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Bioenergy Australia
The Role of Bioenergy in Modern
Power Systems
Webinar - 3 April 2017
Dr Stephen Schuck
Bioenergy Australia Manager
Email: [email protected]
www.bioenergyaustralia.org
Twitter: @BioenAustralia
Bioenergy Australia
Why this webinar?
• The National Electricity Market (NEM) electricity supply
system is under scrutiny; blackouts, coal fired power stations
closing (Hazelwood, Munmorah), rapid and large PV- battery
and wind influx, policy on the fly (Snowy 2), cost of electricity
to consumers. Electricity is in the news.
• Finkel NEM Energy Security Review preliminary report has
zero coverage of bioenergy. Discusses ‘variable renewable
energy’
• Several state governments have announced 50% renewable
energy targets by 2050. Federal Labor’s policy.
• Raise awareness - to present a case for bioenergy in power
systems.
Bioenergy Australia
Webinar coverage
• Bioenergy primer
• What bioenergy contributes to power systems
• Disruptive technologies impacting power systems
• Plant examples
• Potential for bioenergy
• Barriers
• International collaboration – IEA Bioenergy
Bioenergy Australia
Conversion of Biomass to Energy and Energy
Products
• Forestry and sawmill wastes
• Agricultural residues (e.g. bagasse, straw)
• Portion of urban wastes (MSW, organics)
• Sewage and manure
• Purpose grown woody and herbaceous energy crops
• Woody weeds (e.g. Camphor laurel, prickly acacia)
• Processing wastes (e.g. black liquor, nut shells)
• Macro and micro-algae
Common theme – photosynthesis – a form of solar energy
Bioenergy Australia
• Biomass provides ~10% of TPES or 60 EJ (1018)
• Technical potential 1,500 EJ by 2050
• Sustainability consideration → 200-500 EJ
Total Primary Energy Contributions
Bioenergy Australia
Calibration - Global Bioenergy Facts
• Bioelectricity amounts to 106.4 GW capacity (way larger
than Australia’s total coal fired power capacity) (REN21,
2016)
• Australia bioelectricity capacity ~ 1GW (~1% of global)
• In 2015, approx. 464 TWh bioelectricity generated world-
wide (cf national renewables target of 33 TWh from all sources
by 2020). NEM ~ 200 TWh/a. Australia ~3.5 TWh (<1%)
• In Australia biomass provides approx. 3.6% of TPES and
~1.5% of Australia’s electricity.
TWh/a on average 2010-12 (source REN21)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Australia
Portugal
Thailand
India
Spain
France
Belgium
Austria
Denmark
Poland
Netherlands
Canada
Italy
Finland
United Kingdom
Sweden
Japan
China
Brazil
Germany
United States
Bioelectricity
Generation 20 leading
countries plus Australia
Australia ~3,500 GWh
Australia’s primary energy consumption,
by fuel type, 2013–14
Bioenergy Australia
Energy consumption Average annual growth
2013–14 Share 2013–14 10 years
PJ per cent per cent per cent
Coal 1,845.6 31.7 -5 -2.2
Oil 2,237.8 38.4 -1.5 2
Gas 1,401.9 24 2.2 3.9
Renewables 345.7 5.9 4 2.4
- bioenergy 211.8 3.6 0.3 -0.3
- hydro 66.3 1.1 0.8 1.9
- wind 36.9 0.6 28.8 31.3
- solar 30.7 0.5 14.1 30.0
Total 5,831.1 100 -1.5 0.9
Source: Energy in Australia 2016/Department of Industry and Science (2015)
Australian Energy Statistics
61%
Bioenergy Australia
2013–14 Average annual growth
TWh Share (per cent)
2013–14 (per cent )
10 years (per cent)
Black coal 105.8 42.6 -5.1 -2.1
Brown coal 46.1 18.6 -3.1 -1.6
Natural gas 54.4 21.9 6.5 9.6
Oil products 5.0 2.0 12.3 6.5
Non-renewables 211.3 85.1 -2.4 0.2
Biomass 1.9 0.8 21.1 -5.9
Biogas 1.6 0.7 2.1 11.9
Wind 10.3 4.1 28.8 31.3
Hydro 18.4 7.4 0.8 1.9
Solar PV 4.9 2.0 27.0 58.3
Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Renewables 37.0 14.9 11.6 6.8
Total 248.3 100.0 -0.6 0.9
Australia’s electricity generation, by fuel type, 2013–14
Bioenergy Australia
Fuel type NSW VIC QLD SA TAS WA NT Total
Hydro 2,487.6 2,313.5 172.6 3.7 2,289.5 30.1 0 7,297
Bagasse 75.5 0 395.3 0 0 6.0 0 476.8
Biomass 4.4 1.1 38.0 0 0 1.0 0 44.5
Black liquor 20.0 54.5 2.0 0 0 0 0 76.5
Geothermal 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1
Landfill gas 64.8 49.9 24.4 13.3 6.0 25.6 1.1 185.1
Sewage gas 7.9 21.5 4.5 5.5 0.1 1.8 0 41.2
Large-scale solar
5.4 3.6 2.0 2.4 0.1 12.2 2.6 28.4
Solar PV 768.3 628.2 1,165.3 541.3 74.0 392.5 15.0 3,584.7
Wave 0.5 0.2 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.8
Wind 447.7 1,071.2 12.5 1,474.0 310.5 481.2 0.1 3,797.1
Total 3,882.1 4,143.7 1,816.7 2,040.2 2,680.2 950.5 18.8 15,532.2
Capacity of renewable generation (MW) at 30 June 2014
Source: Energy Supply Association of Australia (ESAA), Electricity Gas Australia 2015
Via Energy in Australia 2015.
Bioenergy Australia
Bioenergy Basics (focus on power)
• Greenhouse gas neutral (under Kyoto Protocol)
• 1 MWe capacity requires ~10,000 tonnes fresh weight solid
biomass per year
• 1 tonne biomass provides ~ 1 MWhe
• Calorific value of wood (d.a.f.) 19-21 MJ/kg – at operational
level ~ 10 MJ/kg depending mainly on moisture level.
• Stem wood has very low ash: ~ 0.2 percent (some coals can
approach 50 percent)
• Generally low Sulfur in woody biomass (no acid rain)
• Agriculture straws – halides and alkali metals can lead to
corrosion and fouling of boiler tubes – need careful design.
Bioenergy Australia
‘Clean Energy Future for Australia’ report (2004) found
that for a deep carbon cut scenario by 2040 bioenergy
could provide 28 percent of the generation mix.
Equates to 73 TWh.
Clean Energy Council (when BCSE) stationary
bioenergy roadmap (2008) indicated:
2020 10,624 GWh per year (four-plus fold expansion
from study year)
2050 72,629 GWh per year
Potential Contribution to Electricity – Two studies
The ‘ABBA’ project is underway to quantify resources
Bioenergy Australia
Clean Energy Future for Australia (2004) – Energy Strategies, H. Saddler et al. Reissued
by CEC.
Bioenergy Australia
Biomass Source Quantity 2010 (GWh/y) 2020 (GWh/y) 2050 (GWh/y) Poultry 94 million - 297 1055 Cattle – feedlots 870 thousand - 112 442 Pigs 1.8 million 1 22 205 Dairy cows 1.4 million - 22 89 Abattoirs 1.3 million tonnes 337 1773 Stubble – grain and cotton
crops
24 million tonnes 47000
Bagasse 5 million tonnes 1200 3000 4600 Sugar cane trash, tops and
leaves
4 million tonnes - 165 3200
Oil mallees - - 112 484 Camphor laurel 83 20 Forest residues (native
forests, plantations,
processing residues)
~ 9 million tonnes 79 2442 4554
Black liquor - 285 365 365 Other pulp and paper
wastes
- 74 141 141
Urban food Wastes 2.9 million tonnes 29 267 754 Garden organics 2.3 million tonnes 29 121 461 Urban paper and
cardboard
2.3 million tonnes - 38 1749
Urban wood/timber
wastes
1.6 million tonnes 45 295 1366
Landfill gas 772 1880 3420 Sewage gas 57 901 929
Source: BCSE (CEC) Bioenergy Roadmap 2008.
Bioenergy Australia
Co-Products
• Renewable Energy Certificates & GreenPower
• Other environmental instruments (carbon and salinity)
• Cogeneration opportunities
• Saleable ash
• Biofertilisers (e.g. Camellia anaerobic digester)
• Biorefinery products
• Pyrolysis oil products
• Charcoal, biochar and activated carbon
• Plant breeding and biotechnology
Not just low emission electrons
Bioenergy Australia
Co-values of Bioenergy
• Greenhouse gas reduction
• Dispatchable base load power – unlike wind and solar
• Regional development and employment
• Salinity mitigation and land repair
• Security of supply – indigenous resource
• Weed control
• Fire hazard reduction (see Deloitte Access Economics study
for the Australian Forest Products Association)
• Biodiversity and animal habitat
• Waste management.
Bioenergy Australia
Biomass
Wood, MSW, Energy Crops... Manures, Sewage, Food Wastes ... Canola ...
Thermal Processing Biochemical Mechanical
Combustion Gasification PyrolysisAnaerobic
DigestionFermentation
Crushing
Oil Crops
Heat and Power Chemical
FeedstocksEthanol Biodiesel
Excess air Partial air No air
Bioenergy Australia
Scale of Bioenergy Combustion Systems
Bioenergy Australia
Wood Pellets
Bioenergy Australia
Wood Chips Conventional
Wood Pellets
Torrefied
Wood Pellets
Lower Heating
Value MJ/kg
7.4 – 11.4 17-18 21- 22
Moisture
Content
(Percent wet
basis)
30-50 <10 <1
Bulk Density
kg/m3
250-400 650 900
Energy
Density
(mean) GJ/ m3
3.1 11.4 19.4
Comparison of Wood Chips, Wood Pellets and
Torrefied Pellets for Fuel
Bioenergy Australia
270 kWe ORC at
Gympie Timber –
BEA11 conference
tour
Bioenergy Australia
Macadamia Nut Shell Project – Gympie Qld
1.5 MW pinhole grate unit
Bioenergy Australia
Visy Bubbling Fluidised
Bed Combustor
Cogeneration plant at
Coolaroo (BEA 12
conference tour)
Bioenergy Australia
21 MW Tracy Biomass Plant, California
Semi-trailer unloading fuel at
Tracy Biomass Plant
Bioenergy Australia
Cuijk 24 MWe FBC plant in The Netherlands
Source: Essent Energie
Bioenergy Australia
Rocky Point Sugar Mill – Qld -30 MW
Condong Sugar Mill – NSW - 30 MW
Now Cape Byron Power
Australian Examples of Grate Boilers
28 sugar mills: 1,200 GWh in
2006 to 7,800 GWh in 2050.
Bioenergy Australia
Grayling- Michigan, USA, 36 MW
Bioenergy Australia
Kettle Falls (47 MW)– Washington State
Bioenergy Australia
Shastra Anderson Plant (50 MW) – California
Bioenergy Australia
Rodenhuize Biomass
Fuelled Power Plant,
Ghent, Belgium. 180
MW fired on imported
wood pellets.
Abengoa announced in
late 2014 another plant at
Ghent - 215MWe CFBC.
Large-scale Biopower in Europe
Bioenergy Australia
80 MW Les Awirs Power Station Unit - Belgium
(was 120 MW coal fired unit)
Pellet barge
Bioenergy Australia
Baseload CHP fuelled on straight vegetable oil. Monopoli,
southern Italy.
137.5 MWe (Wartsila) – Delivered 2005-2007.
6 x Wartsila 18V46 plus three 18V32 plus a steam turbine.
Source: Wartsila
Reciprocating engines for
baseload operation
Bioenergy Australia
Alhomens Kraft 550 MWth, 240 MWe CFBC plant
source: Timberjack
Slash bundles – part of fuel supply
Bioenergy Australia
Multi-fuel Unit
AVEDØRE 2 CHP Plant
• 10 km south of Copenhagen
• Opened 2002; 510 MWe and 565 MWth – USC boiler 310 bar
• Multifuel capability: straw, wood pellets, natural gas, oil and coal
• Separate straw boiler – 40 MWe and 50 MWth. Straw 200,000 t/a
• 300,000 tonnes/a wood pellets. Pellet factory at nearby Køge.
Also pellet supply from Sweden
• Efficiency up to 94%
Bioenergy Australia
A
E
B C
D
Steam
Turbine
Boiler Burners Mills
Mills
Stack
Flue Gas
Treatment
Gasifier
Coal
Biomass
Torre-
faction
Pre-
treatment
A Co-milling of biomass with coal
B Separate milling, injection in pulverised fuel lines, combustion in coal burners
C Separate milling, combustion in dedicated biomass burners
D Biomass gasification, syngas combusted in furnace
E Co-milling of torrefied biomass with coal
Co-Firing Regimes
Bioenergy Australia
Gasifier types, sizes & efficiencies
10kWe 100kWe 1MWe 10MWe 100WMe
Downdraft
Updraft
Fluid bed
2 fluid bed
Entrained flow
Rotary kiln etc
Pressure CFB
CFB
Efficiency to electricity (%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bioenergy Australia
Ankur Gasifier dual firing a diesel genset - Huon Valley, Tasmania.
Bioenergy Australia
Güssing - Austria CHP gasification plant
• Cogeneration Unit
• 2 MWe
• 4.5 MWth
• Electrical efficiency 25%
• Overall efficiency 81.3%
Bioenergy Australia
AMER Centraal
gasifier - adjacent to
900 MW coal fired unit
Co-firing wood
gas: 83 MWth
fuel input
Bioenergy Australia
Pyrolysis Bio-oil
• Dark brown mobile liquid
• Combustible
• Not miscible with hydrocarbons
• Heating value ~ 17 MJ/kg (60%v diesel)
• Density ~ 1.2 kg/l
• Acidic, pH ~ 2.5
• Pungent odour
• Unstable - viscosity increases with time
Bioenergy Australia
Bio-oil applications
Electricity Transport fuel
Heat
Extract
Upgrade
Boiler
Chemicals
Bio-oil
Bioenergy Australia
Anaerobic Digestion – combustible biogas
Range of sizes and complexities
Biogas (including Landfill Gas >220 MW)
Bioenergy Australia
Carrum Downs Waste Water
Treatment Plant, Melbourne
AJ Bush Digester and Gas Engine,
Bromelton, Qld
Bioenergy Australia
CommercialBasic & applied R&D Demonstration Early commercial
Biomass to heat
Combustion
Gasification
Co-firing
Anaerobic Digestion
Biomass densification
IGFC
Combustion
(in boilers & stoves)
IGCC,
IGGT
Gasification
+ Steam Cycle
Stirling Engine
ORC,
Microbial
fuel cells2-stage AD 1-stage AD
Parallel
co-firing
Indirect
co-firing
Steam cycle
Direct
co-firing
Gasification
PelletizationPyrolysisTorrefaction
Development of Stationary Bioenergy Technologies
Source: IEA Bioenergy
Bioheat – Providing energy services
• No RET type scheme in Australia
• Applications have still gone ahead
• steam in sugar mills
• thermal oil in plywood factories
• steam for processing food
• kiln drying of lumber at saw mills
• steam at pulp and paper facilities.
• Firewood and wood pellets for domestic and
commercial space and water heating.
Bioenergy Australia
Bioenergy Australia
SA Pine displacement of LPG.
BEA14 conference tour.
Bioenergy Australia
Matching Bioenergy to Modern Power Systems
• Liquid and gaseous biofuels can power spark ignition and
compression ignition engines powering synchronous generators.
• Biomass has inherent energy storage – dispatchable.
• Bioenergy power plants based on the steam cycle are technically
very similar to coal fired units. Capacity factors in excess of 90%
are expected (compared to a good wind farm of circa 40%).
• Synchronous generation (inertia). Provides both frequency and
voltage control (can regulate power and ‘reactive power’)
• Can provide base load, intermediate load and peaking capacity.
• Separate energy storage technologies have inefficiencies ~ 20%
energy loss expected.
Bioenergy Australia
Matching Bioenergy to Modern Power Systems (contd)
• Can offset requirements on the main grid – distributed and
embedded e.g. prosumer based generation, micro CHP
based on wood pellets (10kWe/30 kWth), biogas.
• Fault levels (protection, reduce voltage fluctuations at the
consumer – a more rigid electrical system)
• ‘Islanded’ operation in grid emergencies (unlike wind, PV)
• Strategic location – offset transmission infrastructure
(lesson from 1981 NSW power crisis which used rushed in
combustion turbines)
• If CCS succeeds, then Bio-CCS would provide negative
GHG emission technology.
• Cogeneration a natural fit – improves economics and GHG
performance.
Bioenergy Australia
Barriers to Bioenergy
• Lack of recognition (policy blind spot) of:
o Greenhouse gas performance (zero emission under Kyoto)
o Dependable, dispatchable and/or base load
o Synchronous with inertia (for frequency and voltage control)
o Co-firing biomass or converting coal fired units (cf Drax PS)
o economic, societal and environmental (regional economies,
jobs, land repair, waste management) benefits.
• Bioenergy spans numerous ministerial portfolios – energy,
environment, forestry, agriculture, infrastructure, water,
employment… bioenergy is not purely about electrons and GHG.
• No policy incentive for CHP nor renewable heat/cooling from
bioenergy (RET includes solar thermal rooftop water). UK for
instance has Renewable Heat Incentive. Heat/cooling can displace
electricity.
Bioenergy Australia
Barriers to Bioenergy (contd 1)
• No bioenergy specific Feed-in Tariff (has incentivised
bioenergy in several countries - Netherlands, Ontario Canada,
Germany, China, Thailand). Offer long term contracts, stable
and attractive prices. The PV FiTs, solar multipiers (x5) and 15
years RECs upfront for a competing technology set back
alternatives such as bioenergy.
• No feedstock/fuel policy support. US Biomass Crop
Assistance Program (BCAP) has approved over 5,000
agreements for the delivery of more than 5 million tons of
biomass and paid eligible biomass owners matching payments
under BCAP. $ ’00 million grants as matching payments.
• Sovereign risk. Uncertainty with carbon policy, longevity of
the RET and uncertainty of what comes next. Need to match 25-
30 project life.
Bioenergy Australia
Barriers to Bioenergy (contd 2)
• Lack of bioenergy targeted investment incentives: multiplier for
tax deductions for the capital equipment investment, accelerated
depreciation, FiT, soft loans, loan guarantees.
• Energy from waste (EfW): lack of consistent national waste
levy policies (tipping fee zero in Qld); difficulty aggregating
waste feedstocks
• High costs of network connection
• EPA regulations generally not set for EfW and bioenergy
• Costs and difficulty of selling electricity production
• Lack of community support in some areas – particularly
utilisation of wood residues (GreenPower distances itself from
combustion of biomass)
Bioenergy Australia
Barriers to Bioenergy (contd 3)
• No stand alone sustainability standard for biomass. The
Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act and its Regulation
impose restrictions in lieu of separate sustainability criteria
(e.g. higher value at time of use, only use of post
processing wastes)
• Logistics of consolidating sufficient biomass in one place
so a plant is financially viable.
• Long term biomass supply agreements (need 20+ years)
• Site selection (if EfW in urban areas)
• Torturous approvals processes
Bioenergy Australia
California forest biomass project scores $5M grant
A proposed 2-MW biomass power project in California’s Mariposa County has been named recipient
of a $5 million California Energy Commission Electric Program Investment Charge grant. READ MORE SHARE
Second California small-scale bioenergy plant nets $4.9M grant
A planned community-scale Camptonville, California, forest bioenergy power plant is proposed to
receive $4.9MM in funding from the California Energy Commission as part of its Electric Program
Investment Charge (EPIC) grant program, READ MORE SHARE
March 31, 2017
Examples of a Californian Support Program
Bioenergy Australia
Barriers - bedtime reading
•SKM/MMA (now Jacobs) study for CEC on connection
issues (2011)
•E3 International study for RIRDC (feedstocks) – for
cofiring in Queensland
IEA Bioenergy – a collaboration of 23 countries
• Provides an international forum for sharing
information and developing best practice on
– Technology development
– Non-technical barriers and issues
– Regulatory and legislative issues
• Produces authoritative information on key
strategic issues affecting deployment
www.ieabioenergy.com
Bioenergy Australia has led Australia’s participation since 1998
Tasks
• Feedstock
Forest and agricultural products, MSW and recovered
fuels
• Conversion
Combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic
digestion, fermentation, biorefineries
• Integrating Research Issues
GHG balances, socioeconomic drivers, international
trade, systems analysis
ARENA Measure: Knowledge Sharing and Promoting
Australia’s Participation in IEA Bioenergy Tasks
This project focusses on the co-ordination and promotion of
Australia’s participation in five IEA Bioenergy Tasks.
• Task 37 – Energy from Biogas
• Task 38 – Climate Change Effects of Biomass and Bioenergy
Systems
•Task 39 – Commercialising Conventional and Advanced Liquid
Biofuels from Biomass
•Task 42 – Biorefining in a Future Bioeconomy
•Task 43 – Biomass Feedstocks for Energy Markets.
ARENA funding:
$416,000
Total project value:
$1,217,677
Bioenergy Australia
Conclusions
• World-wide ~106,000 MW bioelectricity
• Australia has some 1,000MW of all forms
of bioelectricity capacity
• Large, unrealised potential in Australia
• See Bioenergy Australia submission to the Finkel
NEM energy security review (17 pages)
• www.bioenergyaustralia.org
Don’t forget about jobs through bioenergy!
