THE ROAD TO

SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA

LECTURE I

CHRISTIANITY vs ISLAM

LECTURE II

THE DISCOVERY

LECTURE III

THE JOURNEY

LECTURE IV

THE CHURCH

Copyright © 2013

by

Dr. William J. Neidinger, Stylus Productions

and

The Texas Foundation for Archaeological & Historical Research

2

3

CHRISTIANITY vs ISLAM

I. INTRODUCTION

- 812 / 813 / 814 discovery

- stars / star / angels attract shepherds / hermit Pelagius

- excavation of site

- discovery of 3 graves in ruins

- Bishop Theodomir / Theodamar / Teodomir of Iria Flavia

- Theodomir verifies: James and two disciples (Athanasius and Theodore)

- Theodomir notifies: Alfonso II the Chaste, Pope Leo III, Charlemagne

- pilgrimage of Charlemagne > “Camino de Santiago”

- Charlemagne dies 814; Leo III dies 816

- Alfonso II dies 842; Theodomir dies 847

- Camino de Santiago

- well known fame as a pilgrimage site

- commonplace re: transmission artistic and architectural styles

- transmission of poetry, prayers, liturgical practices, ballads, music

II. THE CREATION OF GERMANIC EUROPE

- 476 “fall” of the Roman Empire

- deposition and exile of Romulus Augustulus by Odoacer

- Odoacer with German army

- contemporaries: “re-unification of Empire under Zeno”

- Odoacer hands symbols of authority to Zeno in Constantinople

- Odoacer as Patricius

- Romulus Augustulus last to be hailed as an Augustus in the west

- Byzantine chroniclers of 6th c. declare 476 as: “Fall of the Empire in the West”

- Germanic invasions, migrations, settlement since 2nd

c. AD

- foederati since Marcus Aurelius (reg. 167-180)

- German imperial bodyguards of Pupienus and Balbinus

- 3rd

c. Germanic invasions: Ostrogoths, Heruli, Aurelian Wall, Dacia

- by 5th c. western Europe a series of Germanic kingdoms owing nominal allegiance to Emperor of the

Romans in Constantinople

- Visigoths: Spain-Gaul

- Suevi: northwest Spain-Portugal; conquered by Visigoths in 585

- Vandals: 439 conquered Carthage > piracy; 455 sack Rome

- Franks: northern Gaul; Burgundians: central Gaul; conquered by Franks in 534

- Ostrogoths: Italy

- Britannia: overrun by Scots, Picts, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians after 406

- 5th

c. “Roman Empire” Christian

- Catholic and Orthodox; Arian, Nestorian, Monophysite

- Justinian (reg. 527-565)

- building, Codex Justinianus

- Reconquest: 533-534 Vandal Africa

- 535-551 Ostrogothic Italy and Sicily

- 551 invasion of Visigothic Spain

- 568 Lombards invade Italy

III. THE PERSIANS

- 610 Heraclius (reg. 610-641) deposes Phocas

- 611 Chosroes II (reg. 590-628) invades Byzantium

- two-pronged attack: to Constantinople, to Egypt

- 614 Jerusalem falls; peaceful surrender; Jews put in charge (?)

- Jews take revenge on Christians

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- destruction of Christian shrines in Palestine

- Christian revolt > 3-week siege; Chosroes sacks Jerusalem

- Church of the Holy Sepulchre largely destroyed

- True Cross captured, taken to Persia along with Christian POWs

- 62,455 Christians executed (accd. Thomas the Gravedigger)

- Christian refugees with relics to Cyprus, Constantinople, Rome, Sicily

- 619 Egypt (Alexandria) captured; grain to Constantinople cut; Christian refugees

- Heraclius: abandon Constantinople, launch re-conquest from Carthage

- Patriarch Sergius’ vow from Heraclius; church treasures hocked

5 April 622 (Easter Monday) Heraclius leads troops from Constantinople

- Patriarch Sergius as regent, defense of city

- letter from Chosroes II to Heraclius: blasphemies

- 623 Heraclius advances into Persian territory

- 627 Heraclius into heart of Persian territory

- Chosroes II deposed > peace with Byzantium

- Persian troops abandon all Byzantine provinces

- 628 Heraclius returns to Constantinople

- 630 Heraclius restores Cross to Church of the Holy Sepulchre

- builds Golden Gate (?)

- patriarch recognizes seals on Cross

- legend: Heraclius divides Cross into 19 parts

- post-630 clean up the destruction; make city livable; minor repairs of some churches

IV. ISLAM

- 630 Mohammed enters Mecca in triumph; cleanses Ka’aba

- 632 Mohammed dies

1. Great Apostasy

2. successor to the faith

- Abu Bekr chosen as khalafa = (Ar) successor

- prayer leader, religious and military authority

- dissension from Abbas and Ali

- succession through bloodline of Mohammed

- Shi’at Ali = (Ar) partisans of Ali > Shi’ites

- Khalid ibn al-Walid suppresses revolt

- 634 Khalid ibn al-Walid attacks Persia, Byzantium; “Sword of God”

- 635 Damascus falls to Islamic armies

- 636 Antioch falls

- 637/8 Jerusalem surrenders after siege

- Bishop Sophronius surrenders city to Omar (reg. 634-644)

- Heraclius abandons Syria-Palestine

- flight of Orthodox Christians to Byzantine territory

- Monophysite Christians remain

- 641 Edessa falls; Heraclius dies

- 642 Persian Empire conquered

- 642 Egypt conquered (670 Cairo founded)

- 649 Cyprus falls; flight of Orthodox Christians

- 655 Battle of the Masts

- 670 Kairouan founded

- 677 siege of Constantinople fails (669-677)

- 693 all Armenia conquered

- 698 Carthage falls

- 710 Samarkand falls

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- violence within Islam

- Omar (reg. 634-644) and Othman (reg.644-656) assassinated

- Mecca besieged in partisan civil wars; Ka’aba attacked

- division within Islam

- 656 Shi’at Ali raise Ali to caliph, protest of Muawiya (Umayyad) > Sunni

- Kharijites = (Ar) Secessionists; put caliphate to vote

- Shi’ites battle Kharijites

- 661 Ali assassinated at al-Kufah; 669 Hasan assassinated

V. VISIGOTHIC SPAIN

- 408-409 civil unrest in Spain

- Roman troops in Pyrenean passes withdraw

- bumper harvest in Spain

- 409 Vandals, Suevi and Alans into Spain

- Vandals to south; (V)Andalusia

- Alans (Iranian people) to center

- Suevi to northwest

- 410 Visigoths hold Rome ransom > “sack of Rome”

- Alaric dies in southern Italy

- Atawulf leads Visigoths out of Italy into Gaul

- 411 Visigoths settle in Aquitania and Narbonensis

- Toulouse (Tolosa) as capital

- 416 Visigoths as foederati allied with Rome

- 415 Visigoths capture Barcelona (Barcino)

- 417 Visigoths battle Vandals, Suevi and Alans on Spanish soil

- on imperial orders to eliminate them from Spain

- 429 Vandals cross into Africa; Suevi dominate Spain from Mérida (Emerita Augusta)

- 451 Visigoths and Aetius defeat Attila the Hun

- 456 Visigoths (as foederati) invade Spain, battle Suevi

- 468 Visigoths capture Mérida

- Visigoths administer Spanish provinces for Rome

- 475 Euric declares an independent Visigothic kingdom

-capital in Toulouse

- 476 Romulus Augustulus deposed

- 507 Clovis (reg. 481-511) defeats Visigoths at Vouillé

- Visigothic defeat because of steady migration to Spain since 490s

- capital: Toulouse > Toledo (Toletum)

- functioning anarchy rather than a stable province or kingdom

- Leovegild (reg. 568-586)

- halts slide into chaos and establishes a stable kingdom

- subdues Basques; hems in Byzantines (551 Justinian’s Reconquest)

- 585 eliminates Suevi kingdom

- dons imperial regalia: crown and throne; mints imperial style coinage

- Latin official court language (Gothic language dying since 450s)

- 580 Arian Church Council of Toledo: enticements for converts to Arianism

- conflicts > failure

- 587 Reccared (reg. 586-601) converts to Roman Catholicism

- smooth transition; accommodation of Arian bishops’ claims

- conversion makes possible alliance of throne + altar

- Toledo as political capital, royal residence and chief ecclesiastical city; bureaucracy

- Toledo also as intellectual center of VG kingdom

- Roman Catholicism official religion; un-Christianized areas of north

- 78 bishoprics in Visigothic Kingdom

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- regular councils of Spanish church held at Toledo

- councils called by king; bishops acclaim king’s decrees; kings approve bishops’ edicts

- unique liturgy

- developed from native Hispano-Roman Christian liturgy

- Filioque recited in Creed

- monasticism slow to develop in Spain

- late 6th - early 7

th c. monasteries to northern mountain ranges

> Christianize rural pagans

- pilgrimage shrines: St. Vincent (Zaragosa), St. Eulalia (Córdoba, Mérida, Barcelona)

- Leander of Seville (ca. 540-ca. 600)

- archbishop of Seville; traveled to Constantinople on Church matters

- critical in conversion and teaching of Reccared

- facilitates transition and unification of Visigothic + Hispano-Roman churches

- Isidore of Seville (560-636)

- educated by Leander

- standardizes Mozarabic rite (legend: its creator)

- extensive writings on science, history of the world, history of the VGs, theology, etc.

- Etymologiae / Origines (620- incomplete)

- encyclopedia of all knowledge

- understanding through etymology

- fundamental source of information for Middle Ages

- mentions James preached in Spain before his death in Jerusalem

- Reccesvinth (reg. 649-672) and Wamba (reg. 672-680)

- fl. of Visigothic Kingdom

- 680 Wamba’s coma, crown removed > tonsured and re-awakening

- Erwig to throne > precarious hold

- unrest and factionalism

- Witiza (reg. 702-710)

- attempt to establish principle of dynastic succession; son as co-ruler

- fuels further unrest

- Chronicle of Moissac

- later medieval sources seeking to explain fall of Visigothic Kingdom

- religious reasons: decadence, corruption and sin

- modern sources: seeking to explain fall of Visigothic Kingdom

- moral reasons: decadence and corruption

VI. THE ARRIVAL OF ISLAM IN SPAIN

- 698 Carthage and Ceuta fall

- 698-710 final subjugation of Berbers in northern Africa

- 710/711 Witiza dies; Roderic elected; opposition (?)

- Musa ibn Nusayr sends Tariq Aba Zara into Spain

- previous piratical raids

- Berber army with Berber commanders

- Arab component uncertain

- 12,000-15,000 Berbers, miscellaneous north Africans

- 711Tariq defeats Roderic, Battle of the Guadalete River

- 711 Musa ibn Nusayr arrives at Cádiz > Toledo

- Berber / Arab components of army (?)

- execution of Visigothic nobles

- civil war amongst Visigoths (?)

- 711/712 Musa ibn Nusayr and Tariq take Zaragoza

- 712 Calif Walid recalls Musa and Tariq to Damascus

- parade of loot and Visigothic aristocratic prisoners

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- legend of the disgrace of Musa and near-execution of Tariq

- Abd al Aziz ibn Musa deputized to complete Spanish conquests

- Abd al Aziz marries Roderic’s widow

- Seville as administrative center, capital city

- 715 Abd al Aziz assassinated in Seville

- 721 Narbonne captured

- 721 Moslems fail to capture Toulouse

- 724 Carcassone captured by Moslems

- 732 Battle of Tours / Potiers; Charles Martel defeats Moslems

- 737 Avignon captured by Moslems; quickly abandoned

- al-Samh (reg. 718-720) conducts census in Iberian peninsula

- prelude to taxation and formal division of lands

- Toledo downsized and debased

- capital Seville until 716 > Córdoba

- 731 rebellion of Berber garrisons in Pyrenees

- grievances at unequal land distribution; rebellion suppressed by Arab commanders

- 739 Berber rebellion in North Africa

- 740 Berber revolt spreads to Spain

- continuing resentment at division of land / spoils

- forces loyal to Arab commanders fail to quell rebellion

- Arab forces sent from Syria to quell revolt

- 742 revolt ends; Syrian army refuses to leave Spain > civil war until 743

- 751 Night of Abu-Futrus; Abu Abbas as-Saffah

- Umayyad > Abbasid

- Umayyads < Umayya, great grandfather of the first calif

- Abbasids < Abbas, uncle of Mohammed

- Abbasid attempt at destroying Umayyad line

- banquet of the Night of Abu Futrus

- Abbasids establish new line of califs in Damascus > Baghdad

- Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu’awiya escapes to north Africa

- 756 Adb al-Rahman crosses to Iberian peninsula and connects with Umayyad loyalists

- 757 Abd al-Rahman orders the name of the Abbasid calif omitted from Friday prayers

= declaration of independence from Damascus; dynasty

- amir / emir = (Ar) commander or malik = (Ar) king

- 763 first Umayyad coinage minted in Spain

- three decades to subdue Islamic al-Andalus

- 777/8 Moslem rulers of Barcelona and Zaragoza to Charlemagne

- 778 Charlemagne advances on Barcelona and Zaragoza

- Pamplona (Basque) sacked en route; walls razed

- change of heart on part of Moslem rulers

- Charlemagne retreats after unsuccessful siege

- ambush at the pass of Roncevalles by Basques

> Chanson du Roland

- 785 Abd al-Rahman begins construction of Mezquita of Córdoba

- Córdoba as political and cultural rival to Damascus

- 788 Abd al-Rahman dies; designates son, Hisham, as heir

> fraternal and civil war

- al-Hisham I (reg. 788-796)

- suppression of various rebellions

- al-Hakem I (reg. 796-822)

- 805 Córdoba uprising > 72 ringleaders crucified

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VII. SPANISH CHRISTIAN RESISTENCE

- 718 or 722 (May 28) Battle of Covadonga

- Mount Aseuva in Asturias; Pelagius / Pelayo

- defeat of a Moslem armed force.

- Moslem army: 100s, 1,000s > 180,000

- Bishop Oppa of Seville

- Pelayo initiates the attack carrying a wooden cross

- Moslems counter-attack until 30 men and 10 women left

- Moslem casualties: commander killed, Bishop Oppa captured; 100s-124,000 dead

- aftermath of the Battle of Covadonga: Pelayo crowned king

- establishes capital at Cangas

- revives the Visigothic Christian Kingdom; initiates the Reconquista

- Pelayo (reg. 722-737)

- expands “kingdom” throughout Asturias; no Moslem counterattacks

- nature and boundaries of kingdom unknown

- Alfonso I the Catholic (reg. 739-757)

- raids against: Lugo, Tuy, Oporto, Braga, Salamanca, Astorga, León, Zamora

- defeat of Moslem garrisons

- Christian populations carried back to Asturias

- Moslem advance positions: Coimbra, Talavera, Toledo, Guadalajara, Tudela, Pamplona

- creation of no-man’s-land in Duero Valley

- successors of Alfonso I:

- attacks against Basques

- attacks against remaining Berber garrisons in northern Iberian peninsula

- Alfonso II the Chaste (reg. 791-842)

- capital moved to Oviedo; bishopric

- revival of the traditions of the Kingdom of the Visigoths

- Albelda Chronicle

- building programs in Oviedo

- titles and paraphernalia of VG court

- refuge for Christian fugitives from al-Andalus

- diplomatic relations with Charlemagne (reg. 768-814)

- 798 briefly occupies Lisbon

- 812 / 813 discovery of the tomb of St. James > Santiago de Compostela (SdC)

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THE DISCOVERY

I. REVIEW

- 718 or 722 (May 28) Battle of Covadonga

- beginning of Spanish Christian resistance to Islam; Reconquista (1492)

- Pelayo (reg. 722-737)

- expands “kingdom” throughout Asturias; no Moslem counterattacks

- nature and boundaries of kingdom unknown

- Alfonso II the Chaste (reg. 791-842)

- capital moved to Oviedo; bishopric

- revival of the traditions of the Kingdom of the Visigoths (Albelda Chronicle)

- building programs in Oviedo

- titles and paraphernalia of VG court

- against accommodation of Christian hierarchy with Islamic al-Andalus

- refuge for Mozarabic fugitives from al-Andalus

- diplomatic relations with Charlemagne (reg. 768-814)

- 798 briefly occupies Lisbon

- 812 / 813 (814, 818) excavation of site and discovery of graves amongst ruins

- Bishop Theodomir of Iria Flavia

- Theodomir verifies: James and two disciples (Athanasius and Theodore)

- James who had preached in Spain

- Theodomir notifies: Alfonso II the Chaste, Pope Leo III, Charlemagne

- Alfonso II arrives; builds small wooden chapel at site

- compostela < (L) campus stellae = field of the star

< (L) campus stellarum = field of the stars

- first mention of Compostela in a document of 914

- fighting pilgrimage of Charlemagne > “Camino de Santiago”

II. JAMES THE ELDER

- James the brother of Jesus (Mark 6:3)

- initially did not believe in Jesus (Mark 3:31, et al.)

- converts and becomes a Church elder (Galatians 1:19)

- also called “The Just” (Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 2.23.4)

- thrown from Temple, stoned to death (Josephus, Antiquities 20.200)

- presumably buried in Jerusalem

- James the Younger / Lesser

- son of Alphaeus (Mark 2:14)

- present at Last Supper (Matthew 26:20)

- present at selection of Matthias (Acts 1:13)

- James the brother of Jesus and James the Lesser

- same person (?)

- different people, stories conflated

- James the Elder / Greater

- Sanctus Iacobus > Sant Iago > Santiago > Diego

- son of Zebedee, brother of John, (Mark 1:19 et al.)

- fishermen, second and third called (Mark 1:20 et al.)

- called “Sons of Thunder”

- curing of Peter’s mother-in-law (Mark 1:29-31)

- raising of Jairus’ daughter (Luke 8:51 et al.)

- Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1-13 et al.)

- present at Last Supper (Matthew 26:20 et al.)

- Gethsemane (Matthew 26:37 et al.)

- ca. 42-44 martyrdom under Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12:1-3); presumably buried in Jerusalem

15

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1. How / when did James the Elder become associated with Spain?

2. How / when did James the Elder’s body get to Spain?

III. JAMES THE ELDER AND SPAIN: WRITTEN SOURCES

- no NT evidence that any one of the James went to Spain

- Clement Alexandria, ca. 200 (quoted in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History (VI:18))

- James had not left Jerusalem before martyrdom

- late 1st c. AD tradition that Apostles divided up world for their missions

- not inherently implausible

- Paul does not want to encroach on others’ missions

- Paul expresses desire to preach in Spain

- Gospel of the Twelve Holy Apostles (late 1st c.)

- division of the world; Spirit grants necessary languages

- James given Latin

- no specifics re: James’ destination; western part Roman Empire

- Breviarum Apostolorum (early-mid 7th c.)

- Latin translation (and amplification) of an earlier Greek original

- mentioned by Julian of Toledo in 686

- James preached in Spain; Philip in Gaul

- James not mentioned as buried in Spain; but at achaia marmarica (?)

- Isidore of Seville, de Ortu et Obitu Patrum Sanctorum (ca. 630)

- Isidore or pseudo-Isidore or interpolated (ca. 650-700)

- James preached the Gospel in Hispania

- but does not mention James buried in Spain

- Julian of Toledo (686)

- denies James preached in Spain

- Aldhelm of Malmesbury, Sanctus Iacobus (709)

- Mauregato of Asturias (reg. 783-788)

- hymn composed in honor of God

- James is praised as “shining golden head of Spain”

- Beatus of Liébana, Commentary on Apocalyse (Book II), (ca. 785)

- James preached in Spania

- 812 / 813 / 814 / 818 discovery at Compostela

- Usuard of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Martyrology (ca. 865)

- James’ tomb at SdC

- remains translated from Jerusalem to Spain in ultimis finibus = (L) in furthest regions

- personal visit to SdC

IV. JAMES THE ELDER AND SPAIN: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

- cult of relics universal

- relics < (L) reliquiae = remains

- primary relics = body or parts of the body of a saint

- secondary relics = items worn or used by saint, instruments of martyrdom

- tertiary relics = items touched to a saint’s tomb (cloths, ampullae, etc.)

- invention (inventio) of relics = discovery of relics

- translation (translatio) of relics = removal of relics from tomb, transferred to another site

- e.g., Simon Stylites

- division of relics = body or items divided

- relic collections

- 6th

c. regulation that main altar in church must have a relic within > impetus to relics trade

- 627 (?) Church of Santa Maria, Mérida

- inscription concerning church’s relics: John the Baptist, Stephen, Paul, John the Evangelist,

James (?), Eulalia, Julian, et al.

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- 712 Moslems conquer Mérida

- flight of Christians with relics

- Eulalia relics (ashes) to Oviedo

- Julian relics to Samos monastery

- Lugo area churches (740s) with relics of: Eulalia, Julian, James

- path of James’ relics uncertain

- excavations at Santiago de Compostela

- 1878-1879 and 1946-1959 widely criticized as “unscientific”

-1946-1959 archaeological excavations: cemetery of 182 graves

1- Roman cemetery: 1st-4

th c. AD

2- Suevian-Visigothic cemetery: 5th-7

th c.

3- stratum (.6 meters) of clean dirt > no occupation

4- remains of churches of Alfonso II and Alfonso III

- central focal point of burials

- Roman mausoleum of 1st-2

nd c. AD or “late Roman”

- “martyrium”: 6.4 x 4.7 meters

- 2 rooms; one with mosaic pavement

- large room with empty tomb

- body later removed to a more suitable shrine

- tomb of Bishop Theodomir of Iria Flavia discovered

- buried not at episcopate in Iria Flavia

- buried at site of discovery

- Bishop Theodomir’s sarcophagus dated 20 October 847

- James the Elder

- faithful buried near saint

- nothing (graffito) to verify James (e.g., Peter and Paul)

- Priscillian (ca. 340-385/387)

- born in Galicia; Roman Senatorial pagan family

- ca. 370 converts to Christianity

- call for extreme asceticism, Scriptural studies, preparation for end of times

- call for clerical and general celibacy

- use of apocryphal texts

- charges of Manichaean dualism; heresy

- criticism of Church worldliness

- 380 Council of Zaragoza

- antagonizes Spanish and Gallic church hierarchy

- still a layman, becomes bishop of Avila

- conflict draws in emperors Gratian and Magnus Maximus, Bishop / St. Ambrose of Milan,

Pope Damasus I, Macedonius (pagan high official), Bishop / St. Martin of Tours

- 385-387 Council of Trier

- Priscillian confesses to sorcery; tortured (?)

- Priscillian and others executed by civil authorities

- Priscillian’s body returned to Galicia and buried

12

- Priscillian regarded in Galicia as “orthodox” bishop and a saint

- tomb = saint’s tomb

- cult develops around tomb; oaths sworn, miracles recorded

- faithful buried near saint

- cult continues for about 200+ years

- cult of Priscillian then dies out

- nothing (e.g., graffito) to verify Priscillian

- field of tombs around central grave

- compostum + illa = (LL) little burial place; componere = (LL) to bury

- 614 Persian conquest of Jerusalem

- destruction of Christian shrines

- execution of Christians

- flight of Christians and relics

- relics of James

- Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem / St. James

- aka, “Apostolic See of St. James in Jerusalem”

- Cathedral of St. James (11th-12

th c., with known 6

th c. parts, earlier?)

- dedicated to: James the Lesser (the brother of Jesus)

and to James the Elder

- James the Lesser (the brother of Jesus)

- first bishop of Jerusalem

- James the Lesser still buried beneath high altar

- church on spot where James Elder decapitated

- contained burial of James the Elder

- head of James the Elder still there

- church destroyed by Persians

1. Justinian (reg. 527-565) had already presented “relics” of James to monastic community at Raithiu

(Rutho) in Sinai; monastery founded by Justinian; monastery discovered in 1984 (?)

2. Justin II (reg. 565-578) brings “relics” of James to Church of St. James in Constantinople

3. 614 Christians flee with “relics” of James to Cyprus

- Katalymmata ton Plakton martyrium (616/619- ca. 650)

- “relics” of James; Leontius of Neapolis (fl. 7th c.) Life of St. John the Almsgiver 14

- 630 Heraclius restores the True Cross to Church of the Holy Sepulchre

- patriarch recognizes seals on Cross

- legend: Heraclius divides Cross into 19 parts

- 638 Moslems conquer Jerusalem

- repeat of 614 (?)

- Christian Jerusalem still under repair

- flight of Orthodox Christians and relics

- 642 Moslems conquer Egypt (Rutho Monastery with “relics” of James)

- 649 Moslems conquer Cyprus

- Katalymmata ton Plakton martyrium destroyed

- 642 - 649 flight of Christians and relics (from Cyprus, Sinai)

- to “the ends of the earth”

- e.g., Egyptian, Levantine monks and Rome, Ireland, Britannia

- post-649 arrival of relics in Spain

- arrival at Iria Flavia; Fisterra < (LL) finis terrae = end of the earth; SdC

- first mentions of ministry of James in Spanish literature

- cult of St. James dies out

- 812 a body (?) identified as James discovered at Compostela

- Theodomir of Iria Flavia discovers ruins with bodies

- some mark that identified ruins and bodies with James

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V. FLESHING OUT THE NT HISTORY OF JAMES THE ELDER

- Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend (ca. 1260)

- James preached in Judaea and Samaria

- to Spain with / converted Seven Apostolic Youths (disciples of James in Spain)

- ministry in Spain

- January 2, 40 in Zaragoza, vision of the Virgen del Pilar

- ministry in west of Spain

- return to Judaea

- James and Hermogenes the magician and Philetus

- arrest and execution; conversion of Josias (arresting scribe)

- disciples Athanasius and Theodore take body back to Spain

- rudderless, sailess boat > stone boat to Iria Flavia

- Queen Lupa and wild bulls; conversion of Lupa

- burial of James and then Athanasius and Theodore at SdC

VI. THE HISTORY AND LEGEND OF THE ROAD TO SANTIAGO

- Islamic occupation of Galicia short-lived and superficial

- monasteries looted and destroyed

- 740 Berbers abandon outposts

- 740-800 period of Galician independence vs growth of post-Pelayo Asturias

- reversion to Visigothic traditions

- Galicia isolated from western Christianity

- 812 discovery

- 812 Alfonso II travels to SdC

- not on “Road to Santiago” but by old Roman road or by sea

- Alfonso II builds church / orders church to be built

- church, two monasteries, surrounded by a wall

- endowed with 3-mile radial grant of land

- not as magnificently endowed as Oviedo churches and monasteries

- poorly built, rubble and clay, wattle-and-daub

- pre-814 “pilgrimage” of Charlemagne

- James appears in a dream to Charlemagne: “win Spania for Christianity”

- Charlemagne to SdC (discovery!), conquers all Spain

- Saracen reconquest and a third war

- last war: Charlemagne back to Spain (Zaragoza); Roland and Roncevalles

- sources: Chanson de Roland (late 11th c., relying on earlier oral materials)

- Historia Caroli Magni / Codex Calixtinus (IV) (early 12th c.)

- 777 Moslem rulers of Barcelona & Zaragoza appeal to Charlemagne for aid

- 778 Charlemagne advances on Barcelona and Zaragoza

- Pamplona (Basque city) sacked en route; walls razed

- change of heart on part of Moslem rulers

- Charlemagne retreats after unsuccessful siege

- ambush at the pass of Roncevalles by Basques > Chanson du Roland

- sites at Roncevalles associated with Roland, Charlemagne

- “fighting” pilgrimage to SdC

- founds Road to Santiago after conquering lands from Moslems

- builds Sahagún churches and monasteries, erects Cross of Charlemagne

- discovers tomb of St. James

- 812-813 Charlemagne attested to be in Aachen area

- 28 January 814 Charlemagne dies in Aachen

- Louis I the Pious (reg. 813-840)

- hears of cult of St. James in SdC but does not go on pilgrimage

- 844 (852, 859) Battle of Clavijo; Ramiro I of Asturias (reg. 842-850)

14

- 100-virgins annual tribute to Córdoba, rebellion of Ramiro I

- Ramiro I against Abd-al-Rahman II

- vision / dream of Ramiro I; James orders confession and communion

- Santiago! as war cry

- James / Santiago aids Christians

- James / Santiago then surnamed Matamoros = (Sp) Moor-killer

- all Christians of Spain with tax to Santiago

- Ramiro I creates Order of Santiago

- Battle of Clavijo a fabrication of 12th c. annalists

- 899 Alfonso III (reg. 866-910) rebuilds SdC church

- Bishop Sisnando of Iria Flavia

- revival of traditions of Visigothic kings

- lack of a patron saint for kings

- St. Leocadia of Toledo

- martyr under Diocletian

- basilica in Toledo on the Tagus River; two other churches in city

- site of some Spanish church councils

- 7th

c. basilica rebuilt

- patroness of Visigothic kings

- relics translated to Oviedo during Alfonso II; 11th c. to France

- Toledo churches destroyed by Moslems

- 874 Alfonso III and Jimena present new Angel Cross to James

- In hoc signo vincitur inimicus. Hoc signo tuetur pius.

- reminisce of Constantine and Milvian Bridge

- Alfonso III’s victory in Asturian civil war

- 899 new church built at SdC

- 80 feet long; imported marbles

- square apse; nave and side aisles

- marble sculptures

- 17 Spanish bishops attend consecration

- some relics of Eulalia and Leocadia deposited in new church

- grants of land to SdC church

- land confiscated from Galician rebels

- land conquered from Moslems

- James as Alfonso III’s patronus

- 906 correspondence of Alfonso III and clergy of Tours

- request to purchase an imperial crown (?)

- requests for books; posthumous miracles of St. Martin of Tours

- French inquiry re: SdC

- response: James of Zebedee, location, pilgrims, miracles

- Alfonso III’s patronage of Galician shrine to win over Galicians

- constant Galician “rebellions” against Asturias

- Galician independence from Asturias

- Bishop Sisnando of Iria Flavia (Galicia) of Asturian lineage

- Alfonso III awards Galician counts lands in new conquests: Leon, Portugal

- James to be patronus to kings of Galicia, Asturias, Leon, Castile

- 10th

c. documents James as patronus noster

- royal land grants > aristocratic land grants

- 10th

c. documents frequent mention of pilgrims

- spreading fame of SdC and spreading skepticism of SdC claims

- 10th

c. ecclesiastical writings re: James and SdC

- doubts of other bishops and monks

15

- 10th

c. pilgrimages of French clerics and rulers

- abbots, bishops, archbishops, counts, dukes

- 968 Vikings raid SdC

- 997 al-Mansur (Almanzor) sacks SdC, destroys church, bells back to Córdoba, adorn Grand Mosque

16

THE JOURNEY

I. INTRODUCTION

- Abd al-Rahman III (reg. 912-961) fl. Islamic Andalusia

- kalifa = (Ar) The Successor (to the Prophet Mohammed)

- independence from Baghdad (Sunni) and Cairo (Shi’ite)

- Hakem II (reg. 961-976), Hisham II (reg. 976-1009)

- government by al-Mansur and son Abd al-Malik

- al-Mansur (?-1002)

- title al-Mansur = (Ar) the Victorious > Almanzor

name: Abu ‘Amir Muhammad ibn ‘Amir al-Ma’afari

- raids against Christians

- 997 SdC

- no conquests, for Islam

- looting expeditions

- 1002 al-Mansur, returning from raids, dies at Medinacelli

- 1002-1008 raiding policies continued by (son) Abd al-Malik

- 1008 Abd al-Malik dies

- Fitnah = (Ar) The Insurrection: 1008-1031

II. SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA RISES FROM ITS ASHES

- 844, 858 Viking raids along coast of Galicia

- 968 Viking assault on SdC; bishop killed

- 997 al-Mansur sack of SdC

1. wealth of SdC

- Ibn Hayyan (11th c. Moslem historian)

2. inadequate defenses of SdC

3. “shrine in ashes; body of James spared”

- 997 Bishop (St.) Pedro de Mezonzo (930-1003) evacuates city with relics

- al-Mansur enters deserted city; monk (Mezonzo) at tomb

- al-Mansur “spare James’ tomb”

- 8 days of sack and loot; city razed

- 4,000+ POWs, bells, doors to Great Mosque of Córdoba

- Mezonzo starts clean-up of SdC

- aid of Bermudo II of Galicia and Leon (reg. 982-999)

- details uncertain

- 1003 Mezonzo dies

- Bishop Cresconius (reg. 1036?-1066)

- leads army against Vikings

- builds walls around SdC

- 7-gated city

- western towers added to church; a tower to the west (?)

- claims SdC an “apostolic see” < condemned by Rome

- establishes a school at SdC

- Bishop Diego Peláez (reg. 1066?-1088)

- plans to rebuild church

- ambulatory with radiating chapels

- choir

- transepts with chapels

- influence of: Tours, Limoges, Toulouse, Cluny

- work starts in 1074/1075

- 1088 Diego Peláez deposed

- 1094-1096 Dalmatius (Cluniac) bishop of SdC

17

- Bishop / Archbishop Diego Gelmírez (reg. 1100-1149)

- a Gallego; served Raymond of Burgundy, Count of Galicia

- administer temporalities of St. James

- 1099: layman > deacon > bishop

- reform clergy of cathedral

- reform of cathedral school

- restarts building program

- 1105 consecration of main altar, ambulatory chapels and altars

- 1112 demolish remains of Alfonso III church

- 1116-7 riots against Gelmírez; roof burns, belltower destroyed

- riots over licensing of souvenir stands, share of pilgrimage profits

- 1117 stone roof started

- 1120 SdC > metropolitan bishop / archbishop

- Gelmírez = archbishop

- 1124 “most” of church completed

- 1124-1128 cloister built

- post-1128 Episcopal Palace built

- also: 1115 builds fleet (Genoese) to fight against pirates harassing pilgrims

- mint established at SdC

- invites merchants and moneychangers to SdC

- Historia Compostelana

- written during Gelmírez’ lifetime

- history of Gelmírez

- 1168-1188 Master Mateo constructs choir and Portico of Glory

III. EL CAMINO DE SANTIAGO

- never any single one road to SdC

- multiple routes across Europe to Pyrenees to SdC

- multiple routes within Spain

- additional Spanish, Portuguese routes with new Christian conquests

- little tangible remains of sea routes

- existence of old Roman road network

- La Coruña-Lugo-Astorga-Palencia-Pamplona-Roncevalles-Bordeaux

- built piecemeal during Roman rule

- used during Suevi-Visigothic era

- survived Moslem invasions

- mentioned as “Galician merchants’ road” in 10th c. sources

- Cluny

- 10th

-11th c. reformist movement within Benedictine order

- 1109 Cluny with 1,184 dependencies across Europe

- 1150 Cluny with 1,500+ dependencies

- 1075 Lugo area, first Cluniac monastery in Galicia

- Alfonso VI of Castile (reg. 1065/1072-1109)

- 4 monasteries to Cluny

- 1094 Dalmatius (Cluniac monk) made bishop of SdC

- 1096 Urban II (Cluniac) extends Crusading ideal to war against Islam in Spain

- 1100 Diego Gelmírez appointed as bishop of SdC by Paschal II (Cluniac)

- Paschal II preaches Crusade to rescue infant Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099)

- 1124 Diego Gelmírez preaches “Crusade” against Moslems of Spain

- indulgence to go to war against Islam

- full absolution and remission of sins if die in battle

- protect property of Crusader while on Crusade

- refers to warriors as milites Christi = (L) soldiers of Christ

18

- 1123 Callistus / Calixtus II (reg. 1119-1124)

- brother of Count Raymond of Galicia

- declares wars against Moslems in Spain = Crusade

IV. CODEX CALIXTINUS (LIBER SANCTI JACOBI)

- Book of Callistus / Calixtus, Book of St. James

- 1135-1139 (or 1160s) by Aymeric Picaud

- Aymeric Picaud compiles earlier works, adds own writings, forges letter

- French scholar; also called: secular priest, Cluniac monk, goliard poet

- Preface

- forged letter of Callistus

- addressed to Cluniac monks

- 14 years as youth wandering about collecting stories of James

- recounts deprivations: shipwrecks, fires, imprisonment, robberies, etc.

- interest in proper liturgies and prayers

- Book I: Liturgies

- liturgies of James, sermons, story of martyrdom of James

- discussion of the spiritual dimensions of pilgrimage

- Book II: Miracles

- 22 miracles attributed to James

- Book III: Transfer of James’ body from Palestine to SdC

- scallop shell story

- Book IV: Charlemagne and Roland

- attributed to Archbishop Turpin of Reims (d. ca. 800)

- sagas of Charlemagne and Roland

- stories of Santiago Matamoros

- Book V: The Guide

- guide book of the routes from France to SdC

- Toulouse (Arles) Route

- Arles: amphitheater, Church of St. Trophime, St. Gil

- Toulouse: St. Sernin Basilica

- Jaca

- Le Puy Route

- Moissac

- Cluny near Le Puy and Vezelay

- Limoges (Vezelay) Route

- Vezelay: Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene (Cluniac)

- Tours (Paris) Route

- three French routes converge at Roncevalles

- all routes converge at Puente la Reina

- Roncevalles to Puente la Reina to SdC ≈ El Camino de Santiago

- El Camino Francés = (Sp) French Road

- El Camino del Apóstol = (Sp) Road of the Apostle

- route along El Camino Francés / El Camino del Apóstol changed constantly

- feeder routes from north and east of France

- new routes with Christian conquests

- Mediterranean Routes:

- Barcelona (801) to Huesca (1097) to Puente la Reina

- Tarragona (1120) to Zaragosa (1118) to Puente la Reina

- Portuguese Routes:

- Oporto (868) to SdC

- Coimbra (1064) to Oporto to SdC

- Lisbon (1147) to Coimbra to Oporto to SdC

19

- El Camino Inglés = (Sp) English Road

- (Dublin / Liverpool / Plymouth / London) to La Coruña to SdC

- Castilian Road

- Toledo (1085) to Ávila (1088) to Salamanca (939) to León to SdC

- 11th c. more common for priests to assign pilgrimage for penance

- 11th c. development of ceremonies germane to pilgrimages

- blessing of the scrip and staff

- prayers for the safety of the pilgrim

- Callistus II establishes Compostelan / Jacobean Holy Year, 25 July on a Sunday

- special graces and indulgences

- 1139 Christian victory at Aulic (Portugal) on July 25 > Santiago Matamoros!

- 1147-8 Lisbon, Lleida, Tortosa campaigns billed as “Crusades”

- European knights to war and SdC pilgrimage

- 1170 Order of Santiago founded; Crusading order to fight Islam, protect pilgrims

V. FROM PARIS TO SANTIAGO

- Tour Saint-Jaques

- belltower of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucheries (1509-1523)

- butchers of Les Halles

- Tours and St. Martin

- Martin (315?-397)

- soldier from Pannonia

- cloak to beggar, dream, conversion; Amiens

- ca. 360 leaves army (miles Christi)

- hermit > founds monastery

- bishop of Tours

- missionary to rural (pagan) Gaul; destruction pagan shrines; miracles

- Monastery of Marmoutier (Martin); cloak relic

- cloak as Merovingians’ and Carolingians’ talisman

- capella = (LL) cloak, cloak house > chapel

- cappellani = (LL) cloak guardians > chaplains

20

- Basilica of St. Martin with body of Martin; late 5th c. > late 19

th c.

- Romanesque church > Toulouse > SdC

- pilgrimage spot before SdC

- 906 interest of Alfonso III and correspondence with clergy of Tours

- request to purchase an imperial crown (?)

- requests for books; posthumous miracles of St. Martin of Tours

- Martin: imperial patronage, pilgrimage center

- Tours to Poitiers: Battle of Charles Martel

- Poitiers to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port into Pyrenees

- Cross of Charlemagne

- location unknown

- Codex Calixtinus: Charlemagne started building Camino, prayer to James

- pilgrims’ first “Spanish” prayer to Santiago, leave crosses

- 1,000s of crosses

- Roncevalles = (MF) Valley of Thorns

- Spanish side of Pyrenees; old Roman road > Camino

- 778 site of Basque ambush of Charlemagne’s rear guard under Roland

- 1130-1140 Chanson du Roland

- Basques > Moslems; Crusading ideal and pilgrimage

- recited by pilgrims; memorials left to Roland

- exact site of battle unknown

- Church of the Holy Spirit (12th c.) > “Silo of Charlemagne”

- over crypt for pilgrims who died en route

- > “spot where Charlemagne buried Roland”

- Sancho VII El Fuerte, chains from the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212)

- Roncevalles to SdC: 787 km.

- to Pamplona

- or to Óbanos

- St. Mary of Eunate, 12th c.; country-side church

- slightly irregular octagon, three-sided apse, colonnade

- “Templar church”

- true purpose and origin unknown

- earliest reference from 1487 as “pilgrimage stop”

- burials of pilgrims with SdC shells

- Puente la Reina = (Sp) Queen’s Bridge; 6 spans

- built by Muniadona Mayor, wife of Sancho III (reg. 1004-1035)

- Sancho III invites Cluniac monks; unites (nominally) all Christian Spain

- convergence of French and Spanish roads

- Logroño, on the Ebro River; capital of La Rioja

- Celtic, Roman city

- Navarre and Castile disputes

- 1095 city charter from Alfonso VI of Castile

- fortified crossing on the Ebro River

- 13th c. Church of St. Bartholomew

- 16th c. Church of Santiago

- Santo Domingo de la Calzada; calzada = (MSp) road, paved path - Domingo Garcia (1019-1109); born in Burgos

- rejected by local monasteries > local hermit

- 1044 builds wooden bridge over Oja River

- bridge carries the calzada

- changes route (Roman road) from Logroño to Burgos

- clears forests; builds stone bridge; builds hospital and church

21

- aid from Alfonso VI of Castile

- hermitage > pilgrimage stop > town of Santo Domingo de la Calzada

- 1109 buried in town > church over grave

- cathedral started in 1230s

- Hugonell and the rooster and the hen; 14th c.

- cage with descendants of the birds; oracle of crumbs

- part of gallows

- Burgos; founded in 884 as castle on frontier with Islam

- 850 declared County of Castile > 11th c. Kingdom of León and Castile

- home of Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar (1043-1099)

- El Cid Campeador: Cid < (Ar) sayyidi = My Lord

- Campeador = (Sp) warrior

- fought Christians and Moslems

- 1093-1099 ruled Valencia

- poems written while alive > El Poema del Cid (ca. 1200)

- 1921 El Cid and Dona Jimena reburied in Burgos cathedral

- cathedral (1221-1567); French Gothic style (French and German architects)

- Crucifix of Burgos (13th c.); origins and purpose unknown

- ox hide > human skin

- human hair and nails (changed and clipped)

- clothing changed; warm to touch > real blood

- Frómista; popular stop 11th – 15

th c.

- Church of St. Peter (15th-16

th c.)

- Church of St. Martin (started 1035)

- Villalcázar de Sirga; Templar town

- Santa Maria La Blanca (12th - 13

th c.)

- image of Santa Maria La Blanca

- Alfonso X El Sabio and Las Cántigas de Santa Maria (late 13th c.)

- 420 poems and hymns in Gallego-Portuguese

- southern entrance with two gates

- Carrión de los Condes; ca. 800-840 taken from Moslems; on the Carrión River

- Santa Maria del Camino (13th c.); tribute scene

- San Isidoro (13th c.); city guilds, etc.

- Sahagún; supposedly from St. Facundus (San Fagun)

- St. Facundus and St. Primitivus Monastery

- 3rd

c. martyrs from León at Cea River

- 904 Benedictine monastery founded on site

- 1080 monastery to Cluny; 14th – 16

th c. university

- wars of 1800s and destruction of the monastery

- San Tirso (12th c.); brickwork

- Valencia de Don Juan; son of Alfonso X El Sabio

- 12th

-14th c. (atop earlier Moslem fort), rebuilt 15

th c.

- León; old Roman army camp, Legio VII Gemina Felix

- legio, legionis > (MSp) leon and lion (leo, leonis)

- 856 re-conquered from Moslems

- largest Spanish city on pilgrimage route

- 10th – 14

th c. as capital of Christian kingdoms

- large Jewish and Moslem quarters

- 1188 first Parliament in Europe

- Santa María de León

- built over Roman baths, palace of Ordoño II (916)

- 917/918 changed into church

22

- 1063 Ferdinand I of León brings remains of St. Isidore to León

- 1073 new church consecrated

- early 13th c. new cathedral begun (completed late 16

th c.)

- later: architect Enrique (Burgos Cathedral)

- 125 stained glass windows

- Basilica of St. Isidore; 10th c. monastery

- built over ruins of Roman temple; sacked by Almanzor

- 1063 re-dedicated to Isidore; house relics of Isidore

- rebuilt by artisans from Europe

- 1073 royal burial grounds (pantheon with 11 kings and queens)

- Ferdinand I “Emperor”

- Visigothic capitals

- 12th c. frescoes

- Hospital de Órbigo; 13th c. bridge

- hospital destroyed 17th – 19

th c.

- road splits but re-unites at Ponferrada

- Ponferrada; Iron Bridge, 11th c. stone bridge with iron clamps

- 13th c. Templar Castle protects bridge and pilgrim crossing

- Villafranca del Bierzo; 1070 Cluniac house founded here for pilgrims (franca)

- Church of Santiago and San Francisco (13th c.)

- where St. Francis stopped on his pilgrimage

- Church of Santiago (12th c.); north portal as “Gate of Pardon”

Santiago de Compostela

23

THE CHURCH

I. INTRODUCTION

- Monte do Gozo / Mount Joy

- first to spot spires of church declared “King of the Pilgrimage”

- prayers said for King; “gifts” from fellow pilgrims

- descent into town of SdC; cleared by authorities at gates; directed to lodgings

II. THE EARLIER CHURCHES

- 812 / 813 discovery of ruins with James’ tomb; Theodomir verifies tomb

- Alfonso II the Chaste builds a church over tomb, wall around church and two monasteries

- later description: wood, mudbrick, wattle-and-daub

- 847 Theodomir dies and is buried alongside James

- 899 Alfonso III builds new church at SdC

- 80 feet long; imported marbles

- square apse; nave and side aisles

- marble sculptures

- 17 Spanish bishops attend consecration

- relics of Eulalia and Leocadia deposited in new church

- grants of land to Compostela church

- land confiscated from Galician rebels

- land conquered from Moslems

- James as Alfonso III’s patronus

- 906 correspondence of Alfonso III and clergy of Tours

- request to purchase an imperial crown (?)

- requests for books; posthumous miracles of St. Martin of Tours

- French inquiry re: SdC, where? and who?

- response: James of Zebedee, location not name, pilgrims, miracles

- 968 Vikings raid SdC

- 997 al-Mansur (Almanzor) sacks SdC, destroys church, bells back to Córdoba,

- bells returned when Ferdinand III captures Córdoba in 1236

- Bishop Mezonzo starts clean-up of SdC

- Bishop Cresconius (reg. 1036?-1066)

- leads army against Vikings

- builds walls around SdC; 7-gated city

- western tower

- Bishop Diego Peláez (reg. 1066?-1088)

- plans to rebuild church (started 1074 / 1075)

- 1088 Diego Peláez deposed; extent of rebuilding uncertain

- Bishop / Archbishop Diego Gelmírez (reg. 1100-1149)

- restarts building program

- 1105 consecration of main altar, ambulatory chapels and altars

- 1112 demolish remains of Alfonso III church

- 1124 “most” of church completed

- “architects” master of works

- Bernardus the Elder and Robertus Galperinus (Peláez)

- Estebán, Bernardus the Younger

- 1124-1128 cloister built

- post-1128 Episcopal Palace built

- 1168-1188 Master Mateo (architectus) constructs choir and Portico of Glory

III. ARCHITECTURAL PRECEDENTS

- romanesque ≈ (Fr) in the manner of the Romans

- term invented by Charles de Gerville (18th c. Norman archaeologist)

24

- as Latin > romance languages

- Roman architecture > medieval architecture; 5th – 13

th c.

- a certain deprecatory tone to the concept

- gradual refinement and chronological and geographical subdivisions of term

- SdC displays typical Romanesque architectural features

- rounded arches

- ribbed barrel vault

- articulated wall elements

- triforium

- entrance portals corresponding to nave and side aisles

- pilgrimage church; veneration of relics

- ambulatory around altar/crypt; Gregory I and St. Peter’s

- radiating apsidal chapels

- transepts with chapels

- Gothic elements influencing Romanesque

- choir becomes more popular; SdC choir dismantled

- western façade

IV. SCULPTURE

1. Puerta Santa / Door of the Saint / Door of Forgiveness

- actual Puerta Santa door inside gate complex

- opened on Compostelan / Jacobean Holy Year

- off of the Plaza de la Quintana (Plaza of the Square)

- originally nine apses (main, radiating, and transept apses) all modified

- gate and frame from 19th c.; crowning statues from 1694 by Pedro do Campo

- James, Athanasius, and Theodore

- 24 sculptures from choir of Master Mateo (12th c.)

- 24 Elders of the Apocalypse around throne of God (Revelation 4:4 seq.)

- all re-cut in 19th c. to fit frames

2. The Platerias Façade

- Plaza de las Platerias / Praza das Praterias (silverworkers)

- portal to southern transept; only original door to cathedral

- inauguration of works inscription dated 1074 / 1078 / 1103

- sculptures: 1103-1117

- window archivolts and columns original

- sculptures from different sources; some original, others placed in 18th-19

th c.

- some from original Romanesque façade (pre-Master Mateo)

- other parts of church as renovations made

- other churches; various dates

- left tympanum

- Temptation of Christ (?); angels and demons

- Woman with Skull: Mary Magdalene, Eve, The Adulteress

- men, angels, fantastic beasts

- left façade

- corners with angels with trumpets

- Expulsion from Eden

- Apostles

- Sagittarius

- right tympanum

- upper: Adoration of the Magi

- lower: Curing lame, Crowning with thorns, Flagellation, Simon of Cyrene, Betrayal

- right façade

- Christ divides left from right façades

25

- corners with angels with trumpets

- Virgin and Child

- saints and clerics

- Siren

- various architectural fragments

- side wall

- Creation of Adam

- David with viola by Maestro Estebán

3. El Pórtico de la Gloria

- narthex; replaces original early 12th c. sculptures

- Master Mateo

- Ferdinand II of León: payments between 1168-1188; dedicatory inscription 1188

- “late Romanesque with the first traces of Gothic influence”

- 3 portals; central portal 2x larger and with tympanum

- decorated archivolts

- portal columns with statues

- central mullion column with James / Santiago, Noah? and Master Mateo

26

- Tympanum

- Christ Enthroned (Revelation) displaying wounds of Crucifixion

- Tetramorphs / Evangelists

- angels with instruments of the Passion

- 40 figures of the Blessed

- Tympanum archivolts

- 24 Elders of the Apocalypse with musical instruments

- Mullion

- James / Santiago as pilgrim

- Trinity and Tree of Jesse (father of David)

- Noah (?)

- Master Mateo; with inscription architectus

- facing altar

- Santo dos croques = (Gal) saint of the bumps

- Portal column statues

- Prophets of the Old Testament

- Apostles of the New Testament

- painted; scrolls and books with names painted; re-paintings

- Right portal

- Last Judgment

- archivolts divided by heads; Father and Son; Jesus and Michael (?)

- blessed and damned; children = souls

- Left portal

- figures of the Old Testament, tribes of Israel (?)

4. Choir

- by Master Mateo, 1168-1188

- first four bays of central nave

- dismantled in 1604 and replaced by wooden choir (later dismantled)

- parts into storage or reused elsewhere (Puerta Santa, Platerias)

- seats separated by columns with Corinthian-derived capitals

- friezes with cities / castles / bridges with beasts, fantastic animals

V. THE WESTERN FAÇADE

- original façade of 12th c. church repeatedly revamped 12

th – 16

th c.

- 1520 Master Martín revamps lower façade as “triumphal arch”

- two flanking towers

- staircase added in 17th c. by Ginés Martinez; Renaissance style

- late 17th c. Baroque exterior around bells added

- 1738-1759 Fernando de Casas y Nóvoa builds Obradoiro Façade

- obradoiro = (Gal) workshop; workshops in plaza

- plan adapted to 17th c. belltower design and adapted to Caracca Tower

- large windows

- James above Athanasius and Theodore as pilgrims

- tomb of James in wreath and star

- Mary Salome (right tower) and Zebedee (left tower)

- double central portal and two side doors

- Baroque composite columns and capitals

- Plaza de Obradoiro / Hospital Square

- Hospital de los Reyes Católicos (Ferdinand and Isabel)

- hospice for indigent pilgrims

- designed by Enrique de Ega; repeatedly modified until 18th c.

- Palace of Rajoy

- designed by Charles Lemaur

27

- 18th c. Bishop Bartolomé de Rajoy y Losada sponsors construction

- hostel for pilgrims, prison (for pilgrims)

- cloister of the lenguajeros = (Sp) multi-lingual priests

- lower covered colonnade

- pediment with Battle of Clavijo; Santiago Matamoros statue

- now city hall and chamber for Galicia’s Xunta (parliament)

- Saint Jerome College / Artists’ College

- 17th c. with 15

th c. portal in façade (Romanesque style)

- now rectory and university offices

VI. THE END OF THE PILGRIMAGE

- changing rituals over the years; no standard liturgical practices

- Mount Joy and the “King” and descent into the city

- inspection at city gates

- lodging: free to luxury

- charitable donations established along entire route

- dormitory rooms and subsidized meals

- Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

- various nationalities enter by various doors

- Santo dos croques

- confessions all day long; lenguajeros

- special Masses for dignitaries / emissaries in special chapels

- Masses said by visiting priests upon arrangement; chapels

- general Mass > Pilgrims’ Mass

- blessing of scrip and staff

- visitation of relics (James, Athanasius, Theodore)

- configuration of crypt and chapel changed repeatedly over ages

- reliquaries change over ages

- 16th c. relics hidden and lost; depredations of Sir Francis Drake

- relics rediscovered in 1879; verified by skull fragment

- prayers

- embrace of statue of James (by Master Mateo?)

- botafumeiro = (Gal) smoke expeller

- thurible a common usage in Galicia

- thurible in use since 11th c.; current pulley mechanism 1604

- current thurible made in 1851

- 1809 silver thurible stolen by Napoleon’s troops

- brass and bronze + 54 kg. of silver

- total 80 kg.

- 1971 another thurible donated

- La Alcachofa = (Gal) the artichoke

- La Repollo = (Gal) the cabbage

- incense for ceremonies and pilgrim smell

- 8 men swing botafumeiro in 65 m. arc

- claims of touching ceiling; 82º arc recorded

- fell in 1501, 1662, 1925, 1937

- compostelana / credencial

- evidentiary letters recorded in 13th c.

- testament that one reached SdC; penance from parish priest

- 16th c. letters allowing billeting for 3 days in Hostal Royal

- 19th c. compostelana as a certificate of visit

- 20th c. “pilgrimage passports” to get compostelana

- 20th c. foot, bicycle, horseback (not motor vehicle)

28

- visitors: records of Middle Ages to 20th c. non extant

- current numbers much in dispute

- 1986: 2,491 compostelanas issued

- 2010: 272,135 compostelanas issued (Jacobean Holy Year)

- 2011: 183,366 compostelanas issued

- Spain (40%); Germany (8%); Italy (5%); all Americas (5%)

- carnival atmosphere outside cathedral

- beggars, “entertainers”

- vendors

- scallop shell

- first mention in Codex Calixtinus (early 12th c.)

- earliest known burial with scallop shell ca. 1120 (SdC burial)

- ca. 1150 records of vendors in plaza

- ca. 1200 city regulation of scallop shell vendors; 100 licenses / year

1. James’ boat emerging from sea with scallops

2. wedding and knight emerging from sea with scallops

3. ancient pagan symbol from altars

4. Cypriot (Aphrodite) symbol

5. modern interpretations (roads, paths to God, etc.)

- association with James, Edward the Confessor, Baptism, Mont-Saint-Michel,

occasionally Jerusalem (influence of SdC?)

- James / Santiago as pilgrim

- Noya (Noah)

- Santa Maria de Noya (14th c.)

- built by various guilds of Noya

- hospice and cemetery

- Fisterra = (Gal) end of the Earth < (L) finis terrae = land’s end

- 98 km. from SdC

- when and why of additional journey unknown (Celtic origins?)

- believed to be westernmost point of continental Europe

- Celtic ruins and rites > St. William’s Stone (fertility)

- 1479 hospice for pilgrims built

- tradition of burning of clothes

- scallop shells

- return to SdC