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The Roots of American Government. Major Principles of Government. Popular Sovereignty Rule of Law Separation of Powers Checks & Balances. Federalism. Expressed Powers Reserved Powers Concurrent Powers. Foundations of Rights. Magna Carta (1215) English Bill of Rights (1689) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Roots of American Government
Major Principles of Government
Popular Sovereignty Rule of Law Separation of Powers Checks & Balances
Federalism
Expressed Powers Reserved Powers Concurrent Powers
Foundations of Rights
Magna Carta (1215) English Bill of Rights (1689) Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) Bill of Rights (1791)
RIGHTS & FREEDOMS
Magna Carta1215
English Bill of Rights
1689
Virginia Declaration of Rights
1776
Bill of Rights1791
Trial by Jury X X X XDue Process X X X XPrivate Property X X XNo Unreasonable Search & Seizure
X X X
No Cruel Punishment
X X X X
No excessive bail or fines
X X X
Right to bear arms
X X
Right to Petition X XFreedom of Speech
X
Freedom of Press X XFreedom of Religion
X X
City-state Governments
Power shift to class of noble landowners and warriors who could afford own bronze weapons and chariots -- aristocracy
At first polis was ruled by kings -- monarchy
Trade expansion led to a new middle class of wealthy merchants, farmers, and artisans— they challenged landholding elites for power and came to dominate the city-state -- oligarchyContinue unrest leads to reforms that gave foreigners and other citizens more say in government, which will result in a government by the people, democracy, especially in Athens
Bad times will allow tyrants to rise to and obtain absolute power with the support of the people, but some will abuse their powers allowing democracy to gain more support.
Athens Located on Attica Government
At first were ruled by an aristocracy
People were unhappy, want more power, resent nobles >> result >> movement toward democracy
Reforms toward Democracy Draco -- wrote 1st Greek legal code
Draconian Laws – not work – address business/property issues; began debt slavery
Solon (549 BCE) Appointed archon (chief official) – freedom to
make any reforms necessary to fix problemsOutlaw debt slavery, freed those sold into
slavery for debtGranted citizenship to foreignersEncourage export of wine and olive oil
Reforms helped some but not all, still widespread unrest which led to the rise of tyrants – absolute ruler who gained power by force
Pisistratus (546 BCE) Helped farmers by
giving them loans and land taken from nobles
Established building projects to give jobs to poor, this gave them a larger voice in gov. and further weakening the aristocracy
Cleisthenes (507 BCE) Established Council of 500 – members
chosen from among citizensDivide Athens into 10 tribesEach tribe elect 50 men to serve in councilBreaks up power of nobility
Council prepared laws for the Assembly Established the Assembly as a true
legislature (law making body) Result: Direct Democracy in which the
people control gov.
Roman Republic
What is a republic? ~509 BCE Roman
drove out Etruscans Establish a republic
to prevent any one person from gaining too much power – new gov.
Senate– 300 members – Patricians, serve for life– Issue decrees and
interpret laws
Consuls (2)– Elected by senators to
supervise gov. and armies
– 1 yr terms– veto power over other
Dictator– Chosen in time of war– Given complete control
for 6 months
Roman State
2 classes: Patricians
– Members of the landholding class (wealthy) Plebeians
– Common people: farmers, merchants, artisans, traders
– At first had not say in gov.– 450 BCE – demanded written laws
Laws of the Twelve Tables
Displayed in the Forum – Allow plebeians to know
their rights– overtime gained more
rights– Eventually allow to elect
own representatives – tribunes
Had veto power– Senate open to
plebeians
Concepts of Roman laws
Innocent until proven guilty Right to defend self Careful examination by a judge Legacy:
– Common people gained power & rights through peaceful means
– US Constitution adopted similar ideasSenate, veto, checks and balances