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Asia Biomass Town Workshop
Tokyo, Japan
THE ROLE OF BIOMASS FOR
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Shinya Yokoyama
February 28, 2011
日本日本日本日本(3.4%*)
NUMBER OF FARMERS IN ASIA
0
10000
20000
1961 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2003
Korea(8.2%)Malaysia
(16.6%)
Thailand
(54.1%)
(x103)
40000
50000
30000 Vietnam(66.1%)
Japan(3.4%)
Indonesia(45.7%)
●
●
■
■
■
■
●
●
●
◆
◆
●
▲
▲
Singapore （2001）
Singapore （1971）
Japan （2001）
Japan （1971）
Thai （2001）
Thai（1971）
Malaysia （2001）
Malaysia （1971）
South Korea （2001）
South Korea （1971）
India （2001）
China （1971）
China （2001）
India （1971）
10，，，，000100 1，，，，000 100，，，，000
10，，，，000
1，，，，000
100
GDP and Energy Consumption per Capita of Asian Coun tries
energy consumption per capita (petroleum conversion ; kg)
for 1 person GDP (1995-year dollar)
GDP AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION
OF ASIAN COUNTRIES
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF OIL IN INDONESIA
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
petroleumproductionpetroliumconsumption
1000 bbl/d
(exp
ecte
d)
Source: BP ’’’’s Annual Statistical Review of World Energy
POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES
CP * RPR * AF = ARP
CP : Crop Production 1)
RPR: Residue Production Ratio （by weight ）2)~6)
AF : Availability Factor 2)
ARP: Available Residue Production
TRP: Total Residue Production
= TRP
TRP * NCV = TEP， ARP * NCV = AEP
NCV: Net Calorific Value 2)6)7)
ARP: Available Energy Potential
TEP: Total Energy Potential
AEP: Available Energy Potential
Source:
1) FAO Statistics(2007) , 2005-2007平均
2) Sajjakulnukit(2005,Thailand)
3) COGEN(2005, Indonesia)
4) MOA/DOE(1998,China)
5) NEDO(2007, ASEAN)
6) Soni(2005, Indonesia)
7)China Energy Statistical Yearbook(2005. China)
×RPR ×AF
Crop Residu e Available residue
EDiesel
E
ResidueSugar mill
Power plant
VehicleHouses
Power plant
CH4
CO2
CO2
CO2
CH4
E
B
B
P
P P
Diesel
VehicleCO2
PField
Residue
CH4
B
B
…Baseline emission
P
…Project emission
…Input energy
…Output energy
System evaluated
SYSTEM BOUNDARY
C1
C2
C3T2T1
T3
I2I1
CDM PROJECT SITES
Projects
16
0
Palm husk
36
45
6
Bangka
Indonesia
I2
13.2
50
Cotton stem
127.5
150
25
Shandong
China
C1
19.5
50
Rice straw Wheat straw
132.6
156
24
Jiangsu
China
C2
17.27
30
Corn stem
139
165
30
Shandong
China
C3
3505050200Collection radius(km)
15.75
Palm empty
fruit bunch (EFB)
68.1
78
8.9
Surat Tani
Thailand
T3
26
Palm husk
70
78
9.7
Asahan
Indonesia
I1
22.38 14.46 Biomass
consumption (kt-crop/yr)
Bagasse,rice husk,sugarcane
stem
rice huskBiomass
167 133 Selling (GWh/yr)
196 148 Production (GWh/yr)
41 20 Generation
capacity (MW)
Phu KhieoPichitProvince
ThailandThailandCountry
T2T1Projects
16
0
Palm husk
36
45
6
Bangka
Indonesia
I2
13.2
50
Cotton stem
127.5
150
25
Shandong
China
C1
19.5
50
Rice straw Wheat straw
132.6
156
24
Jiangsu
China
C2
17.27
30
Corn stem
139
165
30
Shandong
China
C3
3505050200Collection radius(km)
15.75
Palm empty
fruit bunch (EFB)
68.1
78
8.9
Surat Tani
Thailand
T3
26
Palm husk
70
78
9.7
Asahan
Indonesia
I1
22.38 14.46 Biomass
consumption (kt-crop/yr)
Bagasse,rice husk,sugarcane
stem
rice huskBiomass
167 133 Selling (GWh/yr)
196 148 Production (GWh/yr)
41 20 Generation
capacity (MW)
Phu KhieoPichitProvince
ThailandThailandCountry
T2T1
1（1）04Registered by Japanese government
12（2）4（2）4（3）Registered by United Nations
ChinaIndonesiaThailand
1（1）04Registered by Japanese government
12（2）4（2）4（3）Registered by United Nations
ChinaIndonesiaThailand
CDM Projects in this study
※( ):projects addressed in this study
CDM POWER GENERATION PROJECTS USING
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES
0
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
Thailand Indonesia China
Bio
mas
s (t
-bio
mas
s/yr
)
0
2,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
6,000,000,000
8,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
12,000,000,000
Energy (G
J/yr)
Potential Residue Available ResidueTotal Energy Potential Available Energy Potential
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES
Thailand Indonesia China
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
T1 T2 T3 I1 I2 C1 C2 C3
Ene
rgy
(MJ/
t-bi
omas
s)
inpu
t
outp
ut
bala
nce
inpu
t
outp
ut
bala
nce
inpu
t
outp
ut
bala
nce
inpu
t
outp
ut
bala
nce
inpu
t
outp
ut
bala
nce
inpu
t
outp
ut
bala
nce
inpu
t
outp
ut
bala
nce
inpu
t
outp
ut
bala
nce
Balance Power generation Auxiliary fuel
Electricity for plant use Biomass transport fuel
Balance Power generation Auxiliary fuel
Electricity for plant use Biomass transport fuel
3,366MJ/t-biomass1,457MJ/t-biomass
ENERGY BALANCE OF POWER GENERATION
963kg-CO2/t-biomass
Average
Thailand: 546
Indonesia: 582China: 824(Kg-CO2/t-biomass)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
T1 T2 T3 I1 I2 C1 C2 C3
GH
G(k
g-C
O2e
q/t-
biom
ass)
Left alone or combustion Electricity from grid Biomass transport fuel
Fuel for plant use Biomass power generation GHG reduction
Bas
elin
e em
issi
on
Pro
ject
em
issi
on
GH
G r
educ
tion
Bas
elin
e em
issi
on
Pro
ject
em
issi
on
GH
G r
educ
tion
Bas
elin
e em
issi
on
Pro
ject
em
issi
on
GH
G r
educ
tion
Bas
elin
e em
issi
on
Pro
ject
em
issi
on
GH
G r
educ
tion
Bas
elin
e em
issi
on
Pro
ject
em
issi
on
GH
G r
educ
tion
Bas
elin
e em
issi
on
Pro
ject
em
issi
on
GH
G r
educ
tion
Bas
elin
e em
issi
on
Pro
ject
em
issi
on
GH
G r
educ
tion
Bas
elin
e em
issi
on
Pro
ject
em
issi
on
GH
G r
educ
tion
478 kg-CO2/t-biomass
GHG EMISSIONS
Coal Oil Natural gas Biomass Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Coal Oil Natural gas Biomass Nuclear Hydro Geothermal
Potential of power
generation
Power generation
mix
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Ele
ctric
ity (
TW
h/yr
)
China
16.41132.221.7Thailand99.03127.4126.1Indonesia
13.642,497.4340.7China
Alternative rate (%)
Total consumption of electricity (TWh/yr)
Potential of power
generation (TWh/yr)
16.41132.221.7Thailand99.03127.4126.1Indonesia
13.642,497.4340.7China
Alternative rate (%)
Total consumption of electricity (TWh/yr)
Potential of power
generation (TWh/yr)
Potential Mix Potential Mix
200
160
120
80
40
0
Ele
ctric
ity (
TW
h/yr
) Thailand Indonesia200
160
120
80
40
0
POTENTIAL OF POWER GENERATION
AND ENERGY PORTFOLIO
RESULTS
7.95%
19,470,624
0.546
16.41%
21,691
318,186,664
48,432,741
64.88%
74,644,339
Thailand
２６．６７２６．６７２６．６７２６．６７%
74,669,129
0.582
99.03%
126,133
1,314,484,952
269,889,984
75.55%
357,221,307
Indonesia
６．２２６．２２６．２２６．２２%%GHG reduction rate
374,158,349t-CO2eq/t-biomass
GHG reduction potential
0.824 t-CO2eq/t-biomassGHG reduction
GHG
reduction
13.64%%Alternative rate
340,651 GWh/yrPotential of power
generation (average)Power
generation
6,788,362,652 GJ/yrAvailable energy
potential
452,472,300t-biomass/yrAvailable residue
72.00%%Availability
628,413,419t-biomass/yrPotential of
agricultural residue
Resource
China
PLANT SIZE AND UTILIZATION OF
WOODY BIOMASS
Medium ~ Large scale
Direct fired power generation･･･plant use, sellingDirect fired heat utilization ･･･timber drying, plant heat source,
heating/cooling, cocombustion with coal
Small scalePellet stove
Pellet (tip) boilerPower generation by gasification
Energy use
Demolition timebr
Industrial wastesawdust・bark
Forestry biomasslogging residue
Scale and energy useBiomass
Medium ~ Large scale
Direct fired power generation･･･plant use, sellingDirect fired heat utilization ･･･timber drying, plant heat source,
heating/cooling, cocombustion with coal
Small scalePellet stove
Pellet (tip) boilerPower generation by gasification
Energy use
Demolition timebr
Industrial wastesawdust・bark
Forestry biomasslogging residue
Scale and energy useBiomass
1t/day 10t/day 100t/day 300t/day 1000t/day
－－－－Abroad －－－－
Direct fired power generation
and heat utilization Direct fired
power generationand heat utilizationPower generation
by gasification
Pellettip
ENERGY UTILIZATION OF BIOMASS AND PLANT SIZE
TYPE AND CHARACTERITICS OF GASIFIER
UpdraftDown draft
•small, medium scale
•tar, reducedby after treat-ment
•powergeneration
•medium, largescale
• small amount of tar
• easy change of composition•liquid fuel•power
generation
•big scale•tar•power
generation•liquid fuel•bubbling,
circulating
•small scale• tar •power generation
•small scale•small amount of
tar• power
generation Remarks
700～～～～1000℃℃℃℃800～～～～1000℃℃℃℃650～～～～900℃℃℃℃700～～～～900℃℃℃℃700～～～～1100℃℃℃℃Temperature
chip, blockpowderchip, blockchip,blockchip, blockFeedstock
Image
Rotary kilnEntrained FluidizedFixed
TypeUpdraftDown draft
•small, medium scale
•tar, reducedby after treat-ment
•powergeneration
•medium, largescale
• small amount of tar
• easy change of composition•liquid fuel•power
generation
•big scale•tar•power
generation•liquid fuel•bubbling,
circulating
•small scale• tar •power generation
•small scale•small amount of
tar• power
generation Remarks
700～～～～1000℃℃℃℃800～～～～1000℃℃℃℃650～～～～900℃℃℃℃700～～～～900℃℃℃℃700～～～～1100℃℃℃℃Temperature
chip, blockpowderchip, blockchip,blockchip, blockFeedstock
Image
Rotary kilnEntrained FluidizedFixed
Type
biomass biomasbiomass
gas gas
GA
biomass
biomass
gas
rotation
gas
GA
GAGA
gas
fluidized bed
carrier
GA : gasifying agent
POWER GENERATION USING DRY BIOMASS
Dry biomass ：：：： 50,000 tons/year (m.c. 50% 、、、、s.g. ０．８）０．８）０．８）０．８）
Heating value ：：：： 3,500kacl/kg （（（（dry basis ））））
Ooperational rate ：：：： 80%
Efficiency ：：：： 20%
========================================================
Amount of biomass （（（（dry basis ）：）：）：）：2x104 ﾄﾝﾄﾝﾄﾝﾄﾝ
Total energy of biomass: (2x10 4 ｘｘｘｘ 103 x 3.5 ｘｘｘｘ 103kacl) ：：：： 7x107Mcal
Total power(Total energy of biomass x 0.2 x 1.163) ：：：： 1.63 x 10７７７７ kWh
Plant size ：：：： Total power / operatiojal rate / 8760= 2300kW
＊＊＊＊ If 1kWh is sold at the price of ¥20 、、、、income of selling
electricity will be ¥320 million.
Feedstock(animal dung,
garbage, sludge, etc)
decomposition
(solubilization)
substance of low
mol.weight
acid formation
biogas
waste water
treatment
BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM WASTE BIOMASS
Thermal utilization, Power generation
Cogeneration, Transport fuel, Fuel cell
Liquid fertilizer, Compost
POWER GENERATION BY BIOGASS
FROM ANIMAL WASTE
Number of milking cow ：：：： 100 head
Waste：：：： 65kg/head/d
Amount of disposal ：：：： 6.8m3/d
Generated gas ：：：： 204m3/d （（（（30m3/m3、、、、rate of organic decomposition ；；；； 40%））））
Generated power/d ：：：： 374kWh/d
======================================================
Expenditure ：：：： Biogas plant construction 、、、、power generator 、、、、waste water treatment facility, maintenance etc.
Income: Electricity sold 、、、、ripple effects
If 1kWh is sold at the price of ¥20, income of selli ng electricity will be about ¥2.6 million per year.
HYDROTHRMAL LIQUEFACTION
Cellulose
Hemicellulsoe
Lignin
Protein
Hydrocarbon
Temperature （（（（250-300℃℃℃℃））））
Pressure （（（（100 atom））））
HydrolysisDecarbonizationCondensation
Cyclization
Liquid Products
No need of H 2 and/or CO
No need of drying
Clean fuel
Oxidative～～～～90kg/c㎡㎡㎡㎡220～～～～260℃℃℃℃Concentr-
ated sludge（～（～（～（～95％）％）％）％）
CO2Wet
oxidation
Reductiveunder 1kg/c ㎡㎡㎡㎡400～～～～500℃℃℃℃Dry sludge（（（（under 5 ％）％）％）％）
OilPyrolysis
Reductive50～～～～150kg/c㎡㎡㎡㎡250～～～～350℃℃℃℃Wet
Biomass（（（（70～～～～85％）％）％）％）
Oil
Hydro-thermal Lique-faction
AmbientGas
PressureTemperatureFeedstock
(m.c.)Product
HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION,
PYROLYSIS, AND WET OXIDATION
There is no need of catalyst addi-tion if the feedstock contains it.
The longer holding timediminishes theBOD of aq. phase.
Heavy oil yield does not change between 80～～～～180 kg/c㎡㎡㎡㎡.
Reaction startsover 220 ℃℃℃℃. Heavy oil yield decreasesover 350℃℃℃℃.
Remarks
Alkali or Alkaline Earth
Salts60～～～～120 min100kg/c㎡㎡㎡㎡300℃℃℃℃Optimum
Condition
CatalystHolding time PressureTemperature
OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR
HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION
A
1
A
2
B
1
B
2
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
D
5
D
6
C
10
60
50
40
30
20
OIL
YIE
LD (％％ ％％
maf）） ））
Digestedsludge
Excess sludge
Mixed sludgeRawsludge
Ave. 25%
Average 41%
Ave.35%
Ave. 42%
RESULTS OF VARIOUS SEWAGE SLUDGES
BENEFITSLandfilling
Ocean dumping
Incineration
Anaerobic digestion
Composting
Oil production / The yield of heavy oil: 40～50%(dry and organic
basis)/ Heating value: 8,000～10,000kacl/kg/ Cost can be reduced by 30～50%。
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
＊＊＊＊ GENERAL AND SPECIFIC FEATURES OF AGRICULTURE
IN EACH COUNTRY
＊＊＊＊ INCREASE OF INCOME OF FARMERS BY PRODUCTION OF
GOOD QUALITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
＊＊＊＊ INCREASE OF OPPORTUNITY FOR JOB
＊＊＊＊ REVITALIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY BY
CREATION OF NEW INDUSTRY
＊＊＊＊ ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTES
＊＊＊＊ CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL WARMING MITIGATION
＊＊＊＊ INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION
ChemicalsMethane
Gasification
MethanolMethanolMethanolMethanol
DMEDMEDMEDME
HydrogenHydrogenHydrogenHydrogen
PowerPlant
Power&heaPower&heaPower&heaPower&heaｔｔｔｔ
CattleAnimal dungAnimal dungAnimal dungAnimal dungFood waste
Methanedigestion
PowerTransport
fuel Fuel cell
PowerPalm oil
Coconut oil
Esterification
Biodiesel fuel
Sewage sludge
LiquefactionHeavy oil
LumberLumberLumberLumberWoodWoodWoodWood
Grass
Algae
BIOMASS
TOWN
Compost
Fertilizer
