The Rise of Islam

Chapter 11, Section 1, page 372

Chapter 11, Section 1 Objectives

• After this lesson, students will be able to:– identify ways the Arab way of life is shaped by the

deserts, coastline, and oases of Arabia.– discuss how the prophet Muhammad brought the

message of Islam to the people of Arabia.– explain the Quran and how it provides guidelines for

Muslims’ lives and the governments of Islamic states.

Daily Life in Early Arabia - 373

• The Arabian Peninsula– mostly desert– oases (oasis) – green

areas fed by underground water

– To survive, early Arabs organized into tribes who were loyal to one another.• sheikh – head of a tribe

Who Are the Bedouins? – page 373

• Bedouins – desert herders who traveled from oasis to oasis– animals were crucial

Trade and Towns – page 373

• caravans – groups of traveling merchants and animals who moved goods across the desert– Byzantine and Sassanid

Empires• Mekkah (Mecca) – largest

and richest town along the trade routes

• Ka’aba – holy shrine in Islam

Trade and Towns – page 373

Muhammad: Islam’s Prophet – page 374

• Muhammad (c. A.D.570 - 632) – founder of the Islamic faith– orphaned; raised by

grandfather and uncle– trader and business man– wife: Khadijah; children– revelation when he was

about 40 years old

Muhammad’s Message – page 374

• c. A.D. 610 – He said he was visited by the angel Gabriel, who proclaimed that he was a messenger of the one true God, called Allah (Arabic for “God”).

• Gabriel instructed him to preach Islam, which means “surrendering to the will of Allah.”– Muslims = practitioners of Islam

• Muhammad obeyed– preached that all people were equal and the rich should

share goods– Day of Judgment

Opposition to Islam – page 374

• family conversions• Wealthy merchants and religious leaders were

opposed to Islam.• A.D. 622 Muhammad forced out of Mekkah → went

to Yathrib (Madinah, which means “city of the prophet”).– journey known as the Hijrah

• Muhammad became leader of Madinah → created army → returned to Mekkah and conquered it

Islam’s Teachings – page 377

• Judaic, Christian, and Islamic religious similarities– belief in one God– prophets (Muslims believe

Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad were all prophets!)

– heaven, hell, judgment– trace ancestry to Abraham

What is the Quran? – page 377

• Quran (Qur’an or Koran) – holy book of Islam– central to Islamic faith; only the

Arabic version is considered to be the true word of Allah

– instructions on how to live (moral teachings on how to treat one another, etc.)

– Sunna – Muhammad’s example– shari’a - Quran and Sunna

assembled into a body of law

The Five Pillars of Islam – page 378

• Five Pillars of Islam – acts of worship Muslims must fulfill– Belief – declaration of faith– Prayer – five times daily (dawn, noon, mid-afternoon,

sunset, and evening) in the direction of Mekkah; usually gather at a mosque (Islamic house of worship) on Fridays

– Alms – responsibility to support the less fortunate– Fasting – no eating between dawn and sunset during the

holy month of Ramadan (exceptions)– Pilgrimage – the hajj at least once

Chapter 11, Section 1 Questions

Copy the following questions and then answer them.1. Describe the physical qualities of the Arabian

peninsula.2. What is a caravan? Why were they formed?3. Who founded Islam? What does the word “Islam”

mean?4. What do we call people who practice Islam?5. Name the holy book of Islam.6. Name the Five Pillars of Faith.

Islamic Empires

Chapter 11, Section 2, page 380

Chapter 11, Section 2 Objectives

• After this lesson, students will be able to:– describe how Arabs spread Islam through conquest,

preaching, and trade.– explain the split of Muslims into two groups with different

beliefs, and the Arab Empire’s climb to new heights.– discuss how Turks and Moguls built Muslim empires in

Asia, Africa, and Europe.

The Spread of Islam – page 380

• caliph – meant successor to the Messenger of God– Rightly Guided Caliphs – rulers who obeyed Islam’s

teachings• Abu

– Umayyad caliphs A.D. 661 – 750

The Muslims Build an Empire – page 380

• Why were the Arabs successful in building an empire?– Arab soldiers were inspired by their new faith.• death in battle for Islam = paradise

– let conquered peoples practice their own religion– Arabic language adopted frequently (common

language + holy book = unifying factor)– merchants and preachers

Preaching and Trading – page 381

• Similar to Christian missionaries, Sufis spread the teachings of Islam.

• trade

Preaching and Trading – page 381

Struggles Within Islam – page 382

• Shiites – believed that Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, should rule after Muhammad’s death

• Sunnis – believed the Umayyad dynasty should rule– Most Muslims today are Sunnis.

The Seljuk Turks – page 383• The Abbasid Empire

– capital: Baghdad

• Seljuk Turks– Abbasid caliph remained

religious leader– the Seljuks ruled the

government and the army– sultan – Seljuk ruler title,

means “holder of power”

• Mongols stormed Baghdad in 1258 → end of Arab Empire

Later Muslim Empires – page 384

• Ottoman Empire– began in Turkey– allowed religious freedom

• special tax• other requirements

(janissaries)

– Suleiman I – sultan of the Ottoman Empire in the 1500s• architecture• general

– lasted until the end of WWI

Later Muslim Empires – page 384

Who Were the Moguls? – page 385

• Moguls – people who created a Muslim empire in India– Akbar brought peace and order to India in the 1500s

Chapter 11, Section 2 Questions

Copy the following questions and then answer them.1. Define caliph.2. What brought an end to Arab unity under the Seljuk

Turks?3. Who was Suleiman I?4. Why were the Muslims successful in building an

empire?

Muslim Ways of Life

Chapter 11, Section 3, page 387

Chapter 11, Section 3 Objectives

• After this lesson, students will be able to:– explain why Muslim traders enjoyed great success and

cities grew, but most Muslims lived in villages in the country.

– identify valuable contributions to the sciences and arts made by Muslims.

Trade and Everyday Life – page 388

• Why were Muslim traders so successful?– location, location, location– Arabic language– provided coins– detailed business records → new business: banking

What Were Muslim Cities Like? – page 388

• trade = city growth• major buildings: palaces and mosques• another feature: the bazaar – a marketplace• Most Muslims lived in villages and farmed the

land.– wheat ― almonds ― olives– rice ― blackberries ― flowers– beans ― apricots– melons ― figs

Muslim Society – page 389

• Social groups were based on power and wealth.• rules regarding slaves

Muslim Achievements – page 391

• preservation of Greek heritage• mathematics and science– al-Khwarizmi – father of algebra

(from Arabic al-jabr)– Arabic numerals– astrolabe– al-Razi – considered a founder of

chemistry– Ibn Sina – doctor who showed

how diseases spread from person to person

Muslim Writing – page 393

• The Arabian Nights• Omar Khayyam – poet

who wrote the Rubaiyat– wrote books on algebra and

music as well

• Ibn Khaldun – historian who studied the effects of geography and climate on people

Art and Buildings – page 393

• designs entwined with flowers, leaves, stars, and other geometric designs instead of images of Muhammad

• mosques – dome-topped with minarets (a tower from which believers are called to prayer)

• palaces – Alhambra in Grenada, Spain

• The Taj Mahal

Chapter 11, Section 3 QuestionsCopy the following questions and then answer them.1. Give two reasons that Muslim traders were successful.2. Define bazaar.3. Name the contributions of the following people: al-

Khwarizmi, al-Razi, Ibn Sina.4. Why do Muslims refrain from using pictures of

Muhammad in the decorations of their mosques and palaces?

5. Name two famous examples of Muslim architecture.