The Psychosocial Adjustment of International …...The Psychosocial Adjustment of ESL/EAP Students in the UK Lee Hawkes April 2013 Intro Background EAP ESL Introduction: “Psycho-social”?

The Psychosocial Adjustment of ESL/EAP Students in the UK

Lee Hawkes April 2013

Intro Background EAP ESL

Introduction: “Psycho-social”?


Psycho Social

Feelings Emotions Identity

Friends Activities

Languages

Introduction: Why care?


Why care?

£0

£1

£2

£3

£4

£5

£6

£7

£8

£9

2004-5 2005-6 2006-7 2007-8 2008-9

HE ESL FE

Why care?



In £bn…

The Department for Business Innovation & Skills (2011)

Why care? EAP:



(Street, 1995; Lea & Street, 1998; Duff 2010)

(Academic) Literacy

Cultural identity

Cultural epistemology

Cultural ontology

Why care? ESL:



Cultural awareness

Confidence Socio-

linguistic competence

(Noels & Clement, 1996; Masgoret & Ward, 2006)


Background: Existing Research

Existing Research

“Student perceptions of their experiences have taught us that their interactions with native speakers may be far less intense and frequent than was once assumed…” (Freed, 1998)



Existing Research

Japanese students in US: happier when NSs are accommodating (Imamura, Zhang, & Harwood, 2011)



Existing Research Singaporeans in Australia: Extroverts good (Ward, Leong, & Low, 2004) Australians in Singapore: Extroverts bad (Armes & Ward, 1989)



Existing Research

Chinese students in London: disappointed with accent/dialect (Tuneja, 2008)



Existing Research


Background: Marginalisation

Marginalisation (Berry, 1997)

‘Acculturative stressors’ (Smith & Khawaja, 2011)

‘Maladaptive strategies’



Integration (Berry, 1997)



UK students’ perceptions of the French (Coleman, 2001)



UK students’ perceptions of the French (Coleman, 2001)



Perceptions of the French, ctd.. (Riley, 2008)

“lack of a greeting or eye contact, explicit remarks about their accent or linguistic incompetence, being kept waiting and lack of interest” (p.223)

“little objective difference in respect of these factors between the treatment meted out to native and non-native clients” (p.223)

“the French don’t find one another rude, in fact they think of themselves as being politer than many other nationalities” (p.220)


My Reseearch

My Research 2011 2012 2013

January EAP 1 EAP 2

February EAP 1 EAP 2

March EAP 1 EAP 2

April

May

June

July

August

September EAP 1 EAP 2 / ESL

October EAP 1 EAP 2 / ESL

November EAP 1 EAP 2 / ESL

December EAP 1 EAP 2 / ESL


My Reseearch

My Research 2011 2012 2013

January EAP 1 EAP 2


March EAP 1 EAP 2

April

May

June

July

August






My Reseearch

My Research 2011 2012 2013

January EAP 1 EAP 2


March EAP 1 EAP 2

April

May

June

July

August






My Reseearch

My Research 2011 2012 2013

January EAP 1 EAP 2


March EAP 1 EAP 2

April

May

June

July

August






Research: EAP1

EAP 1: International Foundation Programme

China x2 Azerbaijan x2 Kazakhstan Pakistan

IELTS 6.0 Business / Economics


Research: EAP1

Marginalisation: 1. ‘Sat at the baby table’ 2. ‘Not good enough’ 3. ‘Later, but not now’


Research: EAP2

EAP2: Longitudinal Survey

IELTS

8.5

8.0

7.5

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.0

120 students

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar


Research: EAP2

4

5

6

7

IELTS 5 IELTS 6 IELTS 7 IELTS 8

Contact

Confidence

Competence

IELTS scores and contact, confidence and competence (2012)

ESL Research


ESL Research

ESL Language Academies:

How old are you?

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41+


ESL Research

What gender are you?

Gender

Male

Female


ESL Research

Where are you from?

Far East/East Asia

Europe

South/Central America

Middle East/Central Asia

Africa

Other


ESL Research

What English level are you?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

B1 B2 C1 C2


ESL Research

How long have you been in London?

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2-4 weeks 1-3 months 3-6 months 6-12 months 1-2 years 2 years+


ESL Research

How long will you be in London in total?

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2-4 weeks 1-3 months 3-6 months 6-12 months 1-2 years 2+ years


ESL Research

Why did you choose to come to London?

Accent

Other

Reputation

Proximity

Friends


ESL Research

How many British friends do you have?

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5

10

15

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25

30

35

40

45

50

0 1 2 3 4 5+


ESL Research

How often do you feel nervous because you don’t know what to say?

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Never 1-2 times a month 1-2 times a week Most days Every day


ESL Research



ESL Research

220

240

260

280

300

320

340




ESL Research

Time Mode

2-4 weeks Once or twice a week

1-3 months Once or twice a week

3-6 months Once or twice a week

6 months - 1 year Most days

1-2 years Once or twice a week

2+ years Most days

How often do you read and write in English?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Never 1-2 times a month 1-2 times a week Most days Every day


ESL Research

How much do you think your English has improved since you arrived?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

It has not A bit Noticeably A lot Massively


ESL Research

How much do you think your English has improved since you arrived?


ESL Research

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340


How much do you think you have learnt about Britain?

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Nothing Not much A few things Quite a lot A lot


ESL Research

How much have you learnt about Britain?


ESL Research

320

330

340

350

360

370

380


How happy are you, compared to before you came?

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Much less Less Same More Much more


ESL Research

How often do you feel stressed, compared to before you arrived?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40



ESL Research

How well do you think you understand British culture?

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10

20

30

40

50

60

Not at all Not much A bit Well Very well


ESL Research

How well do you think you understand British culture?


ESL Research

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380


What do you think about British people?

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5

10

15

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35

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45

50

I hate them I don't like them They're okay I like them I really like them


ESL Research

What do you think about British people?


ESL Research

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390


How healthy are you, compared to before you arrived?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Much less healthy Less healthy The same Healthier Much healthier


ESL Research

How well do you sleep, compared to before you arrived?

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10

20

30

40

50

60

Much worse Worse Same Better Much better


ESL Research

How often do you feel ill, compared to before you arrived?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



ESL Research

Summary


ESL Research

• No crisis

• Lots of English

• Learn about culture, language anxiety – no change for <1 year.

• ‘Fitting in’ – 1+ year

• (most students are not here for 1 year)

Example: Buying a beer


ESL Research

[pub in Liverpool Street Station, 5:00pm Thursday] ME: (waiting) BM: (looks me in eyes, raises eyebrows) ME: (“) BM: yes please… ME: pint of stella please mate BM: pint of stella… (draws beer, gives it to me) four pounds twenty please mate ME: (give him £5) BM: thank you (sorts out change) 80 pence change cheers mate ME: cheers



ESL Research

“The presumed background knowledge for communication, if culturally or socially relative, can prove especially problematic for L2 learners” (Loveday, 1981:123)



ESL Research

ACTORS: Me, barman GENDERS: Male, male AGES: Early 30s, late 20s SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS: (same) LOCALE: Train station pub POWER DISTANCE: Minimal RELATIONSHIP: Professional, anonymous TIME: Limited

End


Summary

Referencees

Armes, K., & Ward, C. (1989). Cross-Cultural Transitions and Sojourner Adjustment in Singapore. The Journal of Social Psychology, 129(2), 273-275.

Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, Acculturatio ad Adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 5-68.

Coleman, J. (1998). Language Learning and Study Abroad: the European Perspective. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, v4 n2 Fall, 167-203.

Duff, P. (2010). Language socialization into academic discourse communities. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 30, 169-192.

Freed, B. (1998). An Overview of Issues and Research in Language Learning in a Study Abroad Setting. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 4, 31-60.

Imamura, M., Zhang, Y. B., & Harwood, J. (2011). Japanese sojourners' attitudes toward Americans. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 115-132.

Lea, M., & Street, B. (1998). Student Writing in Higher Education: An Academic Literacies Approach. Studies in Higher Education, 23(2), 152-172.

Masgoret, A.-M., & Ward, C. (2006). Culture Learning Approach to Acculturation. In D. L. Sam, & J. W. Berry, The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology (pp. 58-77). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Noels, K., & Clément, R. (1996). Communicating Across Cultures: Social Determinants and Acculturative Experiences. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 28(3), 214-228.

Riley, P. (2008). Language, Culture and Identity. London: Continuum.

Smith, R. A., & Khawaja, N. G. (2011). A review of the acculturation experiences of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 699-713.

Street, B. (1995). Social Literacies: Critical Approaches to Literacy in Development, Ethnography and Education. Harlow: Pearson.

The Department for Business Innovation & Skills. (2011). Estimating the Value to the UK of Education Exports. London: London Economics.

Tuneja, E. (2008). Aspects of intercultural awareness through an MBA study abroad programme: Going "backstage". Business Communication Quarterly, 71(3), 314-337.

Documents

The Psychosocial Adjustment of International …...The Psychosocial Adjustment of ESL/EAP Students in the UK Lee Hawkes April 2013 Intro Background EAP ESL Introduction: “Psycho-social”?