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The Renaissance
The Rise of the West1450-1750
"both sides of human consciousness - the side turned to the world and that turned inward - lay, as it were, beneath a common veil, dreaming or half awake. The veil was woven of faith, childlike prejudices, and illusion; seen through it, world and history appeared in strange hues; man recognized himself only as a member of a race, a nation, a party, a corporation, a family, or in some other general category. It was in Italy that this veil first melted into thin air, and awakened an objective perception and treatment of the state and all things of this world in general; but by its side, and with full power, there also arose the subjective; man becomes a self-aware individual and recognizes himself as such.“
Jacob Burckhardt
Jacob Burckhardt________________________________________________________
Father of Cultural History
He wrote "And all things are sources - not only books, but the whole of life and every kind of spiritual manifestation."
The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
In his work, he traced the cultural patterns of transition from the medieval period to the awakening of the modern spirit and creativity of the Renaissance. He saw the transition as one from a society in which people were primarily members of a class or community to a society that idealized the self-conscious individual. The term Renaissance suggesting a re-birth of individualistic accomplishment after a long intermission since the Classical Age.
Burckhardt's CriticismPeter Burke, Renaissance is still more medieval than modern. The Renaissance is not a singular event. The move to the modern world was a series of ‘Renaissances’
Wallace Ferguson, Burckhardt is too narrow in his focus (time and place) - 1300-1600 is a transitional period from Medieval to Modern throughout Europe
H u m a n i s mLiterary Movement
(search for guidance)Petrarch: The Father of
Humanism
Artistic Revival mimics Classical Age
Civic Humanism (active participation,
Republican Government)
Neo-Platonists Christianity and Humanism seek the
same perfection
Social Behaviors new humanist values
and education
Giotto
Masaccio&
Donatello
Michelangelo&
Raphael
Leonardo Da Vinci
The Renaissance Man
Titian (Venetian Influence)
Bruegel, The Harvesters
Germany -Northern Renaissance: 15th technology & science
• Johann Gutenberg• Regiomontanus• Nicholas of Cusa• Behaim• Schoner• Copernicus
• Printing Press• Astronomy &
Trigonometry• Philosophy, math &
science• Explorer & cartographer• Cartographer• Heliocentric Model
All Renaissance Men…
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
• Influences: Humanism, Classical Ideal vs. Real, Everyday life of the North, Portraiture
• Techniques: Depth, Foreshortening (Perspective), Chiaroscuro (shading light/dark)
• Genre: Painting, Sculpture, Fresco • Patrons: Bankers (Medici of Florence, Fugger of
Germany) the Church, and the Monarchs
A window into the greater changes taking place throughout Europe…
Social Behaviors: Status & Wealth
The CourtierCastiglione
Joan Kelly-GadolDid Women have a
Renaissance?
As concept of wealth changed, Humanist
education and other social conventions were the outward
sign of status
Intellect, diplomacy & manners were valued
over brute physical force
Civic Humanism
Pico Mirandola, On the Dignity of Man
Machiavelli's, The PrinceBut when cities or countries are accustomed to live under a prince, and his family is exterminated, they, being on the one hand accustomed to obey and on the other hand not having the old prince, cannot agree in making one from amongst themselves, and they do not know how to govern themselves. For this reason they are very slow to take up arms, and a prince can gain them to himself and secure them much more easily. But in republics there is more vitality, greater hatred, and more desire for vengeance, which will never permit them to allow the memory of their former liberty to rest; so that the safest way is to destroy them or to reside there.
The ends justifies the means
Machiavellian Approach…
Here a question arises: whether it is better to be loved than feared, or the reverse. The answer is, of course, that it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than in being loved. . . . Love endures by a bond which men, being scoundrels, may break whenever it serves their advantage to do so; but fear is supported by the dread of pain, which is ever present.
Christian HumanismNorthern
Basedvs. Pagan
Humanists of Italy
Erasmus: In Praise of FollyThomas More: Utopia
Monks that Call Themselves Religious …And next these come those that commonly call themselves the religious and monks, most false in both titles, when both a great part of them are farthest from religion,…
...but, if they are mistaken, and if there is either a better
government, or a religion more acceptable to God, they
implore His goodness to let them know it.
The Protestant ReformationThe English Reformation The Catholic Response
1517 - 1648
Challenge to the Catholic religious authority- in doctrine and hierarchy
Religion as a justification for or against political power
Protest & Reform
Martin LutherOf the Holy Roman Empire95 Theses in response to Tetzl’s sale of indulgencesDiet of WormsAugsburg Confession
Justification by faithPriesthood of all believersNo transubstantiation
Peace of Augsburg, 1555Autonomy (religious/political) for German princes
John CalvinGeneva (Swiss Canton)Inspired by LutherPredestinationSociety should be dictated by religious ideology…
Rebels or conservatives?
Huguenots in France targetedPresbyterian Church
Henry VIII seeks an annulment
from Catherine of Spain
Act of Supremacy,
1534
Anglican Church
orEpiscopal
Church
Via Media
Political DebateGerman Autonomy
French Monarch/Gallican ChurchEnglish Policy
German Princesvs
Holy Roman Emperor & Pope
Calvinist Enthusiasts
vsCatholic French
Monarch
English Kingvs
Papal Authority
Counter or Catholic Reformation• Reforms• Jesuits• Baroque Art & Music• Inquisition
While Western Europe remains predominantly Christian, BY 1648 religion as a separate issue gives way to politics and the Balance of Power throughout Europe
