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The Railways as The Railways as Parents of a CityParents of a City
The building of three railways as the primary catalyst for the birth of the City of Red Deer
Central Alberta Historical Society Red Deer May 15, 2013
The North-South The North-South CorridorCorridor
The City of Red Deer owes its location and position as the transportation and distribution centre of Central Alberta to a great extent to the building of and decisions made by the various railways in its early years
Other communities in Central Alberta often prospered or perished, as well as their locations determined by the coming of the railway
For more than 60 years, the railway stations in numerous communities were the focal point for transportation and communication, and to some extent, the social and business fabric of towns large and small
ProloguePrologue
The North-South The North-South CorridorCorridor
Part of an ancient natural ice-free corridor as last ice age was ending 10,000 years ago
First inhabitants around 3,000 BC
Includes several First Nations north-south transportation corridors
Abundance of water, timber, wildlife
Ancient Old North Trail extends from southern U.S. to Alaska through Central Alberta
The North-South The North-South CorridorCorridor
Old North Trail loosely-defined series of foot paths that had winter and summer routes used by First Nations tribes and later by fur traders
Central branch crossed Red Deer River at ‘The Crossing’ west of Red Deer or alternately near Innisfail
West branch along foothills of Rockies Wolf Track extended from Edmonton
area to near present-day Lacombe to Rocky Mountain House
North-South CorridorNorth-South Corridor
In the south, trade route developed from Fort Benton, Montana to Fort Whoop-Up (Lethbridge)
NWMP arrived 1875, set up Fort MacLeod and Fort Calgary, linking the two posts with a trail using portions of Old North Trail
Little to no settlement in Central Alberta
East-West CorridorEast-West Corridor
Fur trading posts and missions developed along the North Saskatchewan River corridor using river to move goods
Carlton Trail linked Winnipeg and Edmonton
Settlements developed at Fort Edmonton, St. Albert, Fort Saskatchewan, Rocky Mountain House and several other locations along corridor
Beginnings of Beginnings of the the
Calgary-Calgary-Edmonton TrailEdmonton Trail McDougalls built crude
450-km road from Edmonton to Morley 1873 via Red Deer Crossing and Lone Pine (near Bowden)
NWMP built road from Fort Calgary to Lone Pine 1875 (now Hwy 2)
Evolution of Evolution of the the
Calgary-Calgary-Edmonton TrailEdmonton Trail
C & E Trail becomes extension of Fort Benton trade route through Fort MacLeod to Fort Calgary to Fort Edmonton
Arrival of the Arrival of the CPR CPR
in Albertain Alberta
Northern Route Northern Route IdentifiedIdentified
Original proposed route of transcontinental railway was surveyed farther north than ultimately located where there were already settlements and the area was more suitable for agricultural development; route located south of South Saskatchewan River and north of Battle River; telegraph line built
Southern route ultimately chosen, in part to discourage U.S. railways from branching northward
Arrival of CPR in CalgaryArrival of CPR in Calgary
The Canadian Pacific Railway reaches Calgary in 1883.
Arrival of CPR in CalgaryArrival of CPR in Calgary
Wagons line up to deliver goods north to Edmonton as Calgary-Edmonton Trail gains significance and replaces Carlton Trail to move goods and people from eastern communities
The Calgary-The Calgary-Edmonton TrailEdmonton Trail
Red Deer CrossingRed Deer Crossing
The Calgary-Edmonton Trail gains significance in 1883 but still very few settlers between Calgary and Edmonton
Small community begins at Red Deer Crossing 1883
Series of stopping houses develop along trail including Lone Pine, Poplar Grove, Cache Creek, Blindman and Bartlett’s
The Calgary-Edmonton The Calgary-Edmonton TrailTrail
Crude stagecoach service carries mail, goods and passengers 1883-91
Trip takes 4 to 5 days requiring use of stopping houses along the way
One-way fare $25 (a good wage was $2 per day)
Key Decision Key Decision Makers that Makers that
formed formed Red DeerRed Deer’s future’s future
John T. MooreJohn T. Moore
Managing Director of the Saskatchewan Land and Homestead Company. Visits Red Deer 1881. Company purchases 115,000 acres of land around Red Deer in 1882 at $2/acre
Moves to Red Deer in 1901 and secures charter for Alberta Central Railway
Elected to Legislative Assembly 1905
Rev. Leonard GaetzRev. Leonard Gaetz
Arrives in Red Deer in 1884 from Ontario as an agent for the Saskatchewan Land and Homestead Company. First to homestead at current townsite near mouth of Waskasoo Creekwith wife and 10 children. Purchased surrounding land to increase property to 1200 acres.
James RossJames Ross
Manager of contracting company hired in 1883 to complete CPR from Swift Current to Craigellachie, BC
President of Calgary and Edmonton Railway Co. and Calgary and Edmonton Land Co.
President of Dominion Bridge Co.
William Mackenzie & William Mackenzie & Donald MannDonald Mann
Partnered with James Ross and Herbert Holt to built several railways including Calgary and Edmonton Railway.
Began railway network in Western Canada in 1895 which would become Canadian Northern Railway
The Calgary and The Calgary and Edmonton Edmonton
RailwayRailway
The C & E The C & E RailwayRailway
First charter in 1885 New charter 1890 Principals included
James Ross, Herbert Holt, William Mackenzie, Donald Mann
3 crossing of Red Deer and Blindman Rivers surveyed (The Crossing, mouth of Blindman River, west of Innisfail)
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
James Ross accepted proposal by Rev. Leonard Gaetz for half-interest in his property for townsite and bridge crossing
Rail line built from Calgary to south of Red Deer by November 1890 (4 months)
First lots went on sale in new townsite January 1891
Settlers at Crossing moved to new townsite
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
Timber bridge built across Red Deer River 1890-91
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
Rail line completed to Strathcona July 1891 (no direct connection with Edmonton)
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
C&E Railway was built with the intention of leasing it out to an operator (presumably CPR)
CPR leased line for 6 years with option to renew
CPR assumed operation of the C&E August 1891, named communities and built facilities for operation
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
Combination station and freight house built 1891 in 3 weeks to replace temporary boxcar
Similar stations built at Innisfail, Olds, Lacombe, Ponoka and other towns (including south of Calgary) to replace small temporary stations or boxcars
The Calgary-Edmonton The Calgary-Edmonton CorridorCorridor
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
First passenger trains ranbetween Red Deer and Calgary in the spring of 1891
Regular passenger service between Red Deer and Edmonton starts 1892
Travel time reduced to 12 hours by train from 4 days by stagecoach
One way fare $10 Calgary-Edmonton (Strathcona)
Mail service by rail marked end of stagecoach service on Calgary and Edmonton Trail
Red Deer Red Deer Becomes Railway Becomes Railway
TownTown
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
By 1900, the C&E Railway is the most profitable railway of its size in Canada
Population of Red Deer in 1901 at 323, similar to or smaller than, populations of Lacombe and Innisfail
In 1905 CPR expands Red Deer yards and opens two branchlines originating in Red Deer – Lacombe to Alix and Wetaskiwin to Camrose
Red Deer population mushrooms to 1,500
The C & E The C & E Railway Railway
ExpansionExpansion Lacombe to Alix
branch extended to Stettler 1906 with immediate passenger service to Red Deer
Wetaskiwin to Camrose extended to Hardisty in 1906, crew originates at Red Deer
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
Ornamental station park gets started 4-stall roundhouse and stockyard built 1906
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
Upgrades to facilities included 70-foot turntable and expansion of roundhouse to 10 stalls
Construction of elevated gravitational timber coal tipple 1907 dominated skyline
CPR became primary employer, customer and supplier for town and remained so for decades
Competition for Competition for the CPRthe CPR
Canadian Canadian NorthernNorthern
Mackenzie and Mann acquire Edmonton, Yukon and Pacific Railway 1898; built Low Level Bridge 1900
Canadian Northern Railway (created by Mackenzie and Mann 1899) links with Strathcona 1902
East-west CNor line reaches Edmonton 1905
Canadian Canadian NorthernNorthern
Canadian Pacific signs 999 year lease with C&E Railway 1901 to prevent takeover by Canadian Northern
CNor incorporates Alberta Midland and Canadian Northern Western Railways 1909
Red Deer Red Deer Becomes CPR Becomes CPR Division PointDivision Point
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
Various improvements since 1905 indicate something big on the horizon
CPR negotiated arrangement with town for double the amount of water
Red Deer officially announced as divisional point in 1908 establishing Red Deer as the distribution and transportation centre of Central Alberta
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
Preparation for new bridge started in 1906
New 2-span steel bridge (300 ft) replaced 3-span timber bridge 1908
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
New station built at head of Ross Street 1910
The Calgary & Edmonton The Calgary & Edmonton RailwayRailway
New station, relocated original station used for freight house, and ornamental park (elevated gravitational coal chutes in background)
The Alberta The Alberta Central RailwayCentral Railway
Alberta Central RailwayAlberta Central Railway
ACR chartered 1901, led by John T. Moore, with headquarters in Red Deer
Yellowhead Pass to Moose Jaw and Hudson Bay via Red Deer and Saskatoon
Alberta Central RailwayAlberta Central Railway
Sir Wilfrid Laurier arrived at Red Deer CPR station August 10, 1910 (note 1892 station still in use)
Alberta Central RailwayAlberta Central Railway
Sir Wilfrid Laurier(with John T. Moore) drives first spike for Alberta Central Railway in south Red Deer east of C&E Railway August 10, 1910;
construction begins from C&E Railway at Forth (south of Red Deer) east to Mountview; yard and station built, line graded to Pine Lake
Alberta Central RailwayAlberta Central Railway
The ACR crossed the Calgary & Edmonton Railway (CPR) and Waskasoo Creek 1911 at Forth (south Red Deer) connecting Mountview and Westpark for westerly expansion
Alberta Central RailwayAlberta Central Railway
Construction of 2,112’ long, 110’ high steel trestle at Mintlaw began in 1911
Alberta Central RailwayAlberta Central Railway
Mintlaw trestle completed fall 1912
longest existing rail structure in Central Alberta,
3rd longest steel trestle in Western Canada,
top 10 longest railway bridges in Western Canada
Canadian Canadian Northern Northern
Western RailwayWestern Railway
Canadian Canadian Northern Northern RailwayRailway
Alberta Midland (Canadian Northern) builds north-south line from Edmonton through Camrose, Stettler, Big Valley to Drumheller in 1911, connects with Calgary in 1914
Canadian Northern Canadian Northern Western RailwayWestern Railway
Martin Nordegg invited William Mackenzie and Donald Mann to build rail line to Brazeau coal fields 1908 after being refused by Canadian Pacific Railway
Mackenzie and Mann created subsidiary of Canadian Northern Railway called Canadian Northern Western Railway in order to receive provincial subsidies
Mackenzie and Mann chose route to Rocky Mountain House parallel to Alberta Central Railway
Standard for track building inferior to ACR so progress could be made quickly
Canadian Northern Canadian Northern Western RailwayWestern Railway
Canadian Northern Western built line west from Warden (west of Stettler) to Sylvan Lake in 1911 with trains originating in Big Valley
Major trestle built at Burbank to cross Blindman River
Spur line built from Burbank area south to North Red Deer
Canadian Northern Canadian Northern Western RailwayWestern Railway
Several confrontations with competing Alberta Central Railway
The building of two railways along with other improvements in and around Red Deer created prosperity for town and area farmers
Canadian Northern Western reached Rocky Mountain House in 1912, Nordegg in 1914
The Alberta The Alberta Central Railway Central Railway Goes BankruptGoes Bankrupt
Alberta Central RailwayAlberta Central Railway
Due to high cost of construction of a high standard rail line, including the construction of 2 major bridges (Mintlaw and Rocky Mountain House), and the inflationary effects of competing with the Canadian Northern Western Railway, the Alberta Central Railway went bankrupt in 1911
The CPR leased the line, then took it over as a wholly-owned subsidiary in 1912 and completed construction between Red Deer and Rocky Mountain House by 1914
Alberta Central RailwayAlberta Central Railway
The eastern section, including trestle over Piper Creek and yard in Mountview, was abandoned 1913. Rail taken up, bridges removed and station sold as residence
Red Deer Red Deer Becomes a CityBecomes a City
Red Deer Becomes a CityRed Deer Becomes a City Plans were proposed for more
railway building including expansion of the Canadian Northern north-south route through city
Population booms to 2,800 The prosperity and land boom
resulting from intense railway building in area provided confidence that Red Deer would grow into a major metropolis in near future
Red Deer becomes city in 1913
Red Deer Becomes a CityRed Deer Becomes a City Economic boom came to sudden end
with a recession and outbreak of World War One
Population remained steady at around 2,800 for several years
However, Red Deer had been assured of its dominant position as Central Alberta’s transportation and distribution centre as a result of the many decisions and developments of three railways in the previous 2 decades
EpilogueEpilogue
Calgary-Calgary-Edmonton Edmonton Corridor Corridor StabilityStability Canadian Northern &
Grand Trunk Pacific became part of Canadian National Railways 1919-1923
Mirror replaced Big Valley as dominant Canadian National divisional point in Edmonton-Calgary corridor
Calgary-Edmonton Corridor Calgary-Edmonton Corridor StabilityStability
CN built Red Deer River bridge & station at Red Deer in 1920
Calgary-Edmonton Corridor Calgary-Edmonton Corridor StabilityStability
CN bridge abandoned 1941 after several washouts
Line built to connect CN station to CPR yards
Calgary-Edmonton Corridor Calgary-Edmonton Corridor StabilityStability
Canadian Pacific continued to improve yards and facilities in Red Deer
Calgary-Edmonton Corridor Calgary-Edmonton Corridor StabilityStability
Gravitational coal chutes converted to mechanical type in 1923 and trestle removed
Steam-era facilities were maintained until 1955-60
Ornamental station park converted to parking lot in 1960
Roundhouse demolished 1963 Older grain elevators replaced by modern
ones between 1948 and late 1950s
Calgary-Calgary-Edmonton Edmonton Corridor Corridor StabilityStability By 1930 Canadian Pacific
runs 3 corridor passenger trains per day in each direction taking 6-7 hours with integrated Red Deer feeders from Stettler, Rimbey and Rocky Mountain House lines
Canadian Pacific introduces high-speed rail in 1936 with ‘The Chinook’, reducing travel time to 4 ½ - 5 ¼ hours at speeds up to 90-100 mi/hr, up to 22 stops
Jubilee 3001 ‘The Jubilee 3001 ‘The Chinook’Chinook’
One of only five locomotives and train sets built by Canadian Pacific for ‘high speed’ inter-city passenger service
Ran in corridor from 1936 to 1939 and 1945 to 1955
Sister locomotive established speed record in 1937 which stood until 1976 (112.5 mi/hr – 181 km/hr)
Ended service in 1955 and scrapped in 1958
Calgary-Calgary-Edmonton Edmonton Corridor Corridor StabilityStability ‘The Chinook’ replaced by
heavier locomotives and longer trains during war years 1939-1945 primarily due to increased military personnel movements
Passenger service and rail infrastructure within all 3 corridors remained stable for 40 years (1914-1954)
Personal vehicles became affordable and gas was cheap during period of economic prosperity after war
Time of Time of ChangeChange
Canadian Pacific introduces Dayliner (Rail Diesel Car) service 3 times daily in 1955 reducing travel time to 3 ½ - 4 hours
Passenger service ends on Alberta Central line from Rocky Mountain House
Brazeau Colleries at Nordegg close in 1955 making CN passenger trains between Mirror and Rocky Mountain House unprofitable, CN cancels all passenger service on line
More ChangeMore Change
After 94 years of continuous passenger rail service along the corridor, the last Via Dayliner ran on Sept. 6, 1985
Last train on CPR Alberta Central line 1981
Red Deer CPR railyards relocated from downtown to west side of city 1991, downtown station closed but preserved
The Railways as The Railways as Parents of a CityParents of a City
For more information on the history of Central Alberta’s
railways, visit:www.ForthJunction.com
Central Alberta Historical Society Red Deer May 15, 2013