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The Roaring Twenties
Social and Economic Changes
Power point created by Robert L. MartinezPrimary Content Material: Mastering the Grade 11 Taks Social Studies Assessment (Killoran, Zimmer, Jarrett).Photos and illustrations as cited. http://www.theelliottgallery.co.uk/images/sm-charleston.jpg
http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/news/daily/00617_F_01_1000.jpg
Vintage San Antonio
Joske’s Department Store:Downtown San Antonio
Pearl BrewerySan Antonio, Texas
Majestic TheatreSan Antonio, Texas
The Roaring Twenties• The “Roaring Twenties” were good times for
many Americans. Beneath an appearance of calm and posterity, American was
experiencing fundamental economic and social change.
http://www.thecostumer.com/upload/roaring1.jpg
• Disillusioned by the outcome of WWI, Americans returned to a policy of
isolationism in foreign affairs.• Isolationism is refusing to become involved
in other nations’ disputes or problems.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/thephotoholic/173378841/
Economic Decline: Post WWI
• On the domestic front, the government stopped its wartime spending and soldiers
returned home looking for jobs.
U.S Troops returning home from France, 1919
http://www.flickr.com/photos/j3net/85054378/
Fear of Communist Russia
• Communists seized power in Russia in 1917 and threatened to spread their
revolution to other countries.
Lenin addressing Soviet workers
http://www.gpc.edu/~proseman/imageANU.JPG
The Red Scare• The 1920s witnessed attacks on American civil
liberties – fear of Communism.• In 1919, anti-Communist hysteria led the U.S.
government to conduct raids against radicals accused of plotting to overthrow the
government.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/7578012@N02/456964557/
Communist Witch hunt• Thousands of suspected Communists
were arrested, and several hundred immigrant radicals were deported.
http://conelrad.com/books/images/redscared_400.gif
Sacco and Vanzetti• The hysteria affected immigrants as well.
• Two Italian immigrants, Sacco and Vanzetti, were convicted of committing murder during
a robbery to obtain funds for an anarchist revolution.
• Although the evidence was sketchy, they were found guilty and were executed in 1927.
http://thijscoppus.sp.nl/images/SaccoVenzetti4.jpg http://thijscoppus.sp.nl/images/SaccoVenzetti3.jpg
Rise of Nativism• The Red Scare and the Sacco & Vanzetti trial
contributed to a rise in nativism.• Nativism is a dislike of foreigners that led to
immigration restrictions in the early 1920s.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/immigration/italian-nativism.jpg
Great Migration • The migration of African Americans from the South to Northern cities (The
Great Migration) during WWI led to increased racial tensions after the war.
http://www.multied.com/AfiricanAmerican/GreatMigration.jpg
Ku Klux Klan• The Ku Klux Klan, dormant for decades,
revived in the 1920s. • The Klan was particularly hostile to African
American, immigrants, Catholics, and Jews.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/immigration/italian-nativism.jpg
Economic Prosperity - 1920s
• Wages and employment opportunities increased for many Americans, while
business profits and production soared.• There were many reasons for this prosperity,
ranging from government policies to the rise of the new automobile.
http://www.readwriteweb.com/images/gatsby.jpg
Laissez-Faire • In 1921, Republican presidents, Harding,
Coolidge, and Hoover followed policies favorable to American business.
• They supported laissez-faire policies, which called for minimal government interference
in business activities.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/bureaucrash/274082019/
PresidentHerbert Hoover
PresidentWarren Harding
President Calvin Coolidge
Automobile Industry• Probably the single greatest factor behind the prosperity of the 1920s was the growth in
the use of automobiles.• Automobile production required vast
amounts of steel, glass, and rubber – stimulating these industries.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/delina/31875554/
Henry Ford• Henry Ford’s goal was to build a car so inexpensively that anyone could afford one.
• He introduced the assembly line, increasing the efficiency of production.
• By 1924, Ford was producing 1.6 million cars a year at a price of under $300 per car.
Henry Ford &his Model “T”
http://www.samsgarage.com/images/Ford%20Henry%20Ford%20Model%20T.jpg
Assembly Line• Henry Ford introduced the assembly line to
automobile production, moving cars along a conveyor belt while workers completed their
assigned tasks.• The assembly line, use of standardized parts, and other labor-saving devices made American
industry more efficient and productive.
http://www.h-net.org/~hst203/images/assembly2.jpg
• Cars gave people greater mobility, making possible the growth of suburbs.
• School buses allowed students in remote areas to attend school regularly.
• Farmers replaced farm animals with tractors.
http://www.lafayettelinc.net/pict/coc2000/B282_School_Bus_1920s.jpg
Electricity• Electric appliances, like vacuum cleaners
and refrigerators, were introduced.• Radio and motion pictures became common
– creating jobs and changing the ways Americans lived.
http://www.trailend.org/dw-refrigerator.jpg
http://www.opticaltoys.com/whirl03.JPG
Speculation & The Stock Market
• The rise of new industries, improved production techniques, and mass markets
helped fuel a speculative boom on the stock market, where millions of people invested in
the hope of striking it rich.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/857766599/
Prohibition• Protestant reformers saw liquor as the cause
of poverty, crime, and the breakdown of family.
• These reformers saw Prohibition as a chance to eliminate many undesirable features of
modern urban life.
http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/images/ProhibitionTile.jpg http://www.lancefuhrer.com/images/prohibition.jpg
Eighteenth Amendment• In 1919, the 18th amendment was ratified, banning the sale of alcoholic
drinks.
http://www.albany.edu/~wm731882/newspaper1.jpg
Rejection of Prohibition• By 1933, many saw this “experiment”
of Prohibition as a failure because many Americans refused to accept the
ban on alcoholic beverages.
http://www.umich.edu/~eng217/student_projects/nkazmers/prohibition%20failed.jpg
http://www.beertutor.com/articles/images/repeal.jpg
Organized Crime• Instead of reducing crime by banning
alcohol, the demand for illegal liquor helped stimulate the growth of organized crime in
the 1920’s.
http://drugpolicycentral.com/bot/images/prohibition_era_cartoons/prohibition_pals.jpghttp://www.juegomania.org/Gangsters:+Organized+Crime/fotos/pc/1/1181_c/Caratula+Gangsters:+Organized+Crime.jpg
Twenty-first Amendment• The great social experiment, Prohibition,
was finally repealed by the 21st amendment – demonstrating that
unpopular laws are often difficult or impossible to enforce.
http://teachers.sduhsd.net/jetheridge/U.S.%20History/1920/Prohibition-2.jpg
Scopes “Monkey” Trial• In 1923-24, twelve states, including
Tennessee, passed laws that forbid teaching Darwin’s theory of evolution because it
contradicted the Bible’s account of creation.
http://msu.edu/course/mc/112/1920s/Scopes/bestminds.jpghttp://images.salon.com/news/feature/2005/01/10/evolution/cover.jpg
Theory of Evolution• Darwin’s theory of evolution taught that humans and other species had developed over millions of years from lower forms of
life.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/kimberlyb/1340293562/ http://www.borndigital.com/cg/smonk.jpg
The Trial• In 1925, John Scopes, a biology teacher, was
tried and convicted for teaching evolution.• William Jennings Bryan, the former Democratic
and Populist presidential candidate, assisted the prosecution.
• Scopes was defended by Attorney Clarence Darrow.
• The trial illustrated the clash between new scientific theories and older fundamental
religious beliefs.
http://www.bitsofnews.com/images/graphics/scopes_monkey_trial.jpeg
http://www.realestateparrsboro.com/Nov29Scopes.jpg
• William Jennings Bryan was a Populist and Democratic presidential candidate, lost in 3
elections.• Successful reforms include the direct election of
Senators, income tax, and women’s suffrage.• A believer in the literal interpretation of the Bible, Bryan assisted in the prosecution of the
Scopes “Monkey” Trial.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/monkeytrial/peopleevents/images/p_bryan2.jpg
• Clarence Darrow, a celebrated attorney who defended labor leaders accused of murder in
the Haymarket Affair, labor leaders involved in the Pullman Strike of 1894, and war protestors
during WWI.• Darrow supported the theory of evolution and
the separation of church and state, thereby defending John Scopes during his trial.
http://www.getnet.com/~ksup/img/darrow2a.jpg
Immigration Restriction• After WWI, nativist feeling against immigrants
led Congress to limit immigration for Southern and Eastern Europe.
• The Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924, and 1929 established quotas for each nationality based
on America’s existing ethnic composition.
http://si.unm.edu/bern_2003/virginia/vir_tl/ellis-1.jpg
Lost Generation• During the 1920s, young people displayed growing freedom in their dealings with each
other.• They dated without taking along a chaperone.
• Flappers wore short skirts and danced the Charleston.
http://cas.umkc.edu/ams/Cheesecake/jpgs/193.jpg
“The Great Gatsby”Book & Movie Recommendation
• The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, hinted that the search for purely material success often led to
tragedy.
http://www.progressive.gr/dvd/largephotos/GreatGatsby.jpg
http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/~mbg/a/fun2-images/great-gatsby.jpg
Women in the Twenties• New household appliances reduced
housework.• Greater numbers of women went to college
and worked outside the home.• Women demonstrated a new economic independence and became more assertive.
http://www.lyon.edu/webdata/Groups/Collhist/girlsbask.gif
• The Harlem Renaissance is often referred to as the Jazz Age, reflecting
the greater importance of African American music.
http://www.arikah.net/encyclopedia/images/thumb/d/d8/180px-Stamp-ctc-jazz-club.jpg
• Marcus Garvey stressed racial unity through self-help and encouraged African Americans to set up their own shops and businesses.
• Garvey supported a plan in which African Americans would migrate to Africa.
http://www.africamaat.com/IMG/jpg/MARCUS-GARVEY_0.jpg
Leisure Time• More leisure time gave people greater
opportunity for entertainment.
• They turned to spectator sports, the radio, movies, and magazines.
http://www.msu.edu/~jeakleke/AMERIBOY.jpg http://www.fighttoys.com/Dempsey,Jack%20(to%20Sylvia)b.JPG
http://www.flickr.com/photos/billburris/451811954/BABE RUTH JACK DEMPSEY
• Charles Lindbergh became the 1st person to fly across the Atlantic Ocean (New York to Paris) in 33 hours. This
trip made him a national hero.
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_lindbergh_1_e.jpghttp://www.originaldo.com/charles%20lindbergh-postcard.jpg