The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties

Unit VIIIAUnit VIIIA

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Fundamental QuestionsFundamental Questions

►Did the Roaring Twenties continue the Did the Roaring Twenties continue the Progressive Era reforms?Progressive Era reforms?

Election of 1920Election of 1920► Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding

(R)(R) ““A Return to A Return to

Normalcy”Normalcy”► James M. Cox (D)James M. Cox (D)► Eugene V. Debs Eugene V. Debs

(Socialist)(Socialist) Received 913,664 Received 913,664

votes despite votes despite incarcerationincarceration

Warren G. Harding (R) (1921-Warren G. Harding (R) (1921-1923)1923)

► ““A Return to A Return to Normalcy.”Normalcy.”

► Emergency Quota Act Emergency Quota Act (1921)(1921)

► Fordney-McCumber Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)Tariff (1922)

►Washington Naval Washington Naval Conference (1922-Conference (1922-1923)1923)

► Teapot Dome ScandalTeapot Dome Scandal► Harding died in officeHarding died in office

Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge assumed presidencyassumed presidency

Election of 1924Election of 1924► Calvin Coolidge (R)Calvin Coolidge (R)

Booming economy Booming economy and conservatismand conservatism

► John W. Davis (D)John W. Davis (D) Democrats split Democrats split

between between conservatives and conservatives and liberals (LaFollette)liberals (LaFollette)

Calvin Coolidge (R) (1923-Calvin Coolidge (R) (1923-1928)1928)

► ““The business of The business of the American the American people is people is businessbusiness.”.”

►National Origins Act National Origins Act (1924)(1924)

► Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)(1928)

Election of 1928Election of 1928► Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover

(R)(R)► Al Smith (D)Al Smith (D)

First Catholic major First Catholic major party candidateparty candidate

Herbert Hoover (R) (1929-Herbert Hoover (R) (1929-1933)1933)

► ““Given the chance to go Given the chance to go forward with the policies of forward with the policies of the last eight years, we the last eight years, we shall soon… be in sight of shall soon… be in sight of the day when poverty will the day when poverty will be banished from this be banished from this nation.”nation.”

► Great DepressionGreat Depression VoluntarismVoluntarism Stock Market Crash of Stock Market Crash of

19291929 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

(1930)(1930) Reconstruction Finance Reconstruction Finance

Corporation (1932)Corporation (1932) Bonus Army (1932)Bonus Army (1932)

American Consumer SocietyAmerican Consumer Society► Welfare CapitalismWelfare Capitalism

Real income increasesReal income increases► Higher rate for owners, Higher rate for owners,

managers, skilled labormanagers, skilled labor► Minimal increased rates for Minimal increased rates for

unskilled labor and working unskilled labor and working classclass

Insurance, profit-sharing, Insurance, profit-sharing, worker safetyworker safety

Decreased influence of unionsDecreased influence of unions► Mass ProductionMass Production

Wide variety and availability of Wide variety and availability of consumer products at consumer products at affordable pricesaffordable prices

Model TModel T Domestic appliancesDomestic appliances

► Installment PlansInstallment Plans► Impact of the AutomobileImpact of the Automobile

Consumer Consumer AdsAds

1920s Society1920s SocietyBlacksBlacks

► White ResentmentWhite Resentment Lynchings increased Lynchings increased

especially in the Southespecially in the South

►Universal Negro Universal Negro Improvement Improvement AssociationAssociation Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey Economic solidarity and Economic solidarity and

advancement for blacksadvancement for blacks Failed attempt of mass Failed attempt of mass

migration to Africamigration to Africa Inspired black pride and Inspired black pride and

nationalismnationalism

1920s Society1920s SocietyImmigrantsImmigrants

► First Red Scare and First Red Scare and NativismNativism

►Quota LawsQuota Laws Emergency Quota Emergency Quota

Act (1921)Act (1921)►3% of 1910 Census3% of 1910 Census

National Origins Act National Origins Act (1924)(1924)►2% of 1890 Census2% of 1890 Census

► Sacco and Vanzetti Sacco and Vanzetti TrialTrial (1920-1927) (1920-1927) Two Italian immigrants Two Italian immigrants

executed for murder executed for murder despite little evidencedespite little evidence

1920s Society1920s SocietyWomenWomen

► Nineteenth Amendment and Nineteenth Amendment and VotingVoting Usually voted as husbandsUsually voted as husbands Politicians catered to female-Politicians catered to female-

friendly legislation and friendly legislation and programsprograms

► EmploymentEmployment Clerical, teachers, nurses, Clerical, teachers, nurses,

domestic servantsdomestic servants Lower wages and no Lower wages and no

managerial positionsmanagerial positions► Margaret SangerMargaret Sanger

American Birth Control LeagueAmerican Birth Control League Established Planned Established Planned

ParenthoodParenthood► Flapper GirlFlapper Girl

Young women of the Jazz AgeYoung women of the Jazz Age Short hair, short hemline, Short hair, short hemline,

cosmetics, cigarettecosmetics, cigarette

1920s Culture Wars1920s Culture WarsProhibitionProhibition

► Eighteenth Amendment Eighteenth Amendment and Volsteadt Actand Volsteadt Act Supported by middle-class Supported by middle-class

progressives and rural progressives and rural Protestants especially in South Protestants especially in South and Westand West

Generally ignored in urban Generally ignored in urban centerscenters

► BootleggersBootleggers/Rumrunners/Rumrunners Smuggling of alcoholSmuggling of alcohol Rise of organized crimeRise of organized crime

► Al CaponeAl Capone

► SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies Underground saloonsUnderground saloons

1920s Culture 1920s Culture WarsWars

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

1920s Culture Wars1920s Culture WarsReligionReligion

► FundamentalismFundamentalism Literal view of Bible; CreationismLiteral view of Bible; Creationism Attacked urban lifestyle and Attacked urban lifestyle and

cultureculture RevivalistsRevivalists

► Billy SundayBilly Sunday► Aimee Semple McPhersonAimee Semple McPherson

► ModernismModernism Liberal view of religionLiberal view of religion Acceptance and coordination of Acceptance and coordination of

science and context with faithscience and context with faith► Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)

Law against teaching of evolution Law against teaching of evolution in Tennessee public schoolin Tennessee public school

CreationismCreationism► William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan

EvolutionEvolution► Clarence DarrowClarence Darrow

1920s Culture Wars1920s Culture WarsHero WorshipHero Worship

► Athletes, celebrities, Athletes, celebrities, innovators famed for innovators famed for individual individual accomplishmentaccomplishment

► A personification of A personification of American individualismAmerican individualism Babe RuthBabe Ruth Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

► Fueled tabloid and Fueled tabloid and gossip columns in gossip columns in newspapers and newspapers and magazinesmagazines

1920s Culture Wars1920s Culture WarsThe Jazz AgeThe Jazz Age

► Inspiration of rebellious youth Inspiration of rebellious youth and liberal reaction to and liberal reaction to conservatism and conservatism and fundamentalismfundamentalism

► Song and DanceSong and Dance JazzJazz

► Louis Armstrong► George GershwinGeorge Gershwin

SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies Dance ClubsDance Clubs

► Waltz to Foxtrot to Charleston► Josephine BakerJosephine Baker

FlappersFlappers► RadioRadio

Mainstream mediumMainstream medium Networks: NBC, CBSNetworks: NBC, CBS

► CinemaCinema TalkiesTalkies

► The Jazz Singer NickelodeonsNickelodeons Charlie Chaplin

1920s Culture Wars1920s Culture WarsLiteratureLiterature

► The Lost The Lost GenerationGeneration Disillusioned by Disillusioned by

World War I, World War I, consumerism, and consumerism, and modernismmodernism

Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway►The Sun Also RisesThe Sun Also Rises►A Farewell to ArmsA Farewell to Arms

Sinclair LewisSinclair Lewis►BabbittBabbitt

F. Scott FitzgeraldF. Scott Fitzgerald►The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby

1920s Culture Wars1920s Culture WarsHarlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance

► Fueled by the Great Fueled by the Great Migration and Migration and inspired by black inspired by black pridepride

► Themes challenged Themes challenged racist stereotypesracist stereotypes

► ““Black is beautiful”Black is beautiful”► Langston HughesLangston Hughes► Zora Neale HurstonZora Neale Hurston► The New Negro: An The New Negro: An

InterpretationInterpretation (1925)(1925)