The PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION PLAN FOR ... · Version 1 Approved by Ramez Kayal Project Director- Senior Water Resources Specialist August 21th, 2008 ... UNRWA Mr. Moussa

The PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING

ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AND FOR INCORPORATING ENVIRONMENTAL

STANDARDS IN THE REBUILDING OF NAHR EL BARED PALESTINIAN CAMP, LEBANON

FIELD INVESTIGATION REPORT

Prepared by:

EARTH LINK AND ADVANCED RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L.

(ELARD)

Submitted to:

UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Date of Submission:

July 21, 2008

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Table of Contents

Prepared by ELARD ii

ELARD LEBANON

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP-) Document Type:

Field Investigation Report

Contract Ref: LEB/RFP/05/08

Title No. of Pages: 31 The Provision and Development of Action Plan for Addressing Environmental Damage and for Incorporating Environmental Standards in the Rebuilding of Nahr El Bared Palestinian Camp, Lebanon

Version 1

Approved by Ramez Kayal Project Director- Senior Water Resources Specialist August 21th, 2008

Reviewed by Ricardo Khoury Assistant Project Director August 20th, 2008

Prepared by Joanna Doummar Project Manager- Water Resources Specialist August 19th, 2006

Rabih Fayad Solid Waste Specialist August 16th, 2006 Amal Othmani Environmental Expert August 17th, 2006

DISCLAIMER

This EIA report has been prepared by ELARD , with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. The information contained in this report is, to the best of our knowledge, correct at the time of printing. The interpretations and recommendations are based on our experience, using reasonable professional skill and judgment, and based upon the information that was available to us. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility whatsoever to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk.

ELARD

Hojeily Center 6th Fl. Pere Yaoub Street Sin El Fil, 2708 5803 Tel: +961 (1) 512121/2 Fax: +961 1 512123


Prepared by ELARD iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ iii

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................. iv

List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................................. iv

List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................ v

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.1. General .................................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2. Objectives and Structure of the Field Investigation Report ............................................................ 1-1

2. Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1. Field Survey .............................................................................................................................................. 2-1

2.2. Meetings with Concerned Parties ....................................................................................................... 2-1

2.3. Sampling Campaign.............................................................................................................................. 2-2

2.3.1. Procedures .......................................................................................................................................... 2-2

2.3.2. Field Sampling Methodology ........................................................................................................... 2-3

3. Field Investigation Results ................................................................................................................................. 3-1

3.1. Municipal solid waste ............................................................................................................................ 3-3

3.1.1. Quantities ............................................................................................................................................ 3-3

3.1.2. Composition ........................................................................................................................................ 3-3

3.1.3. Solid waste collection and disposal ............................................................................................... 3-3

3.1.4. Collection and disposal vehicles .................................................................................................... 3-5

3.1.5. Allocation of municipal solid waste resources ............................................................................. 3-5

3.1.6. Problems faced by the service provider ....................................................................................... 3-6

3.1.7. Post Conflict Status of the solid waste infrastructure ................................................................... 3-7

3.2. Demolition Debris .................................................................................................................................... 3-7

3.2.1. General ................................................................................................................................................ 3-7

3.2.2. Damage Quantification ................................................................................................................... 3-7

3.2.3. Composition ........................................................................................................................................ 3-8

3.3. Water Supply ......................................................................................................................................... 3-10

3.3.1. Water Supply ..................................................................................................................................... 3-10

3.4. Waste Water .......................................................................................................................................... 3-13

3.4.1. Waste Water prior to Conflict ........................................................................................................ 3-13

3.4.2. Site investigation .............................................................................................................................. 3-14


Prepared by ELARD iv

3.5. Electricity ................................................................................................................................................ 3-15

3.5.1. Pre-conflict status ............................................................................................................................. 3-15

3.5.2. Post- conflict status .......................................................................................................................... 3-15

4. Environmental Concerns .................................................................................................................................. 4-1

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 Water sample collection from a) surface water: Nahr El Bared River; Ouyoun Es Samak

Dam, b) Well 3 in Nahr El Bared Camp .......................................................................................... 2-4

Figure 2-2 Water sample collection from c) Bebnine Spring, d) Well 2 in Nahr El Bared Camp ........... 2-4

Figure 2-3 Location of Water Sampling Points in the Old Nahr El Bared Camp ........................................ 2-5

Figure 3-1 Approximate Visited Locations in the Old Nahr El Bared Camp............................................... 3-1

Figure 3-2 Nahr El bared Old Camp Division into Four Sectors and the Main Street ............................... 3-4

Figure 3-3 Demolition Debris in the Nahr El Bared Camp Composed Mainly of Rubble (Concrete, Metals and Aggregates) with other Minor Waste Streams (Organic, Nylon, Plastics) .......... 3-9

Figure 3-4 Demolition Debris composed mainly of Rubble, Wood, Textiles, etc Disposed on the banks of the Nahr El Bared River ............................................................................................................... 3-10

Figure 3-5 a) Well 6 located near Nahr El Bared River rehabilitated and currently used for Sector A in the New Camp, b) Well 8 completely buried beneath the rubble ........................................ 3-12

Figure 3-6 Water Tower least affected by the conflict serving the New Camp a) Amwas, b) Gineen .... ............................................................................................................................................................. 3-13

LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Stakeholders relevant to the project .............................................................................................. 2-1

Table 2-2 Sampling Program as performed during the 4 site visits conducted by ELARD ..................... 2-3

Table 2-3 Coordinates of the Ground Water Sampling Locations ............................................................. 2-6

Table 2-4 Collected Samples and Associated Analyzed Parameters ....................................................... 2-7

Table 3-1 Approximate Coordinates of Visited Locations (in WGS84 Geographic system) .................. 3-1

Table 3-2 Estimation of Solid Waste Quantities in the Old Camp ............................................................... 3-3

Table 3-3 PVC Refuse Storage Bins ................................................................................................................... 3-5

Table 3-4 UNRWA Refuse Collection Vehicles ................................................................................................ 3-5

Table 3-5 Resource allocation in the old camp ............................................................................................ 3-5

Table 3-6 Estimation of the composition of demolition debris in the old camp based on Field Investigation ........................................................................................................................................ 3-8

Table 3-7 Water Supply in the Old Nahr El Bared Camp Prior to the Conflict ........................................ 3-10


Prepared by ELARD v

Table 3-8 Main Characteristics of the Surveyed and Visited Wells ........................................................... 3-11

Table 3-9 Conditions of the Water Towers located in the old and New Camp .................................... 3-12

Table 4-1 Pre-conflict Environmental Concerns ............................................................................................. 4-1

Table 4-2 Post-Conflict Environmental Concerns .......................................................................................... 4-2

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ELARD Earth Link and Advanced Resources Development

NBC Nahr El Bared Camp

HWD Hazardous Waste Disposal

PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyls

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNRWA United Nations Relief and Work Agency

ICRC International Committee Red Cross

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Introduction

Prepared by ELARD 1-1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL The Nahr El Bared Palestinian Camp (NBC) in North Lebanon was severely damaged as a result of the military conflict that occurred in 2007. The conflict resulted in significant environmental impacts on the camp and its surrounding. These mainly include but are not limited to: 1) generation of significant amounts of waste, particularly special wastes such as construction/demolition wastes, and scrap vehicle wastes; 2) pollution of water resources, including groundwater resources and surface water (Bared River), 3) marine and soil pollution, due to leakage; and 4) air pollution. Following the request of UNRWA, the UNDP has launched a tender document for the Development of an Action Plan for Addressing Environmental Damage and for Incorporating Environmental Standards in the Rebuilding of Nahr Bared following the 2007 conflict. Earth Link and Advanced Resources development (ELARD) was appointed by UNDP to conduct the rapid assessment of the environmental damages related to the conflict, as per the contract signed on May 16th, 2008. As portrayed in the inception report, to meet the objective of the Environmental Assessment, and as suggested by the UNDP in the RFP, the study is being conducted in a five-phase approach, each comprising a series of tasks and activities. The output of the assessment will be presented in five reports outlining the work progress over a total period of 16 weeks. The project objectives were presented in the inception report submitted on June 2nd 2008.

1.2. OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE OF THE FIELD INVESTIGATION REPORT The purpose of the field investigation report is to validate the information collected in Phase 2, identify and document the current status of all damaged sites, and collect necessary data for the development of the sampling plan, in addition to the implementation of the Sampling Plan.

The field visit comprised a field survey, interviews with locals, visual assessment of damaged sites, verification of collected data and identification of suitable locations for the sample collection. This report provides a detailed description of all the activities of this phase, and presents the sampling results. The report includes a comprehensive list of all the sites visited presenting the site historic background (land use, materials, etc.), field observations and pre-assessment results and conclusions. It also includes a description of the field sampling procedures, the laboratory analytical results, and a detailed list of sites or areas that have been environmentally impacted.

Section II includes the methodology adopted for the collection of data presented in this report. Section III provides a detailed description of the field investigation results in the main environmental sectors such as solid waste, demolition waste, water supply, wastewater network, and electrical supply. Section IV provides a synopsis of the available data, and highlights the main environmental issues.

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Methodology


2. METHODOLOGY

2.1. FIELD SURVEY The ELARD field survey team conducted a series of field visits to the old camp area starting July 8th. Visual inspections on-site aimed at assessing the extent of damage inflicted on the camp’s physical infrastructure. The major features investigated include but are not limited to: (1) status of municipal solid waste containers, (2) status of collection and disposal vehicles, (3) composition of demolition debris, (4) status of wastewater network, (5) geographic location of the sewage discharge outlet, etc.

Officials from UNRWA escorted the team throughout the field visits, providing guidance for locating the impacted features.

All the visited sites and sensitive points were geo-referenced and documented using a Global Positioning System (GPS), in addition to relevant photographs. Although provided with an access permit to the old and new camp, ELARD team was intercepted by military forces during the site visit. Photographs were deleted accordingly. ELARD team was requested to acquire an additional permit for photographs and GPS use in the camp through UNDP. The permit requires about 2 weeks from the date of request. Accordingly, the provided information is not illustrated with respective pictures. Photographs will be provided in the final version of the report (1) week after the permit is granted. It is worth noting that the field investigation was delayed and conditioned by conflicts occurring in Tripoli, which impeded ELARD team from complying with the original schedule Field Investigation Plan.

2.2. MEETINGS WITH CONCERNED PARTIES In addition to the field survey, ELARD team held several meetings with personnel in charge of various divisions in Nahr El Bared Camp. A list of all the relevant stakeholders is provided in Table 2-1below.

Table 2-1 Stakeholders relevant to the project

ORGANIZATION NAME OF CONTACT PERSON POSITION PHONE NUMBER

UNRWA Mr. Rasheed Ajawi Head of Engineering and Infrastructure (NBC)

70-850516

UNRWA Mr. Moussa El Ali Area Sanitation Officer 70-851638

UNRWA Mr. Kassem Rabih Electrical Engineer (NBC) 70-891008

The output of the meetings consisted mainly of information related to the status of the sanitation sectors (mainly solid waste and waste water sectors) and adopted management practices prior to the conflict.



2.3. SAMPLING CAMPAIGN The following section presents the methodology adopted for water sampling in the old and new camps and surrounding areas. Soil sampling will be postponed to the beginning of September upon the verbal request of UNRWA raised on June 30th, 2008 during the progress meeting held at UNDP offices in Beirut. ELARD implemented a comprehensive sampling and laboratory analytical program, which aimed mainly at:

• Assessing the degree and type of contamination of soil and water resulting from the conflict, i.e., fuel tanks, explosions,

• Evaluating the contamination of water consequent to previous discharge practices or existing point source of pollution prior to the conflict;

• Evaluating the quality of coastal groundwater, with respect to sea water intrusion

The sampling locations were selected in light of the early investigations performed to date mainly based but not limited to the following indicators and factors:

• Physico-chemical standard parameters along with bacteriological pathogen indicators (E-Coli, Enterococci, etc.) were analyzed in groundwater samples from sources located near percolation pits, or wells used for domestic consumption;

• Indicators of organic compounds such as BTEX/ gasoline were also analyzed in groundwater sample located in wells near exploded fuel or diesel tanks, in order to detect the level of fuel or diesel contamination;

• PCB’s were only analyzed for samples collected from wells located downstream or in the vicinity of exploded PCB transformers;

The water sampling program included:

• Ground water samples from the currently operating wells in the New camp and surrounding areas; and

• Surface water samples at various points along the Nahr Bared river course: upstream and downstream to NBC and within the camp.

The main limitation associated with the field sampling survey was the inaccessibility of ELARD team members to some wells in Nahr El Bared. Wells are either collapsed or lack rising pipes.

2.3.1. Procedures

Given that no guidelines relating to sampling protocols for groundwater and surface water exist

in Lebanon; ELARD team adopted the methods and procedures presented in the "New Jersey

Field Sampling Procedures Manual", (2005), a worldwide recognized sampling technical

guidance manual. The primary intent of this manual has always been to promote accuracy and

consistency when environmental samples are collected and prepared for analyses.

Standard Operating Procedures for Sample Collection and Sample Handling were adopted

throughout the whole process of sampling. The Samples were stored in cool container at 40C.



The Parameters for the water samples were analyzed locally in the Laboratory of the American

University of Beirut; (AUB). The sampling campaign was implemented in four days in July and

August (Table 2-2), during low flow periods where water dilution is considered minimal.

Table 2-2 Sampling Program as performed during the 4 site visits conducted by ELARD

Date Number of samples Sampling Locations

Visit 23 July 2008 6 Bebnine Spring, NBC-well 10, NBC well 6, Nahr El Bared River, Beddawi well 1, Beddawi well 2

Visit 30 July 2008 5 NBC-well 3, NBC-well 5, NBC-Gineen well, NBC-Hamed well, Mhammara well

Visit 31 July 2008 3 Ouyoun Es Samak, Nahr El Bared River

Visit 6 August 2008 3 NBC-well 2, Deir Ammar well, Menieh well

Total 17

2.3.2. Field Sampling Methodology

2.3.2.1. Collection Methodology

The well sampling was undertaken following the Ground Water Sampling Standard Operating

Procedure (SOP) (Field Sampling Procedures Manual, New Jersey, 2005, chapter 9). All

equipments were also handled as little as possible prior to use with disposable gloves worn at all

times when handled. Decontamination of all the equipments was performed prior to field visit. It

was ensured that sampling equipments are always stored away from solvents, gasoline, exhaust

emissions, or other equipment and/or materials that may impact the integrity of prepared

sampling instruments. A record was kept of the date and time and labeled on the sampling

device and containers. Water was sampled following this procedure (Figure 2-2):

o Prior to collecting groundwater samples, unless the well was not pumped prior to

sampling or not operational, the well was purged (5 well volumes of water) to remove

any stagnant water in the well casing and to ensure that at last 95 % of the water sample

originates from the aquifer formation being sampled.

o Water was then collected from the rising pipe, when possible; otherwise water was

collected from the nearest tap connected to the well, usually located at a maximum

distance of 20 meters from the source.

o Measurements of pH, static water level, conductivity and temperature were performed

in-situ using a field pH, Field Conductimeter and temperature meter. It was ensured that

all the equipments were calibrated with blank and standard solutions according to

standards calibrating procedures, prior to field work initiation. A manual water level



meter was used, when applicable, for static water level measurements in the well. It was

ensured that the probe ran plumb vertically inside the well to avoid errors due to the

sinuosity of the tape meter.

a) b)

Figure 2-1 Water sample collection from a) surface water: Nahr El Bared River; Ouyoun Es Samak Dam, b) Well 3 in Nahr El Bared Camp

c) d)

Figure 2-2 Water sample collection from c) Bebnine Spring, d) Well 2 in Nahr El Bared Camp

2.3.2.2. Sampling Locations

A total of 17 groundwater and surface water samples were collected from various water points

(well, spring and Nahr El Bared River) in the old camp, new camp, and surrounding

municipalities. The location of surface water samples are shown on Figure 2-3 and presented in

Table 2-3. Water Sampling points related to the old Nahr El Bared Camp, highlighted in Table 2-3



are located in the new camp area. A summary of the sampling plan, along with the analytical

parameters required in light of the available information is provided in Table 2-4.

Figure 2-3 Location of Water Sampling Points in the Old Nahr El Bared Camp



Table 2-3 Coordinates of the Ground Water Sampling Locations

Village Type Label Name X Y

DEG MIN SEC DEG MIN SEC

Ain Bebnine Spring NBC 14 Bebnine Spring 34 29 28.2 35 59 53.4

NBC New Camp Well NBC 10 Well 10 34 30 37.2 35 57 48.6

NBC New Camp Well NBC 6 Well 6 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6

NBC New Camp Surface Water

NBC SW bridge NBC downstream 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6

Beddawi Well Well Beddawi 1

Beddawi well 1 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6

Beddawi Well Well Beddawi 2

Beddawi well 2 34 27 17.4 35 52 22.8

NBC New Camp Well Well 3 Well 3 34 30 35.4 35 57 45.0

NBC New Camp Well Well 5 Well 5 34 30 34.8 35 57 43.2

NBC New Camp Well Gineen Gineen well 34 30 39.6 35 57 57.6

NBC New Camp Well Hamed Hamed well 34 30 42.6 35 57 58.2

Mhammara Well Mhamara Mhammara well 34 30 17.4 35 58 24.0

Ouyoun El Samak Surface Water

Dam Ouyoun

Ouyoun El Samak upstream 34 26 22.8 36 1 10.2

Ouyoun El Samak Spring Ouyoun El Samak

Ouyoun El Samak spring 34 26 19.8 36 0 13.8

Nahr El Bared river Surface Water

Rawda Nahr El Bared surface water 34 28 15 35 59 20.4

NBC New Camp Well Well 2 Well 2 34 30 36 35 57 45.6

Deir Ammar Well Deir Ammar Deir Ammar well 34 27 20.4 35 54 34.8

Menieh Well Menieh Menieh well 34 27 59.4 35 56 7.8



Table 2-4 Collected Samples and Associated Analyzed Parameters

Sample Number Type

Heav

y M

etal

s: A

rseni

c, B

ariu

m, C

adm

ium

, C

hrom

ium

, Cop

per,

Lead

, Nic

kel,

Zinc,

and

M

ercu

ry

Che

mic

al O

xyge

n de

man

d, B

iolo

gica

l Oxy

gen

Dem

and

Tota

l Diss

olve

d S

olid

s, To

tal S

uspe

nded

Sol

ids,

pH,

Con

duc

tivity

To

tal a

nd F

ecal

Col

iform

Tota

l Har

dne

ss, C

alci

um a

nd M

agne

sium

Ha

rdne

ss

BTEX

Poly

Chl

orin

ated

Bip

heny

l’s

Chr

omiu

m V

I

Mag

nesiu

m, C

alci

um, I

ron,

Sod

ium

, Pot

assiu

m,

Chl

orid

es,

Nitr

ate

s, N

itrite

s, Bi

carb

onat

es,

NBC 14 Spring

Ouyoun El Samak Spring

NBC SW bridge Surface Water

Dam Ouyoun Surface Water

Rawda Surface Water

NBC 10 Well

NBC 6 Well

Well Beddawi 1 Well

Well Beddawi 2 Well

Well 3 Well

Well 5 Well

Gineen Well

Hamed Well

Mhammara Well

Well 2 Well

Deir Ammar Well

Menieh Well

Total 17



2.3.2.3. Storage, Preservation and Shipment

Collected samples are preserved at a temperature of 4 0C during transportation and storage.

Samples were sent to the Corelab at the American University of Beirut, and analyzed for the

parameters listed in Table 2-4 within a maximum of 8 hours of sampling.

Results of the water sampling campaign will be provided in the final version of the field

Investigation report.

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Field Investigation Results


3. FIELD INVESTIGATION RESULTS The data presented in this section is the product of a series of field surveys and meetings conducted by the ELARD team with personnel concerned in different sectors in Nahr El Bared Camp.

Figure 3-1 below shows a visual presentation of the visited locations in the old camp. Table 3-1 presents the geographic coordinates of the visited locations.

Figure 3-1 Approximate Visited Locations in the Old Nahr El Bared Camp

Table 3-1 Approximate Coordinates of Visited Locations (in WGS84 Geographic system)

DESCRIPTION LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES

LATITUDE LONGITUDE Z (M)

Generator Nazlet Il Taawniyeh 34.51317 35.96236 10

Generator Nazlet Il Taawniyeh (sector E’) 34.51445 35.96134 10

Generator Beit Al Makdes (sector E’) 34.51440 35.96319 15

Generator Cultural Center 34.51266 35.95770 4

Generator UNRWA compound 34.51622 35.96133 6

Galvanized Samed Platform Samed/UNICEF Sector 34.51639 35.96290 7



DESCRIPTION LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES

LATITUDE LONGITUDE Z (M)

Old Septic tank Platform UNRWA compound 34.51405 35.95850 2

Slaughter House Platform Slaughter house Area 34.51066 35.95729 17

Slaughter House Platform Slaughter house area 34.51114 35.95729 9

Raw sewage outlet to the sea (from sector E’ in new camp)

UNRWA compound (Al-Muhajareen outlet) 34.51753 35.96217 4

Raw sewage outlet to the sea (from sector E’ in new camp)

UNRWA compound (next to Al-Muhajareen outlet)

34.51757 35.96243 5

New septic tank sea outlet UNRWA compound 34.51577 35.95967 3

Old septic tank UNRWA compound 34.51421 35.95808 3

Underground water storage reservoir (20m3) UNRWA compound 34.51630 35.96067 5

Underground water storage reservoir (80m3) UNRWA compound 34.51614 35.96132 10

Above ground water storage tank Slaughter house area 34.51074 35.95711 2

Jabal Tabour school UNRWA school compound 34.51708 35.96143 7

Medical Facility UNJRWA compound 34.51534 35.96043 3

Control unit + Generator (for New Septic Tank) UNRWA compound 34.51540 35.95986 1

Slaughter House Near Palestine Mosque 34.51066 35.95704 3

Bridge Platform Nahr El Bared 34.5093° 34.5093° 11

Fuel Station Tripoli Road Tripoli Road 34.5102° 35.9573° 11

Generator 2-C 2-C 34.5098° 35.9602° 13

Generator 3-C 3-C 34.5101° 35.9593° 13

Generator Wells Railroad 34.5096° 35.9622° 11

Old Septic Generator Railroad 34.514° 35.9584° 4

Septic Storage Tank (10-20 m3) Coast 34.5149° 35.9595° 4

Storage Tank (Fuel- Mazout) Samed Samed/UNICEF Sector 34.5162° 35.9638° 8

Storage Tank Wells Railroad 34.5099° 35.9626° 11



3.1. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

3.1.1. Quantities With a total population of 22,000 inhabitants, according to UNRWA, the quantities of municipal solid waste evacuated daily from the old camp amount to 70m3. Assuming that the density of municipal waste (containing about 85% of organic matter) is about 300 kg/m3 (METAP, 2000), the total quantity of daily generated municipal solid waste is about 21 tons.

However, it was reported that due to the lack of a solid waste infrastructure in the new camp, municipal refuse from the new camp was delivered to a local party, which used to dispose them in the vicinity of the old camp, in the Bared River, or on the Old Camp waste platform. It was estimated that about 20-40 m3 (6 to 9 tons) of the total municipal solid waste collected in the old camp were originated from the new camp area on a daily basis.

Based on total quantities of collected waste, the generation of total waste per capita per day in the old camp varies between 0.6 kg/ capita in winter time and 1 kg/ capita during summer time.

Table 3-2 Estimation of Solid Waste Quantities in the Old Camp

LOCATION POPULATION DAILY VOLUMES M3 (WINTER- SUMMER)

DAILY QUANTITIES TONS (WINTER- SUMMER)

DAILY QUANTITIES KG/ CAPITA (WINTER- SUMMER)

Old Camp 22,000 50-80 15-24 0.68-1

New Camp 10,000 20-40 6-12 0.6-1.2

Total 32,000 70-120 21-36 0.6-1.2

3.1.2. Composition The composition of municipal solid waste in Nahr El Bared Camp varies according to socio-economic and seasonal changes. Municipal solid wastes in the old camp witness a higher proportion of organic waste (up to 80%) with respect to other wastes categories. This is mainly attributed to the multitude of agricultural activities practiced by Palestinian families, such as processing of vegetables. During summer time, quantities of waste increase by about 100% due to vegetable processing and generation of additional agricultural wastes.

Medical wastes are also generated from the UNRWA clinic and X-ray facility. Other types of waste expected in the camp included minimal quantities of batteries, cardboard, plastic, nylon bags, metals, rubber tires, household white goods, damaged equipments, etc...

3.1.3. Solid waste collection and disposal Nahr El Bared old camp is under the territorial jurisdiction of the Municipality of Mhammara, while managed and supervised by UNRWA. The collection and disposal of the municipal solid waste is under the custody of UNRWA. Medical wastes generated from private clinics in the old camp are disposed along with municipal waste, whereas medical waste generated from



UNRWA clinics, X-ray and handicapped facilities were collected burned and buried in Al Hawd Region in the UNRWA Compound.

The collection and disposal of municipal solid waste, which occurred on a daily basis, is controlled by UNRWA through (26) sanitation laborers, (2) sanitation foremen, and (1) Area Sanitation Officer.

Nahr El Bared old camp was divided into five (5) main sectors (A, B, C, D, and Main street; Figure 3-2), and each sector was sub-divided into four (4) areas. Consequently, each area was served by one (1) sanitation laborer (one sanitation laborer for 1000 persons as per UNRWA norm) who collected the refuse from the alleyways and the shelters of inhabitants and transferred the load to the nearest collection point. From the collection point, the refuse was transferred by vehicles to the solid waste platform. Finally, the refuse was transported from the platform to the final disposal site at the Tripoli landfill.

Figure 3-2 Nahr El bared Old Camp Division into Four Sectors and the Main Street

Four (4) platforms - Samed, Old septic tank, Slaughter house, the Bridge - and four (4) collection points are distributed throughout the old camp area (Refer to Figure 3-1 & Table 3-1). The collection points hosted eighty (80) PVC refuse bins with varying waste storage capacities. The platforms, on the other hand, host forty-five (45) galvanized refuse bins of 1100 liters storage capacity.

Table 3-3 below provides a summary of the quantity and storage capacity of the PVC bins at the collection points.



Table 3-3 PVC Refuse Storage Bins

QUANTITY CAPACITY (LITERS)

22 120

41 240

17 360

3.1.4. Collection and disposal vehicles The collection and disposal of refuse was undertaken by four (4) vehicles owned by UNRWA. These vehicles were used for the transfer of refuse from the collection points to the main platforms, then to the final dumping site in Tripoli landfill. A list of the collection and disposal vehicles is provided in Table 3-4 below.

Table 3-4 UNRWA Refuse Collection Vehicles

QUANTITY EQUIPMENT CAPACITY (m3) CAPACITY (tons)*

1 Dumper 2 0.6

1 Pick-up 7 2.1

1 Compactor 35 (each load) 10.5(each load)

1 Bobcat

*Based on a density of 300 kg/m3 (METAP, 2000)

3.1.5. Allocation of municipal solid waste resources The old camp is divided into five (5) sectors, whereby each sector is serviced by an assigned collection point and a platform. In addition, the number of workers and the vehicle used in each sector is also recognized. Table 3-5 provides a summary of the allocation of resources among the five (5) sectors of the old camp. It is worth noting that about 2 to 11 trips are required per day for solid waste transportation to the galvanized Platforms prior to final disposal at the Tripoli landfill.

Table 3-5 Resource allocation in the old camp

SECTOR

POPULATION1-

SOLID WASTE

GENERATION

(TONS/DAY)

NO. OF

SANITATION

LABORS

REFUSE COLLECTION

POINT MAIN PLATFORM

VEHICLE USED-

NUMBER OF TRIPS2

A 6606-

4.5-8 4

Near Nidal Reservoir

Samed & Old Septic Tank

Dumper # 2110

8-11



SECTOR

POPULATION1-

SOLID WASTE

GENERATION

(TONS/DAY)

NO. OF

SANITATION

LABORS

REFUSE COLLECTION

POINT MAIN PLATFORM

VEHICLE USED-

NUMBER OF TRIPS2

B 5321-

3.6-5.3 4

Near Abu Turki Shelter

Old Septic Tank & Slaughter House

Dumper # 2110

6-9

C 3010-

2-3 4

Near Abu Al -Hajal Shelter

Samed & Bridge Pick-up # 1667

1-2

D 3693-

2.5-2 4

Near Salim Al-Khalil

Old Septic Tank & Samed

Pick-up # 1667

2

Main Street in the Camp

Included

With Sectors 1

Main Street in the Camp

Bridge site Pick-up # 1667

NA

All 15-22

(+6-9 tons from the new camp) To Tripoli Landfill

Compactor

2

1 Based on a generation rate of 0.68 kg per capita per day in winter and 1 kg per capita per day in summer

2 Number of trips is based on the capacity of the vehicle used and the daily quantity of generated waste by sector

3.1.6. Problems faced by the service provider The collection of solid waste from the old camp was intercepted by many difficulties and challenges. Upon meeting with the Area Sanitation Officer of the old camp, Mr. Moussa Al-Ali highlighted some of the major problems that were encountered during the process of waste collection and disposal.

The congested urban layout of the old camp was at the heart of the difficulties impeding the solid waste service provision. The narrow roads and alleyways prevented access of the trucks, thus workers had to transport the refuse in movable bins from the collection points to the vehicles. Consequently, the operation was less efficient in terms of the time spent dragging the bins and the inevitable waste spill outs along the roadsides, especially when moving up-hill.

The lack of commitment of the inhabitants to scheduled collection times has lengthened the residence time of the refuse in the alleyways creating deteriorated environmental conditions manifested in the dispersion of odor, uncontrolled spread of waste by animals, and the attraction of fleas and mosquitoes.

The solid waste disposed at the boundary between the new and old camp exerted pressure on the service provider, in terms of the added expense for final disposal at the Tripoli landfill and the allocation of human resources for the collection of the scattered waste originating from the new camp.



3.1.7. Post Conflict Status of the solid waste infrastructure The damage inflicted on Nahr El Bared camp resulted in the complete destruction of the solid waste infrastructure inside the old camp. All waste storage containers at the collection points and at the platforms, in addition to the collection and disposal vehicles have been completely destroyed.

A few crushed galvanized storage bins and collection vehicles were observed on site; at the old septic tank platform and at the UNRWA compound, respectively.

3.2. DEMOLITION DEBRIS

3.2.1. General The conflict incurred on Nahr El Bared Palestinian camp resulted in the generation of large quantities of demolition waste and clear rubble. In this report, the terms Demolition Waste and Clear Rubble will be used to define the Demolition Debris.

Demolition Waste referred to in this report includes the following:

• Solid waste resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of structures, roads, sidewalk, and utilities;

• Untreated wood and untreated sawdust from any source;

• Treated wood from construction and demolition projects;

• Small amounts of municipal solid wastes generated by the consumption of food and beverages at construction and demolition sites, including but not limited to cups, bags, and bottles;

• Furniture and household appliances;

• Solid waste consisting of motor vehicle window glass, and

• Solid waste consisting of vegetation from land clearance and seasonal or storm related cleanup.

Clear Rubble contains concrete and concrete products including reinforcing steel, asphalt pavement, brick, rock and uncontaminated soil.

The clear rubble that will be generated from the evacuation of the old camp shall be segregated and processed at a temporary storage site prior to disposal for Al-Abdeh harbor reclamation. It was to our knowledge that the UNRWA compound in the old camp shall be primarily evacuated to be used as the temporary storage site for the sorting process.

As a matter of fact, evacuation works at the UNRWA compound were in process at the time of conducting the field survey.

3.2.2. Damage Quantification The extent of damage was calculated based on the total built-up surface in the old camp estimated by UNRWA, multiplied by the average volume of rubble generated from one (1) damaged unit.

It is assumed that about 200 m3 of rubble are generated from one (1) unit having a total surface area of 105 m2 (ELARD, 2008). With a total built-up surface area of 307,000 m2



(UNRWA, 2007), the total volume of rubble generated from the complete destruction of the old camp is estimated at 585,000 m3. This falls in compliance with UNRWA’s estimation for rubble generation, amounting to 500,000-600,000m3.

On the other hand, one housing unit in the old camp has an estimated total surface area of 70 m2. There are about 3, 800 housing units reported in the old camp (Refer to Background Review report). It is estimated that about 130 m3 of rubble are generated from a housing unit of a surface area of 70 m2. Therefore the total rubble generated from the destructed households in the area is about 490, 000 m3. The area of business units and other facilities is about 67,600 m2. The total clear rubble generated upon destruction of all these facility is about 128,000 m3. Therefore adopting these calculations, the total volume of clear rubble expected in the old camp is about 620,000 m3.

Both estimations are in line with estimations and calculations proposed by UNDP for clear rubble quantifications.

3.2.3. Composition Demolition debris generated in the old camp as a result of the conflict is as per Table 3-6 below. Masonry, wood, concrete, and metal are estimated at 90% of the total demolition debris, while furniture, clothing, white goods, etc. are assumed to constitute the remaining 10%.

The visual inspection of the conflict area during the field visit to the old camp allowed an in-depth assessment of the constituents of the demolition debris remaining after almost one (1) year of fire cessation, on September 7th, 2007. The field investigation revealed the presence of large quantities of clear rubble mainly constituted of concrete and steel, in addition to demolition waste including burned furniture, generators, and vehicles. The absence of white goods from the demolition waste was also noted. (Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4).

Table 3-6 Estimation of the composition of demolition debris in the old camp based on Field Investigation

TYPE OF DEBRIS FATE PERCENTAGE VOLUME (M3)

Clear Rubble 90% 500,000-600,000

Concrete Reuse/crushing 60% 335,000-395,000

Metal Partial recycling/reuse 12% 66,000-79,000

Aggregate Reuse/crushing 18% 99,000-125,000

Others 10% 50,000-60,000

Textiles and Organics Disposed/partial 13% 7150

Aluminum Partial recycling 7% 3850

Wood Partial recycling 10% 5500

Electrical wires Disposed 1% 550

Nylon packs Disposed 2% 1100

Plastic Partial recycling 6% 3300



TYPE OF DEBRIS FATE PERCENTAGE VOLUME (M3)

Cardboard Partial recycling 4% 2200

Glass Disposed 3% 1650

Cans Partial recycling 4% 2200

White goods/Household Partial recycling/reuse as 27% 14850

Concrete/ PVC Pipes Special disposal (HWD, if

needed be)

7% 3850

Cars Partial recycling/reuse 8% 4400

Tires Reuse/disposal 3% 1650

Lead Partial recycling 1% 550

Mattresses Recycling 4% 2200

UXO’s HWD Not Determined NA

Contaminated soils HWD Not Determined NA

Medical Wastes HWD Not Determined NA

Total 100% About 550,000

Figure 3-3 Demolition Debris in the Nahr El Bared Camp Composed Mainly of Rubble (Concrete, Metals and Aggregates) with other Minor Waste Streams (Organic, Nylon, Plastics)



Figure 3-4 Demolition Debris composed mainly of Rubble, Wood, Textiles, etc Disposed on the banks of the Nahr El Bared River

3.3. WATER SUPPLY

3.3.1. Water Supply

3.3.1.1. Water supply prior to the conflict Prior to the conflict, the four sectors A, B, C, and D were supplied from water wells located in the new and old camp as illustrated in Table 3-7.

Table 3-7 Water Supply in the Old Nahr El Bared Camp Prior to the Conflict

SECTOR POPULATION WATER SUPPLY

M3/DAY

CONSUMPTION

L/CAP/DAY WELLS RESERVOIRS

A 6606 695-860 105-130 6,7 Nidal- Zanhar 2

B 5321 950 178 1,5,9 Zanhar 1,Palestine

C 3010 530 175 3 Tarabeh

D 3693 575 156 8,2 Sharaf

3.3.1.2. Current Water supply Status

3.3.1.2.1 Well Conditions Based on the conducted field visits and interviews with sanitation and water technicians and Engineers in the old camp, the conditions of the wells and water network were assessed as follows:

• Wells 7 and 9 located in the old camp are completely collapsed. No evidence for the existence of the wells is still in place;

• Other private wells located in the old camp are all buried and collapsed beneath the demolition debris;

• Well 8 located north to the rehabilitated wells in the vicinity of the old camp is buried;



• Well Hameed, 2, 4, 5 are not operated yet. UNRWA is in the process of rehabilitating the wells. ELARD will seize the opportunity to perform a CCTV survey on the wells upon pump removal to inspect the integrity of the wells; UNRWA is also planning on rehabilitating well 8, which according to preliminary investigation is not collapsed even though it is completely covered with rubble material;

• Wells 1, 3, 6, 10, and Gineen, were rehabilitated by the UNICEF and ICRC. The wells were dismantled and developed by air lift pumping. Therefore, pumps were rehabilitated and re-installed in the wells. The rehabilitated wells are currently used for water supply for the new camp as follows:

o Well 6: Sector A in the New Camp

o Well 10: Sector B in the New Camp

o Well Gineen: Part of sector C, prefabricated compounds, and schools

o Well 1 and 3 are currently used as standby wells

Inhabitants of the old camp, currently residing in the new camp premises are being provided with about 60 liters per capita per day from the operating wells or additional water cisterns.

A synopsis of the main characteristics of the visited wells is presented in Table 3-8. Wells 6 and 8 are illustrated in Figure 3-5.

Table 3-8 Main Characteristics of the Surveyed and Visited Wells

WELL LONG LAT SWL

M BG

DISCHARGE

M3/HOUR

DEPTH

M BG STATUS*

DEG MIN SEC DEG MIN SEC

Well 1 34 30 36 35 57 45.6 6.9 60 40 REH

Well 2 34 30 35.40 35 57 45.00 6.1 52 25 NR

Well 3 34 30 35.1 35 57 44 5.7 16 40 REH

Well 4 34 30 34.8 35 57 43.2 9 85 45 NR

Well 5 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6 5.5 NR

Well 6 34 30 38.75 35 57 26.06 4.95 70 25 REH

Well 7 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6 5.6 80 60 COLL

Well 8 34 30 40.06 35 57 24 6.5 20 30 BUR

Well 9 34 30 37.2 35 57 48.6 6.5 Highly saline COLL

Well 10 34 30 39.6 35 57 57.6 8.45 85 45 REH

Well Hamed 34 30 36 35 57 45.6 10.5 60 45 NR

Well Gineen 34 30 42.6 35 57 58.2 7.6 85 40 REH

REH: Rehabilitated NR Non Rehabilitated COLL Collapsed BUR Buried Prior to conflict



3.3.1.2.2 Conditions of Water Network and Towers Several water storage reservoirs were located in the vicinity of the old camp. The UNRWA compound hosted three (3) underground water reservoirs with varying storage capacities.

The UNRWA reservoirs, having a combined 100 m3 water storage capacity, provided the UNRWA schools with sanitary water for drinking, washing, cleaning, etc. As a result of the conflict, the reservoirs are partially to completely damaged. They include remnants of rubble waste and stagnant grey water.

Based on the field visit observations, the water network pipes are all destructed, completely damaged and buried. The nine (9) water towers Gineen, Amwas, Zanhar1, Zanhar 2, Palestine, Nidal, and Khaled Ben El Waleed supplied by the wells were also assessed. Only the Amwas and Gineen water towers are still in place. Amwas was partially damaged during the conflict, yet was rehabilitated shortly. Results of the water tower damage field inspection are shown in Table 3-9.

a) b)

Figure 3-5 a) Well 6 located near Nahr El Bared River rehabilitated and currently used for Sector A in the New Camp, b) Well 8 completely buried beneath the rubble

Table 3-9 Conditions of the Water Towers located in the old and New Camp

RESERVOIR/

WATER

TOWER

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES CAPACITY

(M3) SECTORS

FEEDING

WELL STATUS

LATITUDE LONGITUDE

Zanhar 1 34 30 50.6 35 57 37.32 60 B Well 1 and 5 Destroyed

Zanhar 2 34 30 50.74 35 57 36.77 40.8 A Wells 1 and 7 Destroyed

Tarabeh 34 30 41.4 35 57 41.26 42 C Well 3 Destroyed

Palestine 34 30 41.35 35 57 26.61 53.4 B Well 9 Destroyed

Nidal 34 30 50.84 35 57 40.35 60 A Well 6 Destroyed



RESERVOIR/

WATER

TOWER

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES CAPACITY

(M3) SECTORS

FEEDING

WELL STATUS

LATITUDE LONGITUDE

Khaled Ben Al Waleed

34 30 57.72 35 57 52.05 60

40 New

Camp Well

Hamed Destroyed

Sharaf 34 30 41.19 35 57 41.82 40 D Well 2 and 8 Destroyed

Amwas 34 30 39.6 35 57 57.6 60 New Camp Well 10

Partially destroyed

Restored

Gineen (2) 34 30 42.6 35 57 58.2 60

60 New

Camp Well

Gineen Not

affected

a) b)

Figure 3-6 Water Tower least affected by the conflict serving the New Camp a) Amwas, b) Gineen

3.4. WASTE WATER

3.4.1. Waste Water prior to Conflict Assuming a total population of 22,000 inhabitants and a wastewater generation rate of about 90-100 L/capita/day, the total wastewater generated in the old camp prior to the conflict reached about 1980-2200 m3 per day prior to the conflict.

Prior to 1990, percolation pits installed underneath the household units constituted the main method of wastewater collection for most residents of the old camp. In 1990 a wastewater network was installed, and later restored and renovated in 2002. The percolation pits were not cancelled upon implementation of the new wastewater network.

The wastewater network consists of 300 mm diameter secondary pipelines connecting the households to a 600 mm diameter primary pipeline. The septic tank provides primary treatment which insures the removal of sand and grease from the sewage prior to discharge



into the sea. De-sludging, which involves removing the sediments by draining and cleaning, was performed every 3-4 years by a private company. The final fate of sludge material was unknown to the UNRWA Sanitation unit, as the private company was responsible of final sludge disposal.

A new septic tank was constructed on the southwestern seashore, in 2002. As the latter operating on an intricate mechanical system, was built at a depth of 100 m below ground, it was non-operational due to technical problems. As such, the sewage conveyed through the network was discharged directly into the sea without any preliminary treatment. Households originally not connected to the wastewater network still relied on percolation pits as the main discharge method.

3.4.2. Site investigation

3.4.2.1. Old septic tank The old septic tank is located in “Al-Hawd” (الحوض) region in the UNRWA school compound (Refer to Figure 3-1&Table 3-1). Raw sewage was diverted from the primary pipeline to filtrate into the septic tank located onshore on the coast. The sewage flows through a series of consecutive settling tanks allowing sedimentation of sand and grease. Sewage is then drawn by gravitational force to the sea outlet, where it is discharged through four (4) concrete pipes (12’’ each).

3.4.2.2. New septic tank The new septic tank, only 20 m away from the old septic tank, is located in “Al -Madaress” street ( المدارس شارع ) in the UNRWA compound (Refer to Figure 3-1&Table 3-1). This network consisted of 200 mm (8 inch) secondary and 800mm primary PVC pipelines. The sea outlet consisted of two (2) concrete pipes (12’’each) discharging primary treated sewage into the sea.

The new septic tank operated by mechanical force, through the employment of two (2) pumps having 180m3/ hour total capacity. An additional standby pump was also installed to be used as a reserve in case of system shutdown. A 250 kVA generator was used to operate the pumps in periods of electrical blackouts.

The new septic tank is composed of two (2) concrete tanks adjoined wall-to-wall by an opening. Raw sewage diverted from the primary pipeline flows into the settling tank for sedimentation of sand and grease. Once the sewage rises to a certain level, it overflows to the adjacent tank, from where it is pumped through two (2) concrete outlet pipes (12’’ each) for discharge into the sea.

3.4.2.3. Raw sewage outlet Wastewater from “Al Muhajareen” sector (sector E’) in the new camp is conveyed through a network discharging directly into the sea. The concrete discharge outlet is located onshore on the coast, in the vicinity of the UNRWA school compound ((Refer to Figure 3-1& Table 3-1).

Upon construction of the new septic tank, households in the “Al-Muhajareen” sector were connected to the new network. As the conflict destroyed the new septic tank, raw sewage continues to be evacuated in the sea upon the return of inhabitants to the new camp.



The field visit unraveled that all the septic tanks were destroyed as a result of the conflict. At the locations of the seawater outlet, stagnant raw sewage can be seen.

3.4.2.4. Storm water network The storm water of the old camp is discharged into the Bared River and the Mediterranean Sea through 30-40 cm channels.

The visual inspection of the storm water network during the field visit to the old camp revealed the complete destruction of all culverts and sea outlets.

It was to our knowledge that one of the storm water networks of the old camp, whose outlet is geo-referenced at (N: 34.51757 E: 35.96243) and located at an elevation of 5m; has been swept over by the new camp, to serve as a wastewater network, discharging raw sewage directly into the sea. The sea outlet is located in proximity to the “Al-Muhajareen” sewage outlet (Refer to Figure 3-1 &Table 3-1).

3.5. ELECTRICITY Very little information was available regarding the electrical supply for the old camp. The information presented in the text below was provided by UNRWA’s Electrical Engineer, Mr. Rabih Kasem.

3.5.1. Pre-conflict status Prior to the conflict, electricity for the old camp was supplied from two (2) stations: 1) Mhammara substation (Ouyoun El Samak plant) feeding the households situated on the north side of the Bared River, and 2) Deir Ammar station feeding households situated south of the Bared River.

During periods of electrical blackouts, privately owned diesel generators supplied subscribed households with electricity.

In addition, UNRWA owned at least one (1) generator which supplies the entire UNRWA compound in the old camp.

3.5.2. Post- conflict status Upon the return of inhabitants to the old camp, electricity shall be entirely supplied from the Mhammara substation, with the exception of Total station which will be fed from the Al-Abdeh station.

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Environmental Concerns


4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS The major pre- and post conflict environmental concerns in the main sectors in Nahr El Bared camp are summarized in Table 4-1 and Table 4-2 below.

Table 4-1 Pre-conflict Environmental Concerns

TYPE CONCERNS

Solid Waste Management

• Congested urban layout and alleyways impeding pick-up difficulties

• Lack of commitment of inhabitants to pick-up times

• Additional waste from new camp exerting extra burden on the service provider

• Dumping of waste in Bared River

Wastewater Management

• Discharge of primary treated sewage directly into the sea

• Percolation pits- for some households- were not cancelled upon implementation of sewage network

• Discharge of raw sewage from new camp directly into the sea

Water Supply

• Water supply network installed beneath the sewage pipelines

• High water turbidity for some wells (2004)

• Fecal coliform in well 7 and high ammonia in well 3 (2004)

• TDS, chlorides, and Total Hardness above permissible levels in all wells (2008)

• Fecal coliform in most wells; destroyed after chlorination (2007-2008)

• Significant number of private wells

Air Emissions

• Release of toxic pollutants into the air from the burning of medical wastes

• Poor indoor air quality from improper ventilation and lack of sunlight exposure

• Emissions from vehicular traffic

Energy Efficiency

• Absence of Energy Efficiency Measures: Lightening, Heating, etc…

• Values of daily water supply per capita considered relatively high exceeding 105 liters (On the basis of 80 liters per capita per day)

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Environmental Concerns


Table 4-2 Post-Conflict Environmental Concerns

TYPE CONCERNS

Demolition Waste Management

• Disposal of municipal demolition waste on the Nahr El Bared River

• Improper management of demolition debris (quantification of load to be sent for final disposal at the landfill, sorting of furniture, white goods, and electronics from the debris prior to transport to the temporary storage site, etc.)

• Potential for reusing the aggregates, soils, concrete, and metals

• Quality of the demolition waste prior to disposal or reuse for any reclamation activity

Water Supply • Rehabilitation of Towers

• Rehabilitation of wells (Development, Pump, Rising pipes, water Quality)

Conflict related Accidental Spills, Explosions

• Explosion of Petrol Station

• Spillage from exploded fuel storage tanks

• Spillage from exploded diesel storage tanks

• Explosion of transformers/ Generators

• Existence of Unexploded Ordinances

Construction

• Dust and pollutants emissions during rubble removal

• Dust and pollutants emissions during the mobilization of equipment, sourcing of raw materials, and during construction activities

• Pollutants generated from fires and explosive materials

• Accidental spills during reconstruction from Machineries (oil, diesel and fuel)

Waste Water • Temporary Discharge of raw waste water into the marine environment

(2 years)

Documents

The PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION PLAN FOR ... · Version 1 Approved by Ramez Kayal Project Director- Senior Water Resources Specialist August 21th, 2008 ... UNRWA Mr. Moussa