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� 1'1 il fm i)i q� j> , ± � 1ik:m {f] rul � if A.x ¥At: , � JJI! jff V) fr5 tE �f.t. y[ *i"1i'i?;, fmf'Fifi'i?;, m Ji¥ 0 :ootEm*, $ -ij"� 7 � fl i*, IZ9 :R:iX£
���*±ff= +1FS9:lilS-1F ,-m1i:::lifr5-tXHWL
� fl tl.t. it 7 Uz hA. Bougain ville Bb.t. * S9 -j;:. Ji. {f A Dora,:am
i5tS9�-f4t1l4 Motuna S9 ergative i-i:L J§*:mtE�f1Li1?;XS9�iMt
9=t ffm�iJ?, J! flilJ: IPJ *1n tEffl�i:g.iJJ 1t Motuna i:g.,:m*IJ 1'M'lf
iJJ1\t Motuna i:g.tE��i{t 0 ergative � frjwJg"f'F�", ;lt�M��
"M[�" , �ft ""fWW-iJt: 0
���£M�*+�*�C;lt������**.S9.�)
-g�7-M���*�,.�m.JJI!�* �ff*�M7:mo :m
1t 7 -�IliJ: ,re�Uz¥�.J!:!!T, Fo*ic*i{t1!;fJ*4**t.fI)fflJ!
�iff1Lo M�:=:�£M®, �� A-�1i, 7t��JfR-�i:g.l't:� El * 1=r imJ j1[ 0 ft � -f1L S * � 1:. Masa -tll , �)j}I -m ff,if; ft ff] � 1'- ill? i1H �
� ,mS9� § �:tt-?tl1t1 Cco-ordination) 0 WJI5ft1fJtw7'Ml,,"jff-®
IliJ mE, -m nr J:J i5t�J&:. I fF iN i&t: (working hypotheses) , �J§ � Dora
-®If'FM��,.�, m�, *��.&twf'F�.&o �.t.W
�:§9t-m-m�*iJJ��m,*���m�o M����.n�,
@m®*.1i::��o �7 •• �mE, •• �fNNW-•• �j1[o
:iXf4tiJI! !�d¥r1f�:9:'I1:, itftiJt:1'-iiJUJ 0 'tJe ¥Ij �M *�, ;ltfiMll t�
��2t 7 ,R�"z;Ij�"�Jl�� 7 ,Motuna H'D z;ljiliJ1£*�tE*�5k 0
.�ilft� Masa �W fm1n 0 :mi)tH 7 5* z;Ij� lffiJ j1[* -E: I'iiJ Dorao
-1i], �'P], � � , rm 1i] ,�J J§.* Dora �i1t:m 7 ,:amiJU�{n� Wt
£m�mm�*B�?T�£M:m�W�IDo ""f�£M�**-
5*iUfi®.*!¥J**!¥J&\, *1!!i 8 H�;f-Fr, �� ��, �*.!¥J z;Ij
iPJ * r5 *)]0 iF !lE {gij 1i] , re ft 1n t\5 � * 7 -� if] Hi 1£ 3¥: i}1\ , � fflJ J& 7-w*7 0 .R.��lllJ7Fnz.t*,���,���1%��o
Motuna �-# ergative ifr§ 0 ergativity If!.tE 19 tlUr.:§9tE��
1£�1:ro�if.Vj§ Caucasian ttl �Jm T ,{El.� iE fF-j]�ID!'¥:L. -1'-1i� i��!J!U;!!M.f#l!ifJ 1979 {t-:Y£ Language �:1iLt�* Ergativity -X
3f Ml fI{J 0
JJ� -z.. ,ergative i#�-- # 1t -z.. � s{; Leg. � �? f-j:J X re ftP,-l4!-':h"fF
*&" 0 �1'-w� ;%'HO /G � ,ergative 1llZi�d� "�*�" 0 it�1n*:i&-
1'- t� tli: m -If!., ?&: � i5t aJ3lQ] JMi � n(jH� ieg.19tl T , H *l- � El Bougain vill e
'%<?(�ilIB<Jf: � SIE Samoan .% r Ii9 tlF � SIE ifr, E8 Olga Uryupinai�
:IlL flGf:E�*S9 Jj -{l'l�Vifl Mosel Ulrike , :kIB�U�i# ��, � l!f
.SIE*��,�f:E@.�*.*�ffTo �OO����@�.�
flG�tt.x.���.�* •• :kIBB<Jo
1. 'Ua tafi le pua'a. The pig hid. 2. 'Ua tutuli e tagata maile. The people chased away the
dogs.
3. 'Ua pupu'e e le pusi'isumu. The cat caught the mice.
4. 'Ua pu' e e le tama le pusi. The boy caught the cat.
5. 'Ua fefefe teine. The girls got scared.
6. 'Ua fasi e tama le' isumu. The boys killed the mouse.
re�m��./G�.m��*��*o A��Ii9'��1'-�
fJFic,C�q:tB9 e��� ( ergative) fJFic,Difn F�q:tfI{J le � -If!.�
( sg) f�ico B;f�I:P�Z9.1i'ifL E *' G �q:t��iPJ,:ft1n/Fu41m1n�
L�HIl$i-a, rm�mtiffi:$ A ( gent) , �� PCatient), fF� DCoer )
(� actor) ?IH�f$, EN Jg .:£i-a, $i-att®f:E¥JU�L gti-a���$�
� ( accusative) i-fr9=tWff*,�3JLlitfI{J*i1f¥U ergative i-fr9=t��19:JtL
��iIE. i-!8'�i:g. J¥:tt( Greenberg VJ*}j 'tm: 8'� IlLj �� VSO, {S iiMiJt
:i:: V AP , �"Z9.1:Of[ �" , /F � " z;tJ .:£ $" 0 JK /F :lik .fu 3!f iiiJ -$ , ITfJ � ;ff �
JJf1 '/1: 120JU fI{J 0
A B C D E F G �.j;f 2 'Ua tutuli e tagata maile. The people chased away the dogs.
3 'Ua plIpu'e e le pllsi ' isumll. The cat caught the mice.
1 'Ua pu'e e le tama le pusi. The Boy caught the cat.
6 'Ua fa si e tama le 'isumu. The boys killed the mouse.
1 'Ua lafi le pua'a. The pig hid.
S 'Ua fefefe teine. The girls got scared.
Aspect V Erg sg A sg PID AID V P
blP:*& Jl�UilLtf -j:l.IJ:� / blP:$1i / �$:itf tJii2 fP�� fP�1i
blP:�i.g fP:mi!? �*w,.
* �t'l'G 1W rm 1ij (2, 3, 4, 6) � $) JJI! m , 1tP. ffJ � � .& !f!;J ;JJ ift]
(B), :om $ (E) � �. (G), �;§� !I/YH¥ 111' 310 n � i)t I�rut'� �:S: J§" WiJ {iJ
(1, 5) :;F.& � 7ij] iiiJ 1ij EG ;§� �'-JJ[ � � 8'115 ift] fF $ if (/F � "j: i;g.") ,
't:JE.i�p!J.:tEOO�-�lE�-E �� G? fF$p!U± E t.fiU�7.J\jfj:I:fj@
$ [WJ t� , P!J.:f£ G t * Ir- ;fn � $ [PJ t� 0
:f£.����B�,�*� •• �*��.jfj:I�$EG��:f£
19l�!f!. :
0) �**mI��*f;iE eo
( 2 ) ;Jig =* if- � ?J& � 1t ;fP i}J im � * * , � :$ Jf- � ?J& � 1t ;fP i}J im ifir "t iY. * * agreement 0
(3) �:$1ftjf.i£�*:.tmfo
� L51ij�a<JfF$1lf pua'a;ft:l teine zffr�1flt�.if�·�$:;(£
G 310 lE , rm /F �;ft:l:fj@ $:if -@P!J.:f£ E 310 lE , � 129 j; (1) fF $1!f �!Hi
19::ff e tide, ( 2) fF $1!f a<J J)l � � � it .!=j � $ :if - *F , :tm � 5 'i:iJ 9=t a<JfF-$if teine;ft:l� 31l]�EG�.1!f 'isumu m�£�,�&l!9CtE
Z5fJiit]QSfJE.-.t '��A�-�if-=P 0
m�-.t�*.%*��fF�., �$��-.,l29rm�"�.
*"accusativeo f£:f£:f£*-f�EG ergative i;g.�9=t ,*P��fF[I'lJ**, :fj@
$ El JVt-M ,��1tP.i* 114 "ffliImi!" ,rm��"fFt�*" 0
1.:p �-:-l / '\ �<., �tJ 1 461 ':E.'� .lli.=i§: '<,>
-it $- hA. * tl1 N El Jft - :m .l:1: , � � ;(£ accusa ti ve iE- rl-l , � � tE ergative i'g- r=p 0 hA.�mJ.: 7g , -it *� � nr §5 FI pX; - -m , � -1I= nm: � ft ==
1'� ?t jI. 0 IZ5I � nffi: * to � $- /f� nr �� [PJ � - 1'- � , " � nx A " to " A nx � " it 19J� 1'-i! � 9=' :ff� � � IX }j1j 7f i¥1 , T- m iE-ff , :§iJt m :m ;j:,j re , .w. /f� :§iJt
�}jIJ i¥1 ft -i. � � 0 Jt-4' J� .R 7g ¥IJ - # :fi;} f!�HfJ r:!l Rosani iE-�£nm: �
-it-=::.?t C Payne 1 980) 0 Rosani iE'J\i T fP W\iT:1' * W �Jli# 3t t8 Parnir
J:t 0 Parnir iM· � ml tE £ � *� iE- , is J1.j{ Mr Parnir iit § � ;MJ j� .oX; nm; :m
i! 0 JJM-t Rosani i#J!� � i! , is � Rosani Lit 8'D ;f1;j f� qlR � t� , f'F $
�:Jf£��!k --'1'--m "li -m " C absolutive) , rm nm; $ fn?lt $ IJlJ .m -1'-f*f�
it: "JJ;fi\t" ( oblique) 0 Payne 0980 : 1 52 , 1 5 5 ) f$z � " � JJ f,* "
( cloub le-o blique) 0 � 1� nm; , � � :.lik1f IX }jIJ I'fJ , Jj� Wt:.likiit ff , nm; $ ;(£
1W , �*:tEE , :tm C Payne1980 : 1 5 5 ) :
cl uf xa wric�n
these/OBL boys
urn klt6b
that/OBL book
these boys read (past tense) that book
cl xawricEi1nan tar Xaragsat
"?Ceyt
read
these/ ABS b oys to Xorog go
these boys went to Xorog
�#�.��AhA..-mm� ��.iE-� t8 -# M.� o
1ft]� Motuna i:g: f1t � � $ - � M. YX *' tfL� xt kJ m . I'fJ � 'I% $
� , 't� 7 1l1u5b1iJ , �:f.f" BZ. 1BLi5b1iJ" ( anti-passivization) 0 't t8 rx: �
�mm !m # '11t& : � � , �rx:£).t lli xx. � ( dual ) , j;-� ( paucal ) , $
� C pl ural) o VMIB:§i);�--*{9lJ 7 0
3 . j# � 83 * m
:tE�� Motuna i! S<JM� 9=' �®!� 7 1t-i. IlW Wi� ' : t£{�1fJ1!
ft1ft] � Z�%hA. B � I'fJ *, § � m , � � I'fJ iE- § M ;MJ ili � , -it - @
*P.1ft]�*, I'fJ 1i] � I'fJ � ••• � 1f * I'fJ I f'F � � o :tE 1ft] � � M
Em � ff � .i1?;1f * � $ � � ®T1*A , � j; , ft jJj , *� 1E� f� I!.t l:lii � � �� o �� m 1ft]� � m M % � k � kJ . ffi , n $� a M $ �
O!!ilI<�''l'!O 11 47 a . M * � � , . M � m � � . � � � . � . a<J � � � & m . *
§ � 'jf£ B"J JJHt ; � 3Z 1'# � � � BE X�- . :i! # I fF ;f¥. J¥ , XIJ ft :i! f-f - -t
$�*��ft & � � � m � • • � � A * . � * � � � * � , *
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�n illm�� ili ���#� � � � m w tt , � � � � .� � . R
1f A1 ?itl *-ie" J.I it r�] !Wl , ;t ti� re El B El9 Mi Ej � PX, 1f *4 � � :x.. , ffij � �
R 1i JE !i: � Sl.. , :t§l � � JlfJ $!(* � f� 8 J§�iIE o
M�* A & W � � � . % a<J � � . � � � m � . Ej * § �
* , IQ] A1 Y... 1f J1![ it 1tf ;fU J1![ it �;fJj , Wtl �Q it!?, Xlj � i13' ift #i: mt � - # }}, itf
Sl.. � ill � * �J l!ID B"J � ti #i: ( Dixon 199 1 ) , SI.. �Q ft!?, x1 ill § Ui[ � m ,':B
-� ' �1£-- � � ' 5(�ltHr a<J��lj:t ( Dixon 1997) . ft!?,. Ej T ��
$ ��*. a<J �� m #i: , � � x � � ttfiJf� ., J1![� • • fF m T X
� it H� j'j{j :D5: � • • � I. , % A ± :x.. ;fj] � lID: ± 5( U 51 m fiE. B"J PX,51L
.�� � � � .Ej-� rn � m § � - # *� o ft � l%J � � �
A-m , fS AA * * � � Ej � j'j{j o ft � re M � � � W m Ej m #i: $ fF
( 1972 , 1977a , 1980 , 198 8 ) ff� T , ?& j§- ff ff � ff o ik J§ Ei''1 11i 1§
� qi T ft!?, � � JL -t "f � a<J ik � :5t , � no m T - - � ' A masterly
study ! ' ElfJifi-g. . �� � ?l? �ft!?, El � §l � , �� ft!?, S9if?ttj11L � l25l � �
p.� fiE. !¥J Yidin i-g. #i: ( Dixon 19 7 7 ) -f:& f-f= l!ID � pr , � Motuna # ;9IJ -tq
Ej T :i!ff-*jffilJ ���JJ1� :
If [ . . . ] , [ . . . ] then it should be the case that
[ ( X) a( Y ) V-x] ; , [ ( W) b(Z) V]i
where eR ( a , b) , i:¥=j , and either if SA ; 0 ( a , b ) , then
x = ro , or if '""'-' SA : 0 ( a , b) , then x = ku , and then ' b ' can be deleted.
:i! * J�,J;J,.mtl �»- 200 � � {JIJ -tq 9=t � fiS ( � � V=! � 1 ) ill * EIfJ ,
't';f!lfiS T � **AA1JJ1� , 1m *1X��.mtl , 1X J;J,JJ1U � fiS T /\ � = -t - # #
Jtl 1:i] � L $ :i! �#iJ .:r- # � � i)t � §l � � � aJHi if!{ * #i: n � JE , Jj�
�M�� ;fj] � � � . a * � � .:r- � l25l � � � � B EIfJ � � � JE , .
� 1*� 3!OUiiJJ ,g : � - , % 5:\ it 89 /J 1* � :I& �� 1'- ± 5UI"J � %iJ , 1tB �
� ffl IA o � = , m � � •• * � . �M �� � � e � re u . �
�� )L.*��tffj�� ;f-'f , )IIY! ¥ V=l � " �=l � " �" Ji! 1% ffl � " " £fLtffl � " �� o m� 89 § ;j:� � �..t � tre � 1IE � 8,h: � 1BI � . " 7J. � 1!Lm :ffl Z
� , Wt��1f� Eln'£��--�LWr * " (<< m:�WD § 3 ) 0
;(£1ftlJ]t JJm�mJ!# �111�*�� �%,:J)R 8''1 i� � J:f tlt iJ: � �M T 1t-z, 1l4 "%':� " 0 1f4 � kA * � 1f] � % � iJt "t)t m %': � " , El M -t JL 1f:
ru- tJj T 1'-")( it i-s-� '¥: " , ijlA� Wt 1! � T 0 Jt � m ergative i-s-- tt ,
&m , �M , B * , .�* , ��ffi m , � � .� m , � E * m
i� , 6jJ � �m , tit tit Ji r -- 1'- lit w, 8''1.� 1f1 " � � m " ( accusative ) 0
Klimov t!l t:f:l 33- IW# � � , - # stative-active , 1Q:fflW 1a ;fiJ SI[��t�
- .®i� � , Gamkrelidze &� Ivannov (1995) ;MJ1� a9 Dr.: :!W 6P W\i�dJ\�
lIt� o :Jj - # Nichols (1990 ) m 'E 1l4 f� gender type , §1'I5ljJf OO i�
5fO -@ m ?}H ± � i-S- o Dixon (979 ) a9 ?t � J:f � 1f gender , {S 1f
hierarchical , § f?d� � Kiowa-Tanoan i� * 5fO =ms?t Meso-American
m , .im Tepenhuan o � :i:t .3:: � E8 :i2E � accusative ( st m m ) 5fO
ergative (JJm�* ) WIT # 0 13 ;fJJ SIf.--f?T JL pg SI[�.z. 1'- '% J:. ;(;f /\ -f:; +
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,tu .. ,) 'l'Z t 49
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m¥$� � �� o M � � . � � * � , & � � � � & m . * � �
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