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The Rise and Fall of New France

The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

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Page 1: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

The Rise and Fall of New France

Page 2: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

• Early 1600’s

• France

• Near Quebec

• Fur and fish trading

• Missionary – Person who teachers their religion to others

who have different beliefs

Page 3: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have
Page 4: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have
Page 5: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Stylized Flower

becomes a symbol of

French Kings

IRIS FLOWER

The white Bourbon Flag (flag of the Royal House of France) of New France

Flag of Quebec

Canadian Coat of Arms

Page 6: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

French Exploration

• In 1524, France sent Giovanni Verrazano to find the Northwest Passage to Asia.

• He discovered that North America was not an archipelago of islands, but a continent.

Page 7: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Jacques Cartier• In 1534, France sent

Jacques Cartier to find the Northwest Passage.

• He reached the Gaspé Peninsula, which he claimed for France.

• He also kidnapped two Iroquoians, Taignoagny and Domagaya, and brought them back to France to learn French so that they could guide him when they returned.

Page 8: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Cartier’s Second Voyage• The next year, Cartier arrived

in “Canada”, an Iroquoian word meaning village that Cartier thought was the name of the area around the St. Lawrence.

• He explored the St. Lawrence River, visiting Stadacona and Hochelaga.

• The rapids west of Hochelaga, which he named “La Chine” (China), prevented him from travelling further.

Page 9: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have
Page 10: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Cartier fails• Cartier’s men spent the winter at Stadacona, where 25 men

died of scurvy.

• Donnacona, the chief of Stadacona, showed Cartier how to make Vitamin C-rich tea from spruce bark and needles, saving many lives.

• To thank him, Cartier kidnapped Donnacona and took him to France, where Donnacona died.

• As a result, the Iroquois refused to trade with the French, and Cartier’s colony failed.

• The French would not try to settle in North America for another sixty years.

Page 11: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Early French settlements• In 1600, Pierre de

Chauvin and François Gravé established a French fur trading post at Tadoussac.

• In 1603, Pierre Du Gua de Monts founded a settlement at Port Royal (present day Nova Scotia).

Page 12: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Samuel de Champlain

• The settlement failed in 1607 when de Monts lost his royal fur trading license.

• In 1608, de Monts’ assistant, Samuel de Champlain, founded a colony in Quebec City.

Page 13: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN

• 1567 – 1635•Skilled Geographer and Cartographer• Believed in colonization when the French were only interested in trade and making a profit•Forged relationships with the Mi’kmaq and Huron peoples

Page 14: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

• Modern day Nova Scotia and surrounding area

• Situated in an attractive location for a permanent trading post

• Had a deep enough harbour for ships

• Very fertile farm land

• Defendable against attack

Page 15: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

• In 1604, Champlain set up a settlement there

• Unusually harsh winter that year

• Settlers suffered from scurvy (lack of vitamin C)

• Nearly half of the settlement died that winter

• Colony was moved further inland

• French claims on Acadia did not stop

Page 16: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

• Founded July 3, 1608 by Champlain• One of oldest European settlements in N.A.• At the spot where 2 waterways meet:

– The St. Lawrence– The Saint-Charles River

• In this period, these rivers are the only means of transportation

Page 17: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

• Quebec is situated on a 90 m high cliff over the St. Lawrence (Upper Town is 90m, Lower Town meets the water)

• The St. Lawrence narrows in front of Quebec– This is why the natives called the place “Kenebec,” which

means “narrow passage.”

• This makes it easier to see enemy boats if you are posted at the top of the cliff

Page 18: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

• Huron peoples became allies with the French• Huron traded farm produce to aboriginal hunters for furs• Huron then traded furs to the French for European goods• Champlain allied with the Huron and helped them attack

and defeat the Iroquois in 1609 at the battle of Ticonderoga Point south of Quebec

• Iroquois had no guns during this battle• 3 Iroquois chiefs were “picked off” by French muskets

Page 19: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Alliances with First Nations• Champlain made alliances with the Algonquins and

Montagnais that lived near Quebec, as well as with the Wendat, whom the French called “Hurons”, and who controlled most of the territory around the Great Lakes.

• Champlain sent “coureurs de bois” like Étienne Brulé to live with the Wendat, trade with them, marry their women and explore their territory.

• In addition to the coureurs de bois, the French also sent Jesuit missionaries to live with the Hurons.

• The Hurons did not want the missionaries, but the French made this a condition of trading.

Page 20: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

• Huron and Iroquois had wars over the fur trade

• Iroquois acquired guns from the Dutch

• Huron acquired guns from the French

Page 21: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

• Fashion trend in Europe in the late 1500s – beaver skin hats

• Felt from beaver skin could be moulded into many different shapes

• Beaver hats were purchased well into the 1800s

• The beaver became a cultural symbol of Canadian heritage and was immortalized on the 5 cent piece

Page 22: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

• Cardinal Richelieu of France wants to settle New France with settlers and to convert the Aboriginal people to Catholicism

• Company founded in 1627 consisting of 100 investors• Company was given seigneurial ownership of New

France and exclusive trading rights for furs• Company had to bring 200-300 settlers to New France

in 1628• 4000 more Roman Catholics were to be brought over

in the next 15 years. No Protestant settlers were allowed.

Page 23: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

• Land in New France divided into narrow strips along St. Lawrence River

• Land belonged to King of France

• Land maintained by landlord or “Seigneur”

• Landlord’s tenants (Habitants) worked the land and paid taxes to the Seigneur

• Seigneurs never really owned the land

• They were responsible for building roads and mills for the King (work done by the Habitants)

• System was unsuccessful at bringing in substantial settlement

Page 24: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have
Page 25: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Huron-Iroquois Wars• Exposure to European diseases such as measles and

smallpox reduced the Hurons’ population from 40,000 to 12,000 between 1634-1640.

• The Hurons were further weakened by divisions between Christian and non-Christian Hurons, and addiction to alcohol introduced by French traders.

• In wars over fur trading territories, the Hurons were easily defeated by the Iroquois, who were armed with muskets acquired from their Dutch allies.

• Surviving Hurons abandoned their territory and relocated to Wendake, near Quebec City.

Page 26: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Colonization of New France• In 1627, control of New France was given to

the Company of a Hundred Associates.• The company set up seigneuries along the St.

Lawrence River, feudal-style manors given to settlers.

• Peasant farmers who lived on the seigneuries were known as “habitants”.

• Montréal was founded in 1642 by the Société de Notre-Dame de Montréal, as a Catholic mission originally known as Ville-Marie.

Page 27: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

A Royal Colony• In 1660, the company

lost its trading monopoly, and New France became a royal colony.

• The first administrator was Jean Talon.

• He brought hundred of young women, known as “filles du roi” from France to marry the mostly male settlers.

Page 28: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Continued Exploration• The French continued to explore the North American

interior: in the 1650s Pierre Radisson and Médart de Groseilliers explored the Western Great Lakes.

Page 29: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Along the Mississippi

• In the 1670s traders such as Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the territory along the Ohio, Illinois and Mississippi rivers.

• René Robert Cavalier de la Salle was the first European to reach the mouth of the Mississippi River in the Gulf of Mexico in 1782.

Page 30: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

The Great Peace of Montreal• For most of the seventeenth century, New France was

at war with the Five Nations Confederacy of the Iroquois.

• The Five Nations were the most powerful First Nations in the St. Lawrence/Great Lakes region, and were allied with the Dutch and later the English.

• In the 1670s and 1680s the French negotiated treaties with the Five Nations’ enemies to the west, such as the Miami and the Illinois.

• In 1701, over 1300 delegates representing 40 nations, including the Five Nations and the French, signed a peace treaty in Montreal.

Page 31: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

French-English Wars• The French and English fought four wars in North

America.• From 1689-1697, King William’s War was

fought between the French, English and their First Nation allies in Canada, Acadia and New England.

• From 1704-1713 the French and their Spanish allies in Florida fought against the British in a war from Newfoundland to Florida.

• In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht gave the British control of Acadia.

Page 32: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

The Expulsion of the Acadians• After the British

conquered Acadia in 1713, the Acadians refused to sign an oath of loyalty to Britain, but they promised to remain neutral in the event of war.

• In 1755, following the outbreak of the Seven Years War, the British decided to expel the Acadians.

Page 33: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

Le Grand Dérangement

• 11,500 Acadians were deported (3/4 of the Acadian population of Nova Scotia), and one-third died at sea.

• The rest settled in the Thirteen Colonies, France and England, and many eventually made their way to Louisiana, where they became known as “Cajuns”.

Page 34: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

The Seven Years War

• King George’s War: fought between Britain and France, 1744-1748.

• In 1755, the Seven Years War began as a result of conflict over the Ohio Valley.

• In 1758, the British under Gen. Wolfe captured the fortress of Louisbourg, which allowed British ships to enter the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Page 35: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

The Conquest of New France

• In 1760, the British and French armies met on the Plains of Abraham.

• Both Wolfe and the French General Montcalm were killed in the battle.

• The British won, and Quebec surrendered.• Montréal was captured the same year.• The Treaty of Paris in 1763 declared New

France to be a British possession.

Page 36: The Rise and Fall of New France. Early 1600’s France Near Quebec Fur and fish trading Missionary –Person who teachers their religion to others who have

The Plains of Abraham by George Campion