WORD ORDER
All original content @ 2008 Bieneke Berendsen
THE RIGHT PART OF A SENTENCE 259
Left Middle Right
FF DIROB PF OV
1. De tulpen zullen heel veel water - blijven opnemen
2. De tulpen zullen heel veel water op blijven nemen
The tulips will keep absorbing a lot of water.
Whether the first or the second solution is used, depends on
what Dutch speaking region you visit. In many regions in Flanders,
the first solution is more common, while in the western part of the
Netherlands, you will mostly hear and read examples of the second.
In the rest of this chapter, we will stick to the second
alternative. If a separable compound verb is supported by an
auxiliary verb that needs to be followed by te, the word te stands
between the prefix and the verb.
Left Middle Right
FF DIROB TIME PF OV
Ze beloofde de opdracht morgen af te maken
She promised to finish the assignment tomorrow.
Even though the separable compound verb afmaken (to finish)
appears as an infinitive, it is separated because the auxiliary
verb beloven is always followed by te. And this little word simply
insists on being placed between the prefix and the verb.
The miscellaneous box
There is a whole bunch of sentence-components claiming the same
place in a sentence. The main ones are the five mentioned in the
blue box in the graph below. The good thing is that they do not
often occur together, so we can assign one place to all these
components. In the miscellaneous box, we find:
• the postposition • the indirect object • the complement • the
place of the direct object • the prepositional phrase (or
prepositional ‘object’, as the Dutch call it)
Introduction to Dutch grammarLearning Dutch grammarUsing this
reference
spelling and pronunciationThe Dutch alphabetThe Letter IJ
SyllablesFour syllable rulesRule IRule IIRule IIIRule IV
The combination ‘ch’Word division into syllables: Prefixes and
suffixesThe prefixes: be-, er-, ge-, her-, ont-, and ver- The
suffix: -ische for adjectivesThe suffix -thie for nouns and
-thisch(e) for adjectivesThe suffix '-achtig’ for adjectives
Dieresis: Breaking up a word between two vowels
Long vowelsDouble vowelsOpen single vowelsOpen double vowels not
allowed
Vowel combinationsCombinations that consist of two
vowelsCombinations that consist of three vowelsIeu(w) and
eeu(w)
Short vowelsFiguring out whether a vowel is short or
longPronouncing short vowelsVowels preceding ‘ch’
The letter ‘e’The ‘mute e’ (or ‘schwa’)Double eeDouble ee within
a word
Maintaining vowel lengthKeeping vowels longPlural nouns and the
rule that a syllable never ends in a double vowelKeeping a long
vowel word long
Keeping vowels shortFrom singular to pluralFrom plural to
singular
ConsonantsConsonant combinationsVoiced and unvoiced
consonantsVoiced consonants v and z turning into unvoiced f and
s
Irregular pronunciationEenAll adverbs and adjectives that end in
the suffix -lijkAll adjectives that end in the suffix –igAll words
that end in the suffix -tieIn the letter combination chtj, the
letter t is not pronouncedWhen the word contains the letter
combination th, we only pronounce tAll adjectives that end in the
suffix -ischRode and goede
Accents and apostrophesGrave accentCircumflex accentAccent
aiguTo stress a word in a phrase To distinguish een (a) from één
(one) To indicate different meanings of voor (for) French words
ApostropheTo show that a letter has been omittedTo keep a vowel
long when adding -s to a noun
SummaryRules for dividing words into syllables Long vowels Short
vowels The mute e Rules Accents
Dutch verbsConjugating regular verbsThe verb stemStem rule 2Stem
rule 3Stem rule 4Conjugation of the simple present tense1.
Momentary action2. Ongoing, habitual, or repetitive action or
state3. Future events or actions4. Conditional sentences: If -
then
T and D verbs't Kofschip or ‘t fockschaapv and z verbs
Conjugation of the simple past tenseExamples
Using the simple past tense1. Past events that do not directly
influence the present 2. Describing what went on during a certain
past event3. Introducing a past action or event by toen (when)
The past participleTwo points to bear in mind for the past
participle: 1. A past participle never ends in double t or double
d. 2. No ge- for verbs with prefixes be-, er-, ge-, her-, ont-, or
ver –
Conjugation of the present perfect tenseUsing the present
perfect tenseConjugation of the pluperfect tenseExamples
Using the pluperfectConjugation of the simple future tenseUsing
the simple futureSo when do we use zullen + infinitive?1.
Expressing a promise, a proposal, or a solemn plan: 2. Stressing
that something is bound to happen: 3. Expressing that an event is
likely going to take place by explicitly mentioning the
probability:
How do the Dutch usually refer to the future?
Conjugation of the future perfect tenseExamples
Using the future perfect tenseConjugation of the conditional
tense (or ‘past future tense’)Examples
Using the conditional tenseWill and wouldPresent and futureIf -
then situationsSupposed-to-be situationsPolite formShould
Conjugation of the conditional perfect (or ‘past future
perfect’)Using the conditional perfectUsing the pluperfect to refer
to past hypothetical eventsShould have
Summarizing the regular verb conjugationsObtaining the verb stem
from an infinitiveSummarizing all verb tenses
Other conjugationsThe aan het continuousThe perfect tense of the
aan het continuousFormation of the perfect aan het continuous
The te-continuousThe perfect tense
Passive voiceWorden and zijn
The imperativeForming the Dutch conjunctiveSubjunctive forms of
zijn
The present participleThe ‘verbable’
Gerund: The verb as a nounSummaryAan het'
continuousTe-continuousImperativePassive voiceSubjunctiveVerbable
(adjective)Present participleGerund: Verb as a noun
Irregular verbsStrong verbs (partly irregular verbs)Completely
irregular verbsThe verb ‘willen’Strong verbs (partly irregular)Only
three verb forms to learn Irregular verb groups
Completely irregular verbsFive somewhat irregular strong
verbs
ZijnHebbenZullenKunnenMogenGaan, slaan, staan, zien, and
doenStem = infinitive minus '-en'Stem = infinitive minus
'-n'DoenZienGaanSlaanStaan
Auxiliary verbsIndependent verbsFour types of auxiliary
verbs
Auxiliary verbs and the past participlePast participle: Hebben
or zijn?Past participles that take zijnPast participles that take
both zijn and hebben
Past participle turning into an infinitiveTe-verbs
Te + infinitiveTe + infinitive: Te-continuousTe + infinitive:
the ‘verbable’Te after durven, hoeven, hebben, and komen Te +
infinitive: Dat-verbsTe + infinitive: om-verbsTe + infinitive after
prepositionsAlvorens, door, in plaats van, and zonderNa
Auxiliary verbs and the bare infinitiveBare infinitive: Modal
verbsBare infinitive: Transitive verbs
Aan het + infinitiveSummary1. Auxiliary verb + past participle2.
Auxiliary verb + te + infinitive3. Auxiliary verb + bare infinitive
4. Auxiliary verb + aan het + infinitive
Compound verbsSeparable and inseparable compound verbs
Noun-verbsSeparable compound verbsSo when do we break up the verb
and when do the elements remain attached to each other?
Separable verbs: Simple present and past tenseSeparable verbs:
past participleInseparable verbsFormation of the present and simple
past tenseFormation of the past participle
Separable or inseparable?Inseparable verbs can only take certain
prefixes
Prefixes that can be part of both separable and inseparable
verbsMis - mostly inseparableVol - mostly inseparableOm - mostly
separableOnder - mostly separableOver - mostly separableAan,
achter, door, voor, and weer - mostly separable
Nouns and articlesArticlesWhat is an article?Indefinite
articleDefinite articleDefinite articlesDefinite article: HetAll
diminutives All infinitives used as nounsAll nouns of the type the
good thing, the bad thing etc. All words ending in -um, -aat or
-isme Most nouns beginning with the prefixes ge-, be- and ver- Some
other commonly used het-nouns
Definite article: DePlural nouns Obviously feminine or masculine
nouns Nouns ending in -ing (feminine) Nouns ending in -tie, -thie,
and -sie (feminine) Nouns ending in -or (masculine) Family Nouns
ending in -aar (masculine) Nouns ending in -eur (masculine) Words
ending in -er (masculine) Female endings
Indefinite article: EenUsing articles: Differences between Dutch
and EnglishNo article in Dutch, (in)definite article in English
Definite article in Dutch, no article in English
Plural nounsPlural nouns ending in -en1. Maintain the length of
the vowel2. No open double vowel3. Replace unvoiced f/s by voiced
v/z
Plural nouns ending in -sApostrophe
Plural endings: -s or –en?We add -s to the following nouns: 1.
Nouns that end in a single vowel 2. Nouns that end in an unstressed
vowel combination3. Nouns that end in the unstressed endings -el,
-em, -en, -er, -erd, -aar, -aard, or -um4. Nouns that end in the
stressed endings -eur and -foon5. Person's titles or professions
that end in -oor or -ier6. Foreign words that also take the plural
-s in their original language7. Names of letters and
acronymsSummary of nouns that take –s in the plural
Less common plural endings: -eren and -aPlural nouns ending in
-eren Plural nouns ending in -a
Irregular pluralsShort vowel turning into a long vowelFrom i to
e-heid / -heden
DiminutivesDiminutive endingsThe other diminutive endings
Diminutive ending -tje1. Nouns that end in a vowel (a, e, i, o,
u, y / ij) or w2. Nouns that end in a long vowel followed by -r, -l
or -n:3. Nouns that end in unstressed -er, -el, en, or -or.
Diminutive ending -etjeDiminutive ending -pjeDiminutive ending
-kjeIrregular diminutivesDifferent meanings
Summarizing the diminutives
Compound nounsTwo nouns Adjective + noun Adverb / preposition +
noun Verb + noun ConnectorsConnectors –e and -enConnecting -e
Connecting -en
Connector -sVerb-based nouns that end in unstressed -ing
Verb-based nouns that end in unstressed -er. Diminutives A few
tips
Connector -erNo connector1. The first part ends in a vowel
(including the mute e) 2. The first part ends in unstressed -en,
-el, or -em 3. The first part is not a noun
PronounsPronominal adverbPronominal adverbsThe mechanismThe
Dutch pronominal adverbList of Dutch pronominal adverbs
Personal pronounsSubject pronounsObject pronounsSubject
pronounsFormal you: uIt: Het or hij?They: Ze, zij, or
die?Ge/gij
Using marked subject pronouns How to use marked pronouns
Het is and het zijn (“it is” and “it are”)Object pronounsHer:
Haar or ze?It: het or hem?Them for persons: Hun or hen?
Using marked object pronounsExamples
Them: hen or hun?'Them' referring to personsHun is always
'correct'
Colloquial subject and object pronounsColloquial subject
pronounsColloquial object pronouns
Pronominal adverb: Het/hem/ze turning into er
Possessive pronounsJe / jouw (your)Zijn (inanimate ‘its’)
Ons/onze (our)Jullie/je (plural ‘your’)Independent possessivesA few
notes Examples
Alternative possessiveExamplesDie/dat van mij
Possessive names and nounsAdding a noun or proper name before a
possessive pronoun Turning a proper name into a possessive noun
Colloquial possessive pronouns
Reflexive pronounsExamplesExamples of marked reflexive
pronounsZelf in non-reflexive verbs
Reciprocal pronounsPossessive form of the reciprocal pronoun
Interrogative pronounsWie [who, whom] Dependent welk and welke
[what, which] Independent welke [which one(s)]Wat [what] Wat
turning into waarWat voor [what kind of]
Demonstrative pronouns dit, deze, die, and datDependent
demonstrative pronouns Independent demonstrative pronounsDependent
demonstrative pronounsIndependent demonstrative pronounsIndependent
demonstrative pronounsIndependent demonstratives that are linked to
nouns
Dit is and dit zijn (‘this is’ and ‘this are’)Pronominal
adverbs: Demonstratives turning into hier/daarExamples of dit and
deze turning into hier Examples of dat and die turning into
daar
Summarizing dit, dat, deze, and die
More demonstratives‘That which’ and ‘the person who’: Datgene
and diegeneGene‘That which’: Datgene‘The person who’: Degene and
diegene
‘Such’: Zo’n, zulke, and dergelijk(e)Dergelijk
‘Such’ (formal use): Dusdanig and zodanigAdverbs
zodanig/dusdanig and zo (so)
‘The same’: dezelfde and hetzelfdeExamplesDitzelfde, deze
zelfde, diezelfde, and datzelfde
Summary
Relative pronounsGenitive relative pronounsDat (that, which)Dat
- which/thatDat turning into waar
Die (that, which, who)Die turning into waarDie - who
Wat (that, what, which)Wat referring to a whole phrase Wat
referring to alles, iets, niets, or weinig Wat referring to
independent indefinite pronouns and adjectivesWat turning into
waar
Wie (who, whom)1. Wie as a translation of 'whom' 2. Wie in the
sense of 'he who'
Wiens and wier (whose)Van wie de / van wie het
Indefinite pronounsThe indefinite pronounCollective indefinite
pronounsPronominal adverbsCollective indefinite pronounsAlles and
iedereen (everything and everyone)Iedereen (everyone) Alles
(everything) Pronominal adverb alles - overal
Al, alle, allen, and allemaal (all)Alle, allen, and
allemaalAllenAllen is a plural pronoun
Elk and ieder (each and every)Elk(e) and ieder(e) before a noun
Elk van en ieder vanIndependent elk and iederPredicative elk and
ieder
Iets and niets (something and nothing)Iets (something) and niets
(nothing) Pronominal adverbs ergens (somewhere) and nergens
(nowhere) Iets and niets before adjectives
Iemand and niemand (someone and noone)Beide and allebei
(both)Both Neither Beide before a noun (dependent)Independent:
Beide and beidenPredicative allebeiDependent allebei deNeither (of
them): Geen van beide(n)
Men (they, one)Examples
Sommige (some, certain)Plural: sommige Singular: sommig or
sommigeIndependent sommige(n)
Summarizing indefinite pronouns
Indefinite numbersSmall amountsWat and een paarEnkele and enige
as adjectives
SeveralPreceding a plural nounIndependentAs adjectives
Few and manyVeel [much, many] Vele (many)VelenWeinigDependent
menig and menigeWe use menig before 'het'-nouns, ''menige before
'de'-nouns. Independent menigeen
Exclamative pronounsZo'nWat and hoeWat eenZulk and zulke
Word orderYou were saying...?Practical approachThe three parts
of a main clauseOverview of the main clauseWhich elements do you
really need to know?
The left partThe finite formationInversion
Reflexive pronounThe reduced indirect objectThe reduced direct
object
The middle partEr, hier, and daar (EHD)Er, hier, and daar
referring to a locationEr, hier, and daar replacing a pronounEr in
the sense of ‘of it’ or ‘of them’
TimeMannerPlaceDirect objectSpecific and non-specific direct
objectsSpecific direct objectsNon-specific direct objects
Direct object that starts with an articleDirect object that
begins with a demonstrative or possessive pronounDirect object is a
proper nameDirect objects starting with a cardinal numberDirect
objects beginning with an indefinite pronoun
The right part of a sentenceThe other verbsThe prefix of a
separable compound verb1. The separable verb is the finite verb2.
The separable verb is part of the ‘other verbs’ (OV)
The miscellaneous boxThe postpositionEr, hier and daar (EHD) are
placed at the beginning of the middle part.
Indirect objectThe complementLink verbsTransitive link verbs
Place of the direct objectPrepositional phrase
Negating sentencesTime Place Subject, direct object, et cetera
Examples of negating sentences
The use of geen in negating sentences
QuestionsClosed questionsOpen questionsClosed questionsOpen
questionsInterrogative words
Types of clausesCo-ordinating clause, subordinate clause, and
relative clauseSubordinate clause (or ‘subclause’)Relative
clauseCo-ordinating clauseThe co-ordinating clauseThe subordinate
clauseSubclause and main clause comparedWord order of the main
clauseWord order of the subordinate clauseExamples of subordinate
clauses
Word order of ‘all verbs’ in a subclausePlace of the finite
verbPlace of the independent verb
Separable verbs in a subordinate clauseSeparable verb is the
only verb in the subclauseSeparable verb is not the only verb in
the subclause
Subordinating conjunctionsSubordinating conjunctions for short
subclauses
Relative clauseShort subclausesNo subjectTe + infinitive
Other shortcuts1. The word om is often omitted2. A short
subclause that begins with na always has a perfect tense Examples
of short subclauses with om, door, alvorens, na, zonder, and in
plaats vanOmDoorAlvorensNaZonderIn plaats van
A funny word: ‘er’Locative er: unstressed daarEr replacing het,
hem (it) or ze (them)Er in the sense of ‘of it’ or ‘of them‘Extra
er at the beginning of a sentenceWhen do we use this extra
er?Provisional er not allowed1. The subject is a general category:
2. The subject is part of a general statement or rule: 3. The
subject is undefined, yet specific
Compulsory provisional erHelp!
Er as a subjectSubject clausePassive sentences that begin with
an interrogative pronoun
Er or het as a subject?Er or het?Het as a 'real' subject
Word order for the advancedNeuter word orderFlexible word
orderHow flexible is a Dutch sentence?1. Importance of the
component2. Length of the component
Components allowed before the left sideComponents that are
allowed after the right sideCombining the two
Conclusion
AppendixesAppendix A: List of strong verbsBasic verbsVerbs
marked with an asterisk
Appendix B: Strong verbs by conjugation patternConjugation
patterns in strong verbsRegular past, past participle gets -ene -
ie - o, past participle gets -en ie - oo - o, past participle gets
-en i - o -o, past participle gets -enij - ee - e, past participle
gets -ene - o - o, past participle gets -ene - a - o, past
participle gets -en i - a - e, past participle gets -ena - ie - a,
past participle gets -enPast and past participle end in -chtui - oo
- o, past participle gets -en a - oe - a, past participle gets -ene
- a - e, past participle gets -ena - i - a, past participle gets
-ena - oe - regular past participlePast ends in -st, past
participle gets -eniez - oor - or, past participle gets -en
Appendix C: List of ‘te-verbs’Appendix E: Noun verbsAppendix F:
Commonly used separable verbsAppendix G: List of inseparable verbs
- exceptionsAppendix H: List of separable mis- and
vol-verbsAppendix I: List of phrasal verbsAppendix J: Diminutives
checklistDiminutives checklistHow to use this table
Appendix K: Dutch grammar glossary
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