The Roaring 20’sThe Roaring 20’sAn era of prosperity,An era of prosperity,

Republican power, Republican power,

and conflictand conflict

1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the 1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age""Jazz Age"

A period of great change in American Society - modern A period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this timeAmerica is born at this time

For first time For first time the census reflected an urban societythe census reflected an urban society - - people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard of livingof living

AgeAge of Prosperityof Prosperity Economic expansionEconomic expansion Mass Production Mass Production Assembly LineAssembly Line Age of the AutomobileAge of the Automobile

Ailing Agriculture…Ailing Agriculture…

An An agri. depressionagri. depression in early in early 1920's contributed to this 1920's contributed to this urban migrationurban migration

U.S. farmers lost agri. markets U.S. farmers lost agri. markets in postwar Europein postwar Europe

At same time agri. efficiency At same time agri. efficiency increased so more food increased so more food produced (more food = lower produced (more food = lower prices) and fewer labourers prices) and fewer labourers neededneeded

Farming becomes no longer Farming becomes no longer prosperous, and bankers called prosperous, and bankers called in the farm loans due (farms in the farm loans due (farms repossessed)repossessed)

American farmers enter the American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the Depression in advance of the rest of societyrest of society

Black Americans in Black Americans in this period continued this period continued to live in povertyto live in poverty

SharecroppingSharecropping kept kept them in them in de factode facto slaveryslavery

1915 - 1915 - boll weevilboll weevil wiped out the cotton wiped out the cotton crop crop

White landowners White landowners went bankrupt & went bankrupt & forced blacks off their forced blacks off their landland

Blacks moved north to take Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime advantage of booming wartime industry (= industry (= Great MigrationGreat Migration) - Black ) - Black ghettos began to form, (i.e. ghettos began to form, (i.e. Harlem)Harlem)

Within these ghettoes a distinct Within these ghettoes a distinct Black culture flourishedBlack culture flourished

Both blacks and whites wanted Both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restrictedcultural interchange restricted

Marcus Garvey (Jamaican Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established born immigrant) established the Universal Negro the Universal Negro Improvement AssociationImprovement Association

Believed in Black prideBelieved in Black pride Advocated racial segregation Advocated racial segregation

b/c of Black superiorityb/c of Black superiority Garvey believed Blacks should Garvey believed Blacks should

return to Africareturn to Africa He purchased a ship to start He purchased a ship to start

the the Black StarBlack Star line line Attracted many “shady” Attracted many “shady”

investments: gov't eventually investments: gov't eventually charged him with w/fraud charged him with w/fraud

He was found guilty and He was found guilty and deported to Jamaica, but his deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to existorganization continued to exist

Republican PowerRepublican Power President President

HardingHarding Elected 1920Elected 1920 Legacy of Legacy of

Scandals Scandals ““Teapot Dome”Teapot Dome” Died in officeDied in office

PPresident Coolidgeresident Coolidge “The business of America is business.”“The business of America is business.”

Fordney-Fordney-McCumber TariffMcCumber Tariff

Smoot-Hawley Smoot-Hawley TariffTariff

No help for farmersNo help for farmers Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Consumer EconomyConsumer Economy

Culture of the Roaring 20’sCulture of the Roaring 20’sRadio

KDKA PittsburghGE, Westinghouse,&

RCA form NBC

Silent MoviesCharlie Chaplin

“Talkies”The Jazz SingerStarring Al Jolson

Mary Pickford“America’s Sweetheart”

CelebritiesCelebritiesBabe Ruth &Ty Cobb

Jack Dempsey

Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis

The 20’s The 20’s isis The Jazz AgeThe Jazz AgeThe Flappers• make up• cigarettes• short skirts

MusiciansLouis ArmstrongDuke Ellington

WritersF. Scott FitzgeraldErnest Hemingway

1920's also brought about 1920's also brought about great changes for great changes for women...women...

1920 - 1920 - 19th Amendment19th Amendment gave them the votegave them the vote

More women began working More women began working outside the homeoutside the home

More women went to college More women went to college and clamoured to join the and clamoured to join the professionsprofessions

Women didn't want to Women didn't want to sacrifice their wartime gains sacrifice their wartime gains - amounted to a social revolt- amounted to a social revolt

Characterized by the Characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new woman"FLAPPER/ "new woman"– (bobbed hair, short (bobbed hair, short

dresses, smoked in dresses, smoked in public...)public...)

A Society in ConflictA Society in Conflict Anti-immigrant Anti-immigrant

– National Origins ActNational Origins Act

– DiscriminationDiscrimination

Sacco-Vanzetti TrialSacco-Vanzetti Trial– Italian immigrantsItalian immigrants

– Unfair trialUnfair trial

Shift in immigration: the point of Shift in immigration: the point of origin had shifted to S & E Europe origin had shifted to S & E Europe and new religions appeared: Jewish, and new religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, CatholicOrthodox, Catholic

N. European immigrants of early 19c. N. European immigrants of early 19c. feared this shift and felt it would feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant valuesundermine Protestant values

Resurgence of NATIVISMResurgence of NATIVISM Nativists wanted Congress to restrict Nativists wanted Congress to restrict

immigration, leading to a quota immigration, leading to a quota system that favoured N. areas of system that favoured N. areas of EuropeEurope

Fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) Fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) led to a sentiment known as the Red led to a sentiment known as the Red Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Rev.)Rev.)

Because communism advocated a int'l Because communism advocated a int'l revolution by the revolution by the proletariatproletariat/workers, /workers, fear that this ideology could find its fear that this ideology could find its way into the U.S. was prevalent.way into the U.S. was prevalent.

By this time, Wilson By this time, Wilson was gravely ill was gravely ill following a strokefollowing a stroke

Attorney General, Attorney General, A. A. Mitchell PalmerMitchell Palmer, , wanted to take a wanted to take a shot at the shot at the presidency - he used presidency - he used fears of both fears of both immigrants and immigrants and communism to his communism to his advantageadvantage

He had He had J. Edgar J. Edgar HooverHoover (FBI) round (FBI) round up suspected up suspected radicals, many of radicals, many of which were deported which were deported ((Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids))

The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan Great increase

In powerAnti-black

Anti-immigrant

Anti-women’s suffrage

Anti-bootleggers

Anti-Semitic

Anti-Catholic

Scopes “Monkey” TrialScopes “Monkey” TrialEvolution vs. Creationism

Dayton, TennesseeFamous Lawyers

Science vs. Religion

John ScopesHigh School Biology teacher

ProhibitionProhibition18th Amendment Volstead Act

Gangsters

Al Capone

PROHIBITION - on manuf. and PROHIBITION - on manuf. and sale of alcoholsale of alcohol

Adopted in 1919 - Adopted in 1919 - 18th 18th AMENDMENTAMENDMENT

An outgrowth of the longtime An outgrowth of the longtime temperance movementtemperance movement

In WWI, temperance became a In WWI, temperance became a patriotic mvmt. - drunkenness patriotic mvmt. - drunkenness caused low productivity & caused low productivity & inefficiency, and alcohol was needed inefficiency, and alcohol was needed to treat the wounded to treat the wounded

Problems: it was a difficult law to Problems: it was a difficult law to enforce... Led to organized crime, enforce... Led to organized crime, speakeasies, bootleggers were on the speakeasies, bootleggers were on the riserise

Al Capone virtually controlled all of Al Capone virtually controlled all of Chicago’s illegal activities during Chicago’s illegal activities during this period - capitalism at its this period - capitalism at its zenith…zenith…

Prohibition finally ended in 1933 w/ Prohibition finally ended in 1933 w/ the the 21st Amendment21st Amendment

Forced organized crime to pursue Forced organized crime to pursue other interests…other interests…