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The Quest for the Holy Land
• Definition: series of 8 military expeditions from Europe to the Middle East
• Dates: 1096-1270• Crusader: to take up the
cross
The Quest for the Holy Land
• Motivation: to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims
• Holy Land: an ancient region of southwest Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean
• Jews: Torah establishes claim to the Holy Land• Site of King Solomon’s Temple
Claims to the Holy Land
• Muslims: • Site of Muhammad’s journey into heaven• Site of the Dome of the Rock
Claims to the Holy Land
• Christians: Site of Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection• Site of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher
Claims to the Holy Land
Pope Urban II called for crusade against Turks
Indulgences as incentive
Battles in the Holy Land
Eight Crusades
The First Crusade: Pope Urban II“God Wills It!”
• Wanted to protect Christianity from expansion by Muslim Turks
The First Crusade: Pope Urban II“God Wills It!”
• Wanted to unite all of Europe’s Christians and increase his personal power as pope
Nobles & Peasants
• Escape from drudgery & hope of adventure.
• Promised salvation for anyone who died.
Nobles & Peasants
• Nobles hoped to add to their personal fortunes and strengthen to power of monarchs
The First Crusade
• Much of the army died from disease
• Some Europeans returned home, while others established crusader states
Results
The Third (or Kings’) Crusade
• Saladin was a devout Muslim and military leader
• He went to war when the crusaders broke a treaty by attacking a Muslim caravan
Muslim Forces
The Third (or Kings’) Crusade
• Battle at the Horns of Hattin triggered the third crusade.
• Surrounded the Christian army and set fire
• Muslims recaptured Jerusalem in October 1187
Muslim Forces
The Third (or Kings’) Crusade
• Called the Kings’ Crusade because the military leaders were monarchs
• Philip king of France
Christian Forces
The Third (or Kings’) Crusade
• Frederick Barbarossa king of Germany, drowned on his way to Constantinople
• Richard I king of England, nicknamed the lion heart
Christian Forces
Results of the Third Crusade
• Philip and Richard captured Acre.
• Richard grew impatient and ordered the execution of all of the city’s Muslims
Results of the Third Crusade
• Richard and Saladin fought in many battles but Richard never regained Jerusalem
Results of the Third Crusade
• Treaty of 1192: Crusaders control cities north of Jaffra.
• Pilgrims can safely visit Jerusalem
The Impact of the Crusades• Trade Expands: Europeans
want to have the luxuries they saw in the Middle East. The demand for silk and spices grew.
• Feudalism Weakened: Knights left their fiefs to fight and serfs were freed. Lords were killed or went bankrupt.• Exchange of Ideas: Military technology, poetry and music, use of money, languages, architecture• Muslims remain in control of Jerusalem until WWI
The Impact of the Crusades• Trade Expands: Europeans want to have the
luxuries they saw in the Middle East. • The demand for silk and spices grew.
The Impact of the Crusades• Feudalism Weakened: Knights left their fiefs to fight and serfs were freed. • Lords were killed or went bankrupt.