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The roles of Thai Public Prosecutors in checking the justice system

SIRICHAI POLAKARN

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Master of Laws

Department of Law

~ ~ ~ ~ l f l B u . ~ ? . ~ , . & ~ d p ~ t e School, Dhurakij Pundit University

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Thesis Title The roles of Thai Public Proseculors in checking the justice system

Author Sirichai Polakam

Thesis Advisor Dr. Uthai Arthitvech

Department Law (Criminal law and Criminal Justice System)

Academic Year 2007

ABSTRACT

The roles of Thai public prosecutors in checlung the criminal justice system have not

still been in Thai justice system. This is because the criminal procedure of Thailand in the

official's level, in particular in the measures of proceeding cases, is still an issue between the

police and courts, while the public prosecutors do not have any role. In fact, criminal procedure

should have to be cooperation among a 1 the justice system's agencies in checkmg and searching

facts. Besides, the principle of checking and balancing power is ignored by the agencies as they

do not pay any attention into the prjnciple. Indeed, the roles of public prosecutors is concerned

not only of conlmlling using power of other agencies in the justice system, but of protecting

rights and kedom of people who are in the justice system, and of preventing abuses of power.

When compared with the roles of public prosecutors of other countries, Thai public

prosecutors still have moderate roles in checking and balancing of other agencies' working in

justice system. Hence, the roles of Thai public prosecutors in checking justice system should be

standard and be effective in practice. These recommended roles are to be guidelines applied for

protecting rights and freedom as well as facilitating justice to people actually. This wiH make

Thai public prosecutor system be in the line of other civilized counbjes'.

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lb John Sprack. (1995). Emmins on Criminal Procedure. p. 42.

17 See Robert J. Green. (1992, December). The Creation md Development of the Crown

Prosecution Service. UNAFEI Resource Material Series, No 42 p. 39-52. I8

John H. Langbein. (1977). Comparative Crlmhai Procedure Germany. New York; West

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~ = & D ~ ~ ~ ~ I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ I I ~ z L ~ u o " T I T : : da~oniniu~ns ~ I ~ D ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ T ~ ~ W I J ~ ~ I J IJU i x m

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" a'1.16 Iomq u tbuiFiu. n ib 24. 13 Legislation and Special Projects Section, Handbook on the law of search and seizure (Criminal

Division Department of Justice : February), pp. 13 - 15. 14 Police Sciences Institutes, The Adminstration of Justice. p. 6.

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t 8 U.S. Code Title 1 R Pan 2 Chapter 207 Section 3 143

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u 4 (acquittsl) iu lduin~~. r~u~un31uu~~w~wn~~imudi jn~~u~roclo '1~urzuuns-u=un1r

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~ n r o ~ m i u ? ~ ~ s s u y q d ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ i ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ k v ~ ~ i ~ i i u ~ ~ m u ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U W I ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ X ~ ~ R ~ ~ S ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ X I ~ I U I ~ L I ~ ~ ~ I ~ U ~ O L ~ O ~ ~ ~ T ' E ~ * r

fl?lUl~Ulfb(jeopardy) ,Sunidinoa r'qo'oii iiiununn isun%nir i ~ ~ m i u q u n r otnlren

h i r iun ' l~8un~~dna~01 f in~ i~a 'n~ o i s i l-r~ms f o 1. ~ u n ~ o ~ m r g n ~ ~ ~ u " u n i i w a ~ n m m r ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ u i i n ~ ~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ a n " ~ ~ n n i ' ~ 1 u n ' i ~ d m n

a m a un~wwinu~ond~a (acquittal)

2 . { u n s o . r o ~ n m s Q n ~ a l s o r I ~ n l m i n ~ ~ n n f ~ ~ d P n i u ~ ~ ~ s3na la l i i id l

w'w~nu~nalm d31au (convictioO~UR~~uuK?LL&3

3. c j u n r a ~ a i n n ~ r p n n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 u n i ~ f i ~ ~ i ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ w o ~ t g - i ~ u n ~ i ~

1ffu3n'u d.4 0 nmudusfiu (jeopardy) ~ ~ n n i ~ ~ n c i ~ ~ i u n ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ i n ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w u ~ ~ ~

' d 4 4.4. qnVuse~Suuuiuogny ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 f l i a b ~ 1 ~ 1 l ( e r n ~ a n e 1 16ar ~ ~ r l l u l u ( n ~ u A i 9 i a ~ ~ u ~ ~ w ~11fii-j

d 4 ~oir ru~~ru!r i~+qn~ ~ ~ ~ ~ X ] L ~ U ~ ~ ' U O ~ ~ P ~ U U ~ P I ~ ~ U I U P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ U I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ Y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A U ~ U ~ ~ ~ d a w u i u y n n ~ d i u ~ f i n 1 ~ n u b i ~ n ~ ~ i i n 7 4 ~ ~ u ~ u i a L i ~ 3 niin "Double jeopardy" ~ n i > u i ~ & % ~

4 : - m r q n a r & n ~ o ~ q ~ & a ~ d 9 i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ 5 q 9 1 ~ f ~ u u u L I w ~ ~ ~ . I $ I ' u ~ ~ o J H ~ u o ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ u ~ ~ R [ I Ma.

1 u n r w n n i ~ u ~ n a i i 1 ~ ~ 7 n ~ 1 a ~ ~ w ~ l (conviction) i i~aumu~sodsr~nrnaaa"~ i~ ; iw~n~l i~~

~ I U JnZ

19 ~ ~ u ~ a ~ s ~ ~ ~ u n r ~ ~ m ~ n ' i ~ n w t ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ u ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i i a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ (no1 guilty)

n d n ~ ~ i 1 ~ 9 u n r i d ~ ~ n n 1 ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ i n ~ ~ k ; i ~ ~ i i ~ ~ 1 1 1 ~ 1 r ~ ~ ~ ' ~ i ~ u ' 1 1 ~ ~ 1 ? ' ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ d a ~ ~ p i ~ ~ n n i ~ $ 1 ~ ~ : ~ n ~ ~

Iri i i i ih8ui~i1~nuin~1~~ijm (guilty) ~ ~ ' U I ~ B J U I O ~ ~ ~ I U ~ ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ U I ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ F ] ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ B I U B ~ B ~ I O ~ I ~ ~

d ~ l ~ ~ l n l ~ q ~ u ~ 7 5 f l 4 8 ~ ~ b i (beyond a reasonable doubt).

20 ruiuun'asfii"a~~~~. (2527). n i a ~ r ~ u t i i ~ w ~ n u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ Y ~ ~ ~ n i a ~ w ~ ~ d ~ ~ u ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~

~ ~ 4 u a r a n a e + . n& 67. ¶I

nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.

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Y d 1 1 X ~ l ~ ~ j i n i ~ d d ~ ~ R j l j ~ 0 : 1 ~ 0 ~ ~ 1 ~ i n ~ ~ 1 ~ d i 6 ~ i q l b j ~ n ? ~ ~ r i ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ 9 a i 1 1 ~ d U W 4 d d

qnssanR(u~##iliouni?'uuaqHgn "Double jeopardy" n ~ ~ B w l j n ~ i u ~ u n ~ ~ s ~ ~ n ~ ' i u n ~ w n ~ a ~

~i~~w~nlnando~&o~orn~ndu"ld;uns~dw'~au"lb;ii ~ums~olsonn~iti ium~u~irnu~n~

9 41ms&anniol#~npu1od~~nis9fi7 m~ods~bru~urnrw '~ i~ fu~n~~o~~pd idu iniiuuu B

(bribe) qnyunToGi'w'mnv~ rao1nmrn.rri7ui.lntii~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ m u ~ r i ~ ~ ~ n o ~ ~ o d ~ ~ i u ~ d t r ~ ~ u

o ~ n n ~ r ~ a r ~ o a ~ n i ~ ~ u " u n ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ r i i ~ ~ ~ n * ~ ? ~ o~r~narduo~wr jnnubt -m ~t!diioiidild ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ? I U L ~ U ~ ~ ' ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ ' Q ~ ~ D ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ U ~ ' ~ Z X ; Y ~ O ~ " ~ ' M ~ Q ~ M ~ I ~ U ~ U Goun~fu

22 Vikramadicya S. Khanna. (2001, February). Does Double Jeopardy Help Defendants?. p. 12.

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33

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3.2.1 umumo~un~.r~i~ipra~pdniam~a'oa~pInazuaun~~~~~aau

d & m n ~ d u d ~ : ~ ~ d 0 ~ 1 ~ ~ " 1 1 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~ ~ ~ t 8 u d n d ~ ~ m n n d ~ i t 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ w ~ 1 ~ 44 4 ~ ~ u u l l r z u ~ n n p n u ~ u n ? ~ civil law n a ~ l n u ~ a w o i ~ s i ~ ~ i u ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ n ~ d f ~ t a ~ 7 ~ ~ ~ 1 u

ad 4 ~J~~uuuostlr:u?rrn~w~~iu ~ . r d ~ ~ s ? a n Q n u 1 u ? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ a 1 u ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ 9 t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n " 1 ) ~ ~ al d s

u7&wi n.rr. 180s ~ s o n ~ ~ u n i ~ d s r u ~ n n g w u i ~ i ~ A ~ ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ a w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n . ~ . 1808 lu a4 4 i ~ a ~ r i u ~ i . r ~ r n ~ u n ~ ~ n ~ ~ w ~ ~ n i ~ i i n ~ n ~ ~ u ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ a ~ u ~ ~ ~ n.n. 1959 1111Crnu i ~ i

nlinm~ri~ulnqjA&1~30~fi"LIsl~~~1aan~~~~iunsJ"L11~1~ uono~n~n6nmr$u'n/$~14;lu -a 2 w 4 na - 4

j d r ~ u ~ a n p ~ u ~ u ~ s w n r ~ i ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t n ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n Q ~ ~ i ~ a ~ ~ S I T ~ I 1

n~iuoiqiuotds:m~pl14q lun"?~lrd~nwrnuJ~:~wfi lfiu tuo.ruii luniuu 8% BRIZ 1

ardu n?v 5~1'5110n ~ i n z ~ ~ i n n ~ ~ ~ n u ~ ~ f l ~ d i u ~ ~

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(civil

L ~ W ) ~ ~ d ~ r u ? n n 8 ~ u ~ u ~ i " d ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ u u i ~ J & y q ~ 4 ~ A ~ ~ B ~ Z ~ Y ~ 6 trn:vmlih~- d ~ ~ r i ~ & ~ u o n.H. 1789 laur:~urnsiii~iiun~01~i1ud~~inplli'w 14~1un

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d n w i l o i q l ~ n i s ~ ~ l i ~ ~ i ~ i i i t u ' u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ f i t ~ u 2 ~ u m o u ~ u i ~ u ? ~ m ~ o u ' ~ ~ ~ i f i ~ f i w ~ ~ $

6 1 u ~ r i h u ~ u ? ~ u r n ~ 6 ~ ~ u " u ~ ~ 0 1 q i drr ~ z u u r n s ~ 1 ~ u ' u n ~ o ~ ~ 1 1 u d ~ t l f ~ 0 ~ ~ 1 ~ 3 - ~ ' ~ 1 ' ~ ] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

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o~n'ns8d1nd1d1inndi~n"u?nl J t ~ u ~ s u u ~ $ ~ o i ~ o n ~ a i ~ ~ a i ~ i v o q d k i n ~ , lukaoufiou

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mr n o u n ~ u n ~ r n y i ~ ~ l i ' u ~ ~ i n ~ ~ ~ u i ~ a a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u msir maaouaqun~m%~Gu1i?u B

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24 h r ~ r ~ d m & d i n u ~ ~ n u ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ f ~ u ~ a ~ n l ~ u riunoonlAi9u 2 m i 2 s & i v a a u o a ~ ~ d

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d 1. n.liuk?gnqw%nu (crime) srailln~67qr-1 {rkclusion criminelle) r~nzh '8141qn (dttention

criminsllc) t ~ n ~ n w i i ~ n d a I p i 10 J ~;~ARQRER 2, a ~ l u r i R l i a u T n v ~ i t $allnv4iqn (anprisonnrment) i i P 3 IT^ hqnlri~iiu 1 o O nto

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fii!dfludsruaplnq~u1~~7y1 (~jiu~iu3o'u~auoisit~u'ns7ufi'~ni~ ysmrru na:n~aq?n%su).

nu"i 158-178. 26

A.V. Sheehan. (1975). Crimbal Procedure in Scotland and France. p. 5 .

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nov. 1998 : Bull. crim. 302 ; Proctdures 1999. Comm. 105 ,obs. Maron . 4 nov. 1999: Bull .crim. A 247 ;

procedures 2000 . Comm. 76, obs-Buisson. Code de Procedure Pdnale , p. 137. 32 The Frence Penal Code Article 13 1- 1 ~ * ~ $ ~ I U F U ~ ~ ~ %OH?Q Ili~=lnOL:. L ~ ~ I % J HI?? 158. 33

The Frence Penal Code Article 13 1-3 6*73$9%16 L M ~ S I ~ U MUYI 163.

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oontSu 5 & { ~ F ~ B I L I ~ ~ :

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~ f i ~ l ~ ? ~ ~ ~ 8 1 ' l j 8 4 ~ ~ Q l ¶ ~ n ' ~ O H I ~ I l f i3 ' IQlE. l d ~ ~ l & J $ l h 175. 35

lU%l 31;1~?~. I P / u I ~ ' u . ~ $ 1 2 1 8 . M Code dc procedure pCnale Art. 54.

37 Code de procMure ptnale Art. 60.

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~ ~ I U ~ S ~ W ' U & ~ M ~ I ~ I I U ~ ~ C ~ ~ I ~ ~ Q ~ ~ I ~ ~ I I ~ L ~ ~ : : ~ ~ U ~ I ~ ~ ~ X U ~ ~ ' ~ wbi 36. 31

Code de procedure pinale Art. 55 40

Code de produre pdnale Art. 56 II nsniwou" o3sudnom. L ~ U L ~ U . ~fi736.

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4 1 Code de proddure phiale Art. 6

Code de proctdure penale Art. 62

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Code de procedure pdnale Art. 63

Code de proddure pCnale Art. M

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'~ni5 noua?uRa~un~o~*+ (Instruction prkparatoire) ~ m t

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, ~ O U ~ ~ U ~ ~ I U ~ O U O U ~ U I U ~ ~ Y

41r~ad1unAA~iCumraoun~uioid L L ~ ' ~ ~ ! ~ ~ U ~ P ~ ~ I ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D U R ~ U I U ~ S G ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ) .

A 9 - ~ ~ n ~ r r w ~ n l n n o u n ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d a o:$o~aoulonrnsn'i~~ 1uni~noun~ull;r~ti

brnnAoth~iold" d ~ & n i ~ o ~ a & ~ ~ f f o a n ~ o d ~ ~ n ~ l i ' u ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ o s u o ~ ~ ~ ~ w l n v ~ ~ ~ m r

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47 Code de procddure pinale Art. 68

48 gum1 316~Gql. ~ P ; s J L ~ u . H I ~ I 221.

49 ~ ~ 6 9 b l n r . M

Code de procddure penale Art. 72 51

Code de proctdure phale An. 5 1 52

Code de proctdure pinale Art. 72

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n ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ u d i u i o w ~ o n ~ o i q n a i u ~ ~ d r ~ ~ 1 ~ l a ~ ~ i m ~ n r ~ i 1 ~ ~ n 6 ~ ~ ~ 0 ' ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 n ~ ~ u 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ w n r ~ ~ u B ~ ~ d ~ ~ l u d i ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u w ' ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w 8 r h m r n ~ u ~ ~ o ~ n a ~ d i i i d ~ f ] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ' l d ; l 1 f l n ' 0 9 f ; i 7 ~ ~ ~ d i 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ f l 7 4 ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ w ' ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ I A ~ I ~ O ~ ~ I J & I

r i i a r r u ~ u u ~ ~ u ~ i u a u d ~ i n k s l ~ u ~ ~ ~ 1 n l n n o u n ~ u e ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ u n ~ ~ i R 0 1 ~ 6 ~ 1 n ~ ~ ~ o I Y P I W ~Jnm~noun?u d ~ ~ 9 u ~ r r w ' u ' o u o ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ z ~ 0 1 w " ~ ~ u ~ a u ~ ~ 0 1 n i ~ Z o m u r n ~ s - ~ &

y m ~ ~ r ~ Q m n n u n ~ u a ~ 3 u i ~ f ~ ~ c i ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ U n n ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ a i ~ n 3 i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ U

53 Code de procedure phale Art. 18 , Art. 69

54 iuni 31&n3y. I P I ' u I ~ ~ . n f i 222.

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Pal. 1981. 1 221, note Suzanne. 8 nov. 1989 : Bull. Crirn. 406 ; JCP 1990. 11. 21580. obs. Syr. Code de

Procedure Nnale, p. 13 8 . 56 ri~w'winu~rnn~wJ$~~nn Crirn. 17 rnai 1994: Bull. Crirn. 186 ; Dr. penal 1994. Chron. 69, obs.

Ltsclous et Marsat. Ibld. , p. 139.

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~ l r : u ~ a n ~ n u i u o ~ ~ ~ ~ w i r i o o d ~ ~ n ~ ~ u ~ a n n ~ ~ d I htsmi1.rnirr&m;3mi! 1920 LLRGR Y Y

n i . r p i ~ t ~ d n i n & ~ ? n w $ 1960 ~ i d d r r u ~ n n ~ n v ~ a ~ i ~ i w G u ~ 1871 i f&n . r i imo~aul~ 4- 4

i l o g l i u r i o u o ' o i ~ ~ ~ u n i a ~ ~ ~ ~ u * i ~ ~ ~ S u ~ a ~ d ~ ~ a ' ~ $ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i u i u ri~unpnlnu-~snoir on I Y

n 3 l t l ~ i q l l ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ? n * d ~ n g ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T~udundt i j i~nr inm~i i~Gu~~m~u

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~e'nale. Pans. Editions Cujas, 1984, p. 365, 61484'l~ ~ 5 4 6 1 ~ ~ 7 ~ V. 1i~18.11 ~6196.

a

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~ ~ A I ~ B ~ ~ ~ ~ I X ~ ~ U ' I ~ O S I < ~ 6% mrrroun~unZo~qihu

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< ~ n ~ ~ ~ h ~ ? ~ n r t ~ ~ ~ ~ u o ~ ~ ~ u r n ~ ~ ~ n r : ~ ~ ~ ~ o u p l i u n ~ ~ u ~ u n f o ~ i r n u ~ ~ ~ ~ l r o ~

n ' u n ~ ~ i w n s ~ d n s : i ~ ~ r i o u ~ i i ~ ~ s C i o ~ d ~ ~ ~ n ~ s i a l w ' 6 1 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 0 ~ ~ 4 f i ~ i ( r n m s ~ 163 m n d d a

nap) nd~?hun!dfin"o<~ ~u~uosu~mstiunulnn m~ci~~Gunffdo!di% ilazrnr?u's&k~nl d a w

Y Y @ 70 npl ovrn~~~u~~'w'a1rol1b~u30~0~w~o(u ~ i n a ~ u s o r a i j w ~ B ~ w ~ ~ c I ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ u o ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ I ~

4

unuuo j r i l l nszn~a~~~ i~ lnuuo .nua? j oti1-rir8murhwu'nnuhraad~ulnojn~nlnu sra Y A r flnuul~l?du "lb;nl%~l~ yut4~1naa111~a"~~&In1a" (Hilfsbeamtc der Staatsanwaltschafi) I h

mu- 4 wGn~~uR'inaw~nuu~x1#fi~n'p1C~~i 2 ihu n ' o ~ ~ ~ n ' u ~ ~ a i ~ i u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u d ~ u

ha ~ 1 4 6 I o w l r y u riui2u. wu"i 96 - 97.

69 oqC nr~dia~as. u (2533, ~~UU'IUU). ~ * ~ n ~ 1 n $ f i n 1 3 % u n 1 ~ a ~ u ~ a ~ n ~ o ~ ~ i ~ ~ U I L ~ ~ U U L ~ U U

i u o ~ h anf~s"gelu?n7 ~cnzd.r:lw~!wu:~ aiarnlQ%1trrn4, zo, 3. ufi 62. I0

u ~ i ~ i g n r , n f i 63.

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?I Alfred RIEG. Introduction au driot allemand (~e'~ublique fe'de'rale). Tome 11, Titre 11. ~roce'dure

pernale. Paris, Editions Cujas, 1984, p.375. 87179h US PG 1 9 ~ 7 ~ U. I ~ J L ~ J . n61 102.

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72 Peter AUENERFFLD, "La garde a' vue en ~ e ' ~ u b l i ~ u e fer dt1rded'~llemagne", Les atteintes a' la

libem' avant j ugernent en droit pernal compare, Op.ciLp.89.61~~53~ LLMI~QL~U. n i l 102.

'3 € U T Q ~ 1 0 ~ 1 ~ V L R U L ~ U . HUYI 104.

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nu4 ~rn~~lnutuia t i i r~unzt i iu~miu~i~r l~i 114 mmm R i

(1) ~gnnd~gwi

(2) U Y n ~ i i n ~ r i i n m ~ i i ~ i3m noiud i ia~nan~iuo 'uq

r d u ~ < ~ n ~ s n r : i ~ i ~

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44 9

m i u d s ~ u ~ a n ~ n u i u ~ a w ~ i ~ ~ i n a ~ u ~ ~ ~ i (stpol ijo~nilsrnou 3 Jxmr nri~-m"o Y ' 4 - 75

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Tatverdashf) 8 a ~ ~ i t 1 t 4 R I U ~ J ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ U ~ O U ~ ~ U ~ ~ I ~ ~ ' U ~ I ' ~ U I ~ ~ ' P ~ ~n-nv~gu!d!;~thd

uln (die hohe WahrashcinlicYeit) ~ & ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ H I ~ ~ L ~ u { ~ T : ~ I ~ ~ I u w " F I n?odu{?d?uiwlu rnrmrriin?iuFi~ r r ~ o oienrii~!#ii i i ~ 3 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ r ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 5 0 n ~ 1 w ~ ~ n 5 ~ 4 ; i 1 ~ a 1 f l i j ~ 1 ~

B IP4-

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4 na a H U J ~ O ~ ~ ~ U ~ I Z U ? ~ ~ ~ H I I I U ~ ~ W D ~ S Q ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ O I ~ ~ L U O ~ ~ J ' U (SPO) I I ~ P I O R I ~ U 4 flli

74 The Geman Code of Criminal Procedure. Section 1 14. [Warrant of Arrest]

(1 1 Remand detention shall be imposed by the jude in a written warrant of arrest.

(2) The warrant of arrest shall indicate.

1, the accused.

2, the offense of which he is strongly suspected, the time and place of its commission, the statutory

elements of the cr iminal offense and the penal provisions to be applicd.

3. the ground for arrest, as well as.

4. the facts disclosing the slrong suspicion of the offense and the ground for arrest, unless national

security is thereby endangered. 75 The G e m n Code of Criminal Procedure. Section 1 12 , Grounds for Arrest

(1) Remand detention may be ordered against the accused if he is stronglysuspected of the offense

and if hert i s a ground for arrest. It may nbt be ordered if is disproportionate to the significance of the case or

to the penalty or measure of reform and prevention likely to be imposed.

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76 (2) A ground for arrest shall exist if on the basis of certain f a c ~ .

1. it is established that the accused has fled or is hiding.

2. Considering the circumstances of the individual case, there is a risk that the accused w ~ l l evade

the criminal proceedings. n ~ i w n s a i ( ~ 5 ~ 4

22) w.n. 2547, n 6 59. 7% l ~ n F i ~ l ~ u .

7g The German Code of Criminal Procedure. Section 1 12.

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80 The German Code of Criminal Procedure.

Section 1 12 (3) Remand detention may be ordered against an accused strongly pursuant ID sectLon

129a subection ( I ) or pursuant to section 2 1 1,2 12,220 of the penal Cude, wen if there is no ground for arrest. PI nGa ~ ~ 1 4 n i.riu Ju, ndi 2S9. 82 bon'cir r u d r : n o u n r r ~ i ' f ( ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f i ~ ' ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ 1 d 1 ~ ' ~ 7 ~ 1 n ~ n u 7 ~ % ~ ~ 1 f ~ 1 m a 1 ~ 0 1 ~ 1 (ariui

22) W.H. 2547 U.60.

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22) W.H. 2547, ~lf160. as The German Code of Criminal Procedure. Section I 12a. [Further Grounds for Arrest]

(2) having repeatedly or continually committed a criminal offense which seriously undermines legal

order pursuant to section 125a the Penal Code.

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W Kurt Madlener. (1982). The Protection of Human Righis in the Criminal Procedure of the Federal

Republic of Germany. in John A. Andrcws (Ed.). Human Rights in Criminal Procedure : A Comparative

Study. pp. 243-248. 91 Ibid, pp. 246 -247.

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92 Ibid. pp. 244-245. 93 ormu Zno31iir riurgar, n& 47-50.

W John H. Langbein,(l977) Comparative of criminal Procedure, p. 83 v5 German Code of Criminal Procedure section 337,338

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Procedure. p 12

98 Hideo Tanaka (1979). The Japanese Legal System. P 249.

99 Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2003). The World Factbook of Criminal Justlct Systems. p. 20.

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Code de pm6dure pinale

The France Penal Code

The German Code of Criminal Procedure.

Books

A.V. Sheehan. (1975). Criminal Procedure in Scotland and France. Edinburgh, England

Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Glick, Henry R. (1983). Courts,Polltlcs,and Justice. New york;McGraw-Hill Book

Company.

John Sprack. (1995). Emmins on Cridnml Procedure. Publisher Blackstone Press, Limited.

Karlen, Delmar. ( I 967). Anglo-Americn Criminal justice. 0xford;Clarendon Press.

Robert J. Green. (1992, December). The Creation and Development of the Crown

Prosecution Service, UNAFEI Resource Material Series, No42

Shigemitsu Dando translated by B.J.George,Jr.and Fred B.Rothman & Co. 1965 Japan

Criminal Procedure.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2003). The World Factbook of Criminal Justice Systems. Retrieved

December 24,2005, from http://www.oJp.usdoj.g~~hjd~b~tr~~U~f~j.ht dun"u

iuB 15 wqdn~uu 2549

Falletti, Franqois. (2004). Criminal Appeals in France. Retrieved December 24,2005, from

http://www. iap.nl.comlspeeches~conference~seou1~20 Wlcriminal-appeals-in-fran

ceebyYfrnneois-hlle~i.htm1 # u h k $ 30 w ()B%IUU 2549

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Tachi. Yuichiro, (2003). Prosecution Criminal Justice System in Japan. Reheved December 24,

2005, h m b ttp://www.iap.nl.comlspeeches~asia~conference~2003/p~secution-

criminal- justice-system-in-jsp.o-by-jui~:hir0-t~chi.htmI ~ U K U T U ~ 22 ihirnnu

2549

The United Nations Asia and Far East Institute. (2000). Criminal Justice in Japan. Retrieved

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Jnpao.htm JU#U;~U~ 22 ~ ~ ? I ( I U 2549. DPU

G 9 l l t U l ~ u " r c l f l ~ l ~ ~ l J 0 9 n ] f LLWHOQ~TI-FI~ L % I ( Australian Legal System and

Judicial Shlls and Training)

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