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The Renaissance and Reformation
The Renaissance: The Re-birth of learning1300-1600
Mr. GieslerGlobal Studies
What was the Renaissance?
It was a revival of learning in: art, literature and science
Artists studied classical art from Greece and Rome
Writers studied classical literature from Greece and Rome
Europeans brought Greek ideas into the modern world
Rediscovering its past
Europeans sought their greatness in ancient Greece and Rome
Heading into the future• For the first time, artists
looked at the individual
Where did the Renaissance begin?
The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy
The Renaissance began in SouthernEurope and then spread to NorthernEurope
Why Florence?
It was a city-state with self-government
Kings and Popes did not involve them in wars
The city was run by wealthy merchants
They connected the rest ofEurope with the Silk Road totrade with China
Merchants financed theRenaissance
They sponsored individualartists
Medici Family
Bankers; tops among merchants and bankers in the region
Cosimo de Medici First in the family to gain control and powerin Government
Lorenzo de Medici Grandson of Cosimo; most notable, politician, patron or financial supporter of thearts
The Role of the Church
The Pope sponsored Artists
The Catholic Church had been doing this for centuries
Italy was the home of the Roman Empire
Artist studied Greek and Roman art for ideas
Why did Europe experience the Renaissance?
New wealth from trade, industry andBanking
They had money and leisure time to paint and think
Opening its eyes to the world
The Middle East and China were far more advanced than Europe
Humanism vs. Scholasticism
What is humanism?• It is the official philosophy of the
Renaissance• It is the rediscovery of man as an
individual
What is Scholasticism?• It was medieval thought It was the
Age of Faith• People were very religious
What did medieval scholars think?
Scholasticism people are by nature sinners
People should despise the world
People should concentrate on getting into heaven
Apply Greek philosophy to the Christian religion
The purpose of learning was to understand God’s will
What did humanist artists and writers think?
They studied people and lifein this world
They stressed the importanceof human beings
They cared about the individual
Every person has dignity andworth, and deserves the respectof every other person
The purpose of learning is to achieve a happy life
Each person should live life to the fullest and welcomenew experiences
Each person should better himself in this world, ratherthan wait for a happy life in heaven
What did humanist artists and writers think?
Renaissance (Humanist) Thought
During the Renaissance, everybody wasreligious Humanism was not opposed to religion
Many paintings during the Renaissancedealt with religious subjects
Humanism was a balance between faith(from the heart) and reason (from thebrain)
How has humanism shaped our world today? ReligionMartin Luther convinced people thateveryone should be able to read the bible
GovernmentOur political system is based on the idea thatevery individual can vote and participate
FreedomOur Bill of Rights recognizes that every individual has rights
EducationOur public schools are based on theright of every individual to be educated
The ArtsEvery artist must express himself/herself as an individual
Before the Renaissance
Humans believed that life was a journey to suffer through in order to achieve eternal salvation
Philosophers now promoted the idea of "Live for today”
The greatest ideas that came about during the Renaissance were of art and architecture.
Art and architecture were tied together as most pictures were transformed into statues and most were also put on walls which required skill.
Art during the renaissance was changed into becoming more life-like and alive rather than dark as seen in the middle ages.
Reformation
Problems with the Church
Church officials are more caught up in worldly affairs such as power, money, and lavish lifestyles
Reformation:Movement for religious reformSelling of Indulgences:(Indulgence is a forgiveness for sins that are sold to people for money)
Buying your way into heaven and forgiveness
Who was Martin Luther
Studied to be a lawyerSurvived a lightening stormPromised God if he lived he would become a monk
John Tetzel (The Pope’s Master Salesman) Receives permission from the Pope to sell indulgencesPayment for forgiveness
Luther’s response is his writing of the 95 ThesesA list of 95 arguments against indulgencesPosts this list on the church doors calling for a of sins meeting or debate – ideas become more popular than he would have guessed
Martin Luther’s Basic Ideas
Salvation through faith aloneGood deeds are not necessary for salvationBible is the sole source of religious truthAll have equal access to God through prayer and the Bible
Luther’s Movement GrowsAs ideas spread over Europe, the church wants Luther to recant or take back what he said – he refuses
Results: Excommunicated from the churchCharles V calls Luther to the Diet of WormsLuther is told to recant, again refusesLuther was to be arrested after he left WormsA member of the Diet (Prince of Saxony) arranged safe passage for Luther as he left Worms
Luther was taken to Wartburg CastleAt Wartburg Luther translated the New Testament into GermanViolence continued between Protestant and Catholics
The Peace of Augsburg (1555)Signed to bring peace to GermanyThe German princes could decide what religion they wanted to embraceGermany was basically split into two
Protestants in the North Catholics in the South
John CalvinInstitutes of Christian ReligionSet forth his religious beliefs and gave advice on how to organize the Protestant Church
IdeasFaith alone is key to salvationBible is only source of religious truthGod alone decides who is savedPredestination: idea that God decided long ago who was would gain salvationFrench Calvinists are called “Huguenots”Fighting rages on for years between Huguenots and Catholics in France
John Calvin (1509-1564)
Institutes of Christian ReligionCalvin’s book that set forth his religious beliefs andgave advice on how to organize theProtestant Church
Ideas:Faith alone is key to salvationBible is only source of religious truthGod alone decides who is savedPredestinationIdea that God decided long ago who would go toheaven
John Calvin
French Calvinists are called “Huguenots”Fighting rages on for years between Huguenots and Catholics in FranceIdeal Government was a TheocracyCalvin governed Geneva, Switzerland -very strict rulesNo bright color clothing, no playing card games etc.If you broke the strict rules you would be kicked out
John Calvin cont.
John Knox: Scottish man who visited GenevaBrought Calvin’s ideas to ScotlandPresbyterians: Scottish Calvinists, each church was governed by elders also known as Presbyters
Anabaptists
People should be baptized again as adults
Refused to fight in wars
Church and State were separate
Survived by the Mennonites and the Amish
Influenced Quakers and Baptist religionsThese both split from the Anglican Church
Catholic ReformationCouncil of TrentReaffirmed traditional Catholic ViewsSays the Bible was not the only source of religious TruthEnded many of the abuses in the Church Ignatius of LoyolaConverted from a military life to a life of religion and ServiceBegins the Jesuit Order of PriestMissionaries, education, service, “Helping Hand”
Catholic Reformation
3 Main Goals of the JesuitsFounded many schools throughout EuropeCan you think of any Jesuit schools today??Convert non-Christians to ChristianityMissionaries in China, India, Africa, and the AmericasStop Protestantism from spreading Were a driving force in keeping Poland and Southern Germany Catholic
Why is all this Important
Religion no longer united EuropePaved the way for modern nationsMonarchs gained power, Catholic Church lost much of its power set the stage for the modern worldAmerica is predominantly a Christian countryMany of us trace our Religious beliefs to these reformers
Protestantism Reaches England
King Henry VIIIAt first, Englandwas 100%Catholic – by law, but their king had Protestant leanings.Henry VIII –English king who desperately wanted a son.
England and Henry VIII
Why did Henry VIII Challenge the Church? Henry’s wife, Catherine of Aragon, had a daughter. Annulment – Henry asks the Church to annul his marriage. The church refuses
It’s good to be king!!Henry asks Parliament to make him leader of the English Church.Act of Supremacy – Parliament makes Henry head of the English Church – a protestant “Anglican” church.
This guy really needs a son!
Divorces Catherine andmarries Anne Boleyn.
Anne has a daughter (Elizabeth)and refuses to divorce Henry.
Henry has Anne beheaded on false charges of infidelity.
Henry marries four more times before finally havinga viable son.
What religion is England?
Edward VIBecame King at 9Protestants take over
MaryWas CatholicRestored the Catholic Church…Kills a lot of protestants
Elizabeth IWas ProtestantHeads the Anglican Church (only legal church in England)Her church pleased both moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants