with Gregory Rasputin influenced Czarina Alexandra with
political decisionspolitical decisions– Government political appointments based on Rasputin’s Government political appointments based on Rasputin’s
adviceadvice– weakens the confidence of peopleweakens the confidence of people
The March Revolution 1917The March Revolution 1917 Protestors demand bread and Protestors demand bread and
Army didn’t stop protestArmy didn’t stop protest bread riots forced Nicholas II to bread riots forced Nicholas II to
return from the Warreturn from the War The Duma wanted to create a The Duma wanted to create a
constitutionconstitution Nicholas forced to abdicate the Nicholas forced to abdicate the
thronethrone The Duma set up a new The Duma set up a new
governmentgovernment Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky was the was the
dominant figure in provisional dominant figure in provisional governmentgovernment
Chose to continue war against Chose to continue war against GermanyGermany
Russian desertions from the front Russian desertions from the front lines continuelines continue
V. I. LeninV. I. Lenin
Read works of Karl MarxRead works of Karl Marx Adapted Marx’s ideas to fit Adapted Marx’s ideas to fit
Russian conditionsRussian conditions Predicts Russian working class Predicts Russian working class
will rise and overthrow capitalismwill rise and overthrow capitalism Join Bolshevik party who rejects Join Bolshevik party who rejects
slow transitionslow transition Exiled to SiberiaExiled to Siberia March 1917, felt time was right March 1917, felt time was right
and returns to Petrogradand returns to Petrograd People wanted democracy not People wanted democracy not
socialismsocialism Time wasn’t rightTime wasn’t right Suffering from War continues as Suffering from War continues as
Kerenski govt stays in warKerenski govt stays in war
Lenin takes controlLenin takes control Slogan Slogan “Peace, Land, and “Peace, Land, and
Bread”Bread” Rally people behind himRally people behind him In November 1917-In November 1917- Red Red
Guards (armed factory Guards (armed factory workers) attack provisional workers) attack provisional governmentgovernment
Red Guards quickly seize power Red Guards quickly seize power in other cities in Russiain other cities in Russia
Lenin quickly made peace with Lenin quickly made peace with Germany and leaves WWI Germany and leaves WWI Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk
Lenin takes all land, distribute Lenin takes all land, distribute to farmersto farmers
Workers were given control of Workers were given control of factories and minesfactories and mines
Civil WarCivil War Three years Civil War raged between Three years Civil War raged between
– ““Reds”Reds” -Communists -Communists– ““Whites”-Whites”- loyal to the czar loyal to the czar
Lenin forms the Lenin forms the ChekaCheka- secret police to execute - secret police to execute those against revolutionthose against revolution
Czar Nicholas and family executedCzar Nicholas and family executed War Communism- War Communism- Government took over mines, Government took over mines,
farms, and railroads- Production output droppedfarms, and railroads- Production output dropped Many people starving Many people starving Reds win but by 1921 Lenin needs to rebuild Reds win but by 1921 Lenin needs to rebuild
countrycountry
Lenin’s National Economic PolicyLenin’s National Economic Policy (NEP) 1921(NEP) 1921
farmers allowed to sell surplusfarmers allowed to sell surplus Individuals allowed to buy and sell for profitIndividuals allowed to buy and sell for profit Allow private ownership of small businessAllow private ownership of small business Lenin created self-governing republics (states)Lenin created self-governing republics (states) Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (USSR) 1918 moved capital from Petrograd to Moscow1918 moved capital from Petrograd to Moscow
– safer from invaderssafer from invaders Bolsheviks call selves Communist Party from Bolsheviks call selves Communist Party from
Marx’s ideas of central planning by states that Marx’s ideas of central planning by states that would exit after workers seize controlwould exit after workers seize control
Struggle to succeed LeninStruggle to succeed LeninLenin Dies in 1924Lenin Dies in 1924
Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky Important figure in Important figure in
revolution behind revolution behind LeninLenin
Mean and CruelMean and Cruel Many enemies fear Many enemies fear
he become a dictatorhe become a dictator
Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin Cold, harsh, impersonalCold, harsh, impersonal Party secretary responsible Party secretary responsible
for appointmentsfor appointments Appointed key members to Appointed key members to
positions positions Stalin isolated other Stalin isolated other
members from positions of members from positions of power and stood totally in power and stood totally in command of the partycommand of the party
The Party elects StalinThe Party elects Stalin
Stalin Became a DictatorStalin Became a Dictator1929 broke with Lenin’s ideas1929 broke with Lenin’s ideas Goal= Goal= Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Five-Year Plan to develop Russia’s Five-Year Plan to develop Russia’s EconomyEconomy All economic decisions were made All economic decisions were made by the Governmentby the Government Set production targets almost impossible to Set production targets almost impossible to
achieveachieve Investment in state owned mines, industry, Investment in state owned mines, industry,
railroad, and energy resourcesrailroad, and energy resources Secret police arrest or execute those who did not Secret police arrest or execute those who did not
contributecontribute
Stalin’s Five Year PlansStalin’s Five Year Plans Most goals were not met in Most goals were not met in first 5-Year Planfirst 5-Year Plan (1928-1932) (1928-1932)
but production rosebut production rose Second 5-Year PlanSecond 5-Year Plan (1932-1938) was also successful (1932-1938) was also successful By 1938 Russia was a major industrial powerBy 1938 Russia was a major industrial power
1927 1932 1937 % Change
Coal 35 million tons 64 mt (75 mt target) 128 mt (152 mt target) 200%Oil 12 million tons 21 mt (22 mt target) 29 mt (47 mt target) 130%
Iron Ore 5 million tons 12 mt (19 mt target) unknown
Pig Iron 3 million tons 6 mt (10 mt target) 15 mt (16 mt target) 250%Steel 4 million tons 6 mt (10 mt target) 18 mt (17 mt target) 300%
Automobiles 23,000 211,000 917%Tractors 50,000 176,000 352%
Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Based on centralized planningBased on centralized planning Abolish all private owned farmsAbolish all private owned farms Collective farms-Collective farms- large farms large farms
worked by hundreds of familiesworked by hundreds of families To produce more goods with To produce more goods with
fewer workersfewer workers Many farmers destroy crops Many farmers destroy crops
and tools in protest, sent to and tools in protest, sent to SiberiaSiberia
Export crops to fund industrial Export crops to fund industrial importsimports
1931-1932 Brought terrible 1931-1932 Brought terrible faminesfamines
A Totalitarian StateA Totalitarian State Stalin was an absolute dictatorStalin was an absolute dictator Great PurgeGreat Purge destroyed all challenges to his power destroyed all challenges to his power
– Millions killed included political figures, military leaders, Millions killed included political figures, military leaders, and dissenting citizensand dissenting citizens
1929 many churches, synagogues, and mosques 1929 many churches, synagogues, and mosques were closed to repress religionwere closed to repress religion
Arrested if practicing any religionArrested if practicing any religion Russia’s standard of living slowly roseRussia’s standard of living slowly rose Education increasedEducation increased Powerful to stand against Germany in World War IIPowerful to stand against Germany in World War II People sufferPeople suffer