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Published: March 4, 2015 02:01 IST | Updated: March 4, 2015 03:28 IST

The reinvention of HindutvaArvind Rajagopal

PEOPLE'S CHOICE: “In his Madison Square Garden speech in New York, Narendra Modi referred to the people as sovereign and theirverdict as divine.” Picture shows him with U.S. President Obama in Hyderabad House in New Delhi.The BJP’s transformation of its Hindu nationalist ideology into Hindu populism has allowed the party to further some of its old aims in anew and relatively uncontroversial way

We have recently witnessed a series of populist upsurges: against corruption, for Narendra Modi and good governance,and most recently for the Aam Aadmi Party. From the context of comparatively stable political loyalties and predictableelectoral results, we now have elections where a relatively small number of non-committed voters can swing outcomesdecisively and reward parties with disproportionate victories. Victorious parties may thus claim a mandate for theirprogrammes based on seat majorities as if these represented popular majorities, though they seldom do. Similarly,party ideology may be modified to appear more widely acceptable. For example, Hindutva, the ideology of the SanghParivar, is changing into Hindu populist politics. This is a more fluid but still discernibly majoritarian entity. How it istaking shape, and what its scope and limits are, need to be understood.Criticism of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as being anti-Muslim has been muted of late because the BJP is supposedto have moved beyond its aggressively Hindu ideology, by adopting a more inclusive and developmentalist stance. Infact, the BJP’s transformation of its Hindu nationalist ideology into Hindu populism has allowed the party to furthersome of its old aims in a new and relatively uncontroversial way. At the heart of this success is Hindu populism’s claimto be the product of democratic procedure, and to express the will of the majority. But a ruling party without a singleMuslim Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha, in the second largest Muslim country in the world, is choosing tointerpret its majority in a partisan way.Populism and the mediaThe term populism refers to a kind of political reasoning where popular mobilisation serves as its own justification. Assuch, populism can support liberal, revolutionary or even authoritarian forms of government. The political theoristErnesto Laclau has argued that populism can emerge with a democratic fervour and end up installing dictatorships, as

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has happened across Latin America. In the U.K., Margaret Thatcher remade the Tories as an authoritarian populistforce, winning over Labour Party supporters and refashioning Conservative ideology to have mass appeal. Somewhatsimilarly, Hindu identity became a means of lower caste assertion, redefined as both aspirational and nationalist. Aslate as the 1980s, many experts used to dismiss the chances of the BJP based on its tiny vote share at the time, and itsmore upper caste leadership, but the party has clearly changed.The party’s populist transformation has been assisted by the explosive growth of the media. The mediated spectacle ofthe crowd affirms and reinforces the motives for participation, whether in a demonstration or a political rally. For themedia industry, today’s spectators will be tomorrow’s consumers; investment in populism seems to make goodbusiness sense. Mass gatherings used to raise law and order concerns; today such events present opportunities forastute political strategists.Until recently a category such as Hindu populism was hard to imagine. But Hindu nationalism has reinvented itself,combining pro-business policies with the rhetoric of lower caste empowerment. Today nationalists can claim thatcapitalism and democracy are thriving in India.While this is an important achievement, it is also in part, the result of a Cold War era strategy of the U.S., which sawIndia as a frontline state in the battle against the Communist threat. The Cold War’s end, as we know, signalled thedefeat of Communism. Religion began to become much more influential directly thereafter in many parts of the world.However, U.S. governments had historically tended to regard religion as an ally against “godless communism.” It wasalso seen as a stabiliser in the unending “transition” to modernity. No surprise then that influential studies conductedregarding the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh by U.S.-based scholars regarded it benignly, as an ascetic form ofsocialism, as Gandhian volunteerism, or as Hindu revivalism. Their stoking violence as a means of organising Hinduswas thus ignored, and the martial character of the organisation was seen as ornamental to essentially pietisttendencies. Violence was ignored because it pertained to local issues, while the optic these scholars brought was shapedby U.S. concerns during this time. Further, Hindu nationalists were reassuringly anti-Communist. They did not appearto pose any threat to U.S. interests.Beneath this perception was a long-standing assumption that religion could not be politically viable. The post-Enlightenment separation of church from state had led to the belief that religion did not have a place in modernpolitics. But religion in India has had a different history, and it has unavoidably influenced the shape and direction ofmodern politics.Those wishing to promote Hindu identity had a problem that was the reverse of Enlightenment-era Christianity. Theyfirst had to assert the existence of a common religion and create the sense of a shared identity that was, at best, weak.For example, Hindus historically did not all share what was supposed to constitute a religion, such as creed, deity,ritual, or text. During the colonial period, however, Hinduism gradually became codified and subject to juridicalintervention. It also became a means whereby lower castes claimed public rights they previously did not have. Hinduthemes and symbols were important in anti-colonial mobilisation.The limits of Hindu populismAfter a long hiatus, amid the political crises of the late 1980s, Hindu identity began to be used openly again, andyielded electoral dividends in electoral campaigns. It helped win the small but decisive “non-committed vote,” as L.K.Advani called it, boosting the BJP’s share of seats exponentially. Political Hinduism has grown since then, aided by theCongress’s decline. Then how is Hindu politics different from any other religious politics?In the Hindu tradition, reality is beyond words and the truth has no essence. There is, in fact, no religious doctrine assuch to challenge. Hinduism as conjured for the political process today surpasses dialectical materialism; it is the mostexpansive ‘philosophical system’ conceivable. In such a context, the category of religion presents an opportunity ratherthan a problem: to be “Hindu” is an artefact of publicity rather than an expression of ancient mores. It is no surprisethat Arun Jaitley has stated that Hindu nationalism is an opportunistic issue for the BJP, a “talking point” rather than acore ideology.The electoral process has sanctioned a new language of political theology for the BJP. In his Madison Square Gardenspeech in New York, Narendra Modi referred to the people as sovereign and their verdict as divine. He declared:“Janata Jan Janardhan.” But Janardhan is not a secular term for “ruler;” it refers to Lord Krishna. Electoral successprovides the supreme redemption in this understanding, negating merely juridical verdicts. It implies divine power inthe figure of the elected ruler, who is like the king but sanctified by a formal democratic process.Political authority is the end towards which this new kind of religious identity is created, applicable across castegroupings that not long ago were excluded, prominently the former Untouchable castes that constitute about a quarter

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of the population. No previous party has come to power by excluding Muslims so completely. Meanwhile the situationof Muslims has steadily worsened over the last 30 years.The exclusion of Muslims from political visibility is accompanied by the increasing political visibility of Dalits. The newbasis for Hindu unification is the exclusion of Muslims, alongside the formal subsumption of Dalits. The register ofexclusion shifts in the process, from untouchability to invisibility. Media expansion enables more coordinated andextensive forms of exclusion than were previously imaginable; political dynamics have both anticipated thisdevelopment and furthered it. If Hindu populism is to deepen its democratic character, these are issues for it to reckonwith.(Arvind Rajagopal is Professor of Media Studies at New York University.)Keywords: BJP, Hindutva, nationalist ideology, Hindu populismPrintable version | Mar 5, 2015 11:13:34 PM | http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-reinvention-of-hindutva/article6955945.ece© The Hindu