Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
THE PROVINCE OF MOHO
IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY ARROUND
DE LAKE TITICACA
(DEPARTMENT OF PUNO – HIGHLANDS OF PERU)
NEW DISCOVERIES
BY
ERNEST-EMILE
LOPEZ-SANSON de LONGVAL * (TRASLATE TO ENGLISH IRINA TATARINOVA)
The archaeology of the area round the Titicaca lake is a
geographic space which limited by the semi-subterra nean little-
temple of Chiripa (which cultural expansion was alm ost as far as
Puerto Acosta from in Bolivia from the one side an d the cultural
space of Pukara, wich is sufficiently extended acco rding to
estimaione which is in Moho was based on different human
groups.
Everything indicates that in that geographic space, social groups
were independently developed from its formative to its
assimilation by their neighbors, and in this Provin ce as the results
of our works show, we have put in evidence an archi tecture that
represents the central cultural axis of that partic ular process,
where as the establishment of the formative horizon .
En la arqueología circunlacustre del lago Titicaca , el espacio
geográfico que va desde el templete semisubterráneo de Chiripa
(cuyo límite de expansión cultural fue casi hasta P uerto Acosta, en
Bolivia) y el espacio cultural Pukará, es lo sufici entemente extenso
como para presuponer que en Moho se asentó un grupo humano
diferenciado.
Todo indica que en ese espacio geográfico, grupos s ociales se
desarrollaron de manera autónoma desde su formativo hasta su
asimilación por parte de sus vecinos, y que en esta Provincia
como resultado de nuestros trabajos, hemos puesto e n evidencia
una arquitectura que representaría el eje central d e ese proceso
cultural propio, en tanto que asentamiento de horiz onte formativo.
Dans l'archéologie qu'entoure le lac Titicaca, l'es pace
géographique que va dès le temple demi-enterré de C hiripa (où la
limite d'expansion culturelel fut presqu'à Puerto A costa en Bolivie)
et l'espace culturel Pukara, est suffisamment étend u pour
présupposer qu'à Moho s'est établi un groupe humain differencié.
Tout indique que dans ledit espace géographique, de s groupes
sociales se sont developpés de manière autonome dès son
formatif jusqu'à son asimilation de part de ses voi sins, et que dans
cette Province comme resultat de notre recherche, n ous avons
mis en évidence l'axe central de ce procès culturel propre en tant
que site de l'horizon formatif.
I
INTRODUCTION
PREVIOUS RESEARCH'S
The location of the Moho Province as it lays in the Department of Puno and is
adjacent to the Bolivia border is the cause of i ts great staying away in the works of
archaeological research.
The Moho Province which lays to the west of Lake Titicaca is under Peruan
jurisdiction an the southern its part is under Boli via and the northern in Huancané with
wich it had been forming a part until it was declai red a category of Province of Puno's
Department according to Law 25360 from December 12, 1991.
Within its bborders there are Moho District with the capital Villa Moho, Conima
with the capital of Conima Town, Tilali with the ca pital of Tilali Town and Huayrapata.
These borders have been planned in the designated maps of the Geographic Peru
Institut in 1961 in scale 1:100.000 31-x Huancané, 31-y Moho and 32-y Island of Soto.
Kideer and Tshopik visited it in 1945. as a result Kidder (Kidder 1955) gains
sucess concerning eventual existence of a formative horizon in the sector in the East of
the lake on having said " It is hard to believe that someone of the known one s and more
formed cultures of the Titicaca Hoya, could be cons idered, definitively, by the most
ancient in the area, it not seems to be possible th at entire populations represent some
remains, neglecting the possible relations of those with those or other districts (...)
Respect of the predecessors inhabitants of the Titi caca Hoya, seems to the more
primitive to be reasonable to suppose that they wer e peoples dedicated to the agriculture
in times previous fo the days of Fluke, Pukara and Primitive Culture Tiwanaku (...) We,
mybe, we see in the eastern part for the origin of the style Tiwanaku, since Ryden has
suggested ".
The program of Neira Avendaño and Amat Olazábal ap pers later in 1965, where it
was made a shallow description of 13 archaeological sites, trying to excavate some, but
without trying either to search their cultural seq uence or giving theoretical grounds so
this work was interrupted .
It was the only reserch concerning Province
In 2004 a permission granted by Resolution of the National Institute of Culture of
Peru was issued out we initiate an axploration of t he Province, with its financing by
"Centre de Recherche et Diffusion Archéologique " institution with offices based in
France this project was rapaid by archaeologyst sof different Universities of Latin-
America and directed by the author of these lines.
Our study was carried out in the geographical area laying between the
archaeological sites of Chiripa in Bolivia to the S outhwest of the Lake Titicaca and
Pukara's ceremonial center to the Northeast of the same lake and being already a Peruan
territory.
This geographical space that goes from moderate se mi-underground of Chiripa
wich is limited by the cultural expansion stretched almost up to Puerto Acosta in the
border with Peru in Bolivia, and the cultural spa ce Pukara, it is the sufficiently extensive
thing as to presuppose that settled a human differe ntiated group in Moho.
Such an oportunity had been the student's contrib ution of the Major University of
San Marcos who taken part in this campain, the Per u National Institute of Culture which
facilitated vehicles to us, the Moho Municipality which plced a geologist engineer at our
disposial, of free housing and desinterested collab oration of the habitants of Moho
Village.
In above mentioned Province we established thirtee n archaeological sites and a
particular ceramics that raises quite many difficul ties of interpretation for the
archaeologist. Thanks to the works of Maximo Neira Avendaño native of Moho to a
holder of archaeology in the University of San Marc os to Hernan Amat Olazábal (Amat
Olazábal 1960), these sites, Quequerana, Inca Pacha ria, Ulunku, Pukara-Kollo, Iglesia-
Karka, Junipe, Cerro Calvario, Cerro Pucara, Huanca rani, Paru-Paru, Sanjapata,
Huancauyupata, Chaskani, constitute the base of a h istorical and cultural patrimony of
high imortance, that worth to be studied protected and conservared.
It is presumed that other sites have to be discove red in the future since
everything indicates that in the Province, social g roups developped in an autonomous
way from their formation stage up t to their assimi lation on part of their neighbors, and
that was proved by our works, we have put in eviden ce the architecture that represents
the backbones of this cultural proper process on th e way to accesion formative horizon.
II
THEORETICAL GROUND
That we adopted as definition of the archelogy whic h considers the study of the
transformation of the people through their existenc e, and where the work of the
archaeologist consists of looking for explanations to the processes of develpment and
change of the human groups in their historical path .
At this rate, we enter the field of the Social Arch aeology wich foundation was
announced by Vere Gordon Childe in he University of London at the beginning of the
20th century, and then bannered by the Latin-Americ an archeology by such tearchers as
Luis Guillermo Lumbreras of Peru, Matos, Lorenzo an d others, and later was turned into
a scientific school which was proclaimed Declaratio n of Teotihuacan's Meeting in 1975.
For us, archeology not so much represents a communi cation with the
investigated society of the past rather than with t he present one, because we the
archeologists are immersed in a reality concerning which we must not be foreingners
and in which we in last instance are social actors who produce and distribute in
symmetrical form of knowledge that appears as frui t of the clash between the world of
the ideas and the reality.
The archaeology is a social science, tha is the rea son why these activities
suppose an alternative different from the tradition al archaeology. To social archaeology
that isupposes that the theory is taken to the prac tice and that an archaeologist digs out
the items not so alien to the reality but the socia ly significant items included into social
communication which is a fruit of the clash between the world of the ideas or theory and
the material remains of the prehistoric reality.
The man of the "Altiplano" (the High Lands) is an Arawak. He forms a part of this
great ethnic group that appeared approximately 25.0 00 years ago in the north of
Venezuela to the south of Brazil. During the mille nius, one ot his branches crossed the
Amazonian jungle and having left the Beni he accede s Titicaca approximately 14.000
years ago. We, archaeologists, have come to such co nclusion beacause we found his
remains in Ayaviri, in Lampa, in Nicasio, in Juliac a, in Wankarani, etc.
Oiginally they existed as groups of hunters-collec tors, who in certain stage of
their historical path had learned to dominate the n ature. However they are not yet
isolated groups dependent on the luck of the hunt o r of the fishing or of the occasional
food ( fruit or a root etc.,) but they learned to produce food by their own.
How was this process of changing one step of econ omy to another one was
going ? My colleaguegs archeologists and I call suc h kind of process "formative" it is
something that we are studying. Here it worth to be mentioned that the first human
permanent settlement along the edges of Titicaca L ake are approximately of 2.500 BC
(Ponce Sanjines 1981).
We know well Pukara and Tiwanaku and something les s spread is Fluke. Also
there are many others. For example, in the 11 kilo metres wide valley between the
mountain countries Chambi-Choco in the northern par t and Chilla in the southern part (in
Bolivian sector) other 80 human settled settlements appeared simultaneously in
Tiwanaku (Albarracin Jordan 1995).
They were simply hamlets of housings with rectangu lar floor, occasionally with
round rooms adapted to carry out the function of k itchen with rough stone foundations
and walls covered by straw roofs "totora" of doubl e pronounced slope. The houses had
a place that used the space below the ground level so that is calledl "semi-underground"
especially brightly presented in Tiwanaku settelmen t.
At the same way is the man had passed to settled w ay having stopped searching
his subsistence as it was found out in Titicaca in different places along the shore line of
the lake and also in Moho Province.
III
AN EVENTUAL GROT OF PRE-CERAMIC OCCUPATION
It was "Callejon de Huaylas" where the remains o f the oldes Peruan man were
detected wich using its temperate valleys because t hey were not affected directly by the
Quaternary age, the men occupied the area about 15. 000 years ago.
Relatively not far from the Altiplano, in Ayacucho 's valley there are more than 20
pre-ceramic deposit called "Phase Ayacucho", in Pi kimachay's cave that might go back
to 13.000 year BC, and today there is a discussion on "Phase Pacaicasa" which is
possibly of 23.000 before our age.
The Altiplano was cleaned of the ices approximate ly 10.000 years ago that was
the consequence of climate rapid warming and incre ase of the herbal coverege which
caused the increase of fauna.
It is like that other grottes and rocky coats, ha ve been occuped at some moment
by human groups that so far had not been acquainted the benefits of the agriculture and
ceramics production and being deoendent on hunting and gathering.
Stanish (Stanish charles, Ancient Tioticaca, 2003) is coincidental on having
determined " the first peoples entered the Titicaca region by at least 8.000 AC. After
thousand of years of hunting, garthering, and forag ing economies and mobile lifeways,
people began to settle in permanent villages near t he lake ahora arround 2.000 AC ’.
A long pre-ceramic occupation during six millenium s being almost unknown and
the same one has its origin in Ayacucho's region, a s the author of these lines supposes,
proceeds for the way of the Beni.
Close to Moho, we have stated the existence of one of the grottes, natural cavity
where its dimensions and morphology allow to raise as valid, the hypothese of an
eventual occupation.
Located in the same hill which is opposite hilles ide of the Villa of Moho, this one
has natural access, a terrace at the entry, 3 m wid th, 40 m length and 5 m height
LOCATED OF THE GROTTE CONCERNING THE VILLA OF MOHO
IV
TASK OF DETECTION ON JUNIPE'S SITE
DETECTING A CEREMONIAL'S CENTER AND HIS PYRAMIDE OF FORMATIF
THE PROTECTION OF MONUMENTS
The first publication on Moho community were pu blished in the Mujumarka
portal http://mujumarka.biz, we agree that the exis ting distance between the cultural
space of Chiripa and Pukara, it is sufficiently ext ensive as to match a level level of
hypothese the contingency existance of the settleme nts found out in Province.
This is coincidental wich the opinions already men tioned by Kidder.
Junipe's site (2,5 km from Moho, at the bottom of the hill Umanata), was visited by
Amat Olazábal and for Neira Avendaño who report the existence of two stelas and two
monoliths that for the 40's were protected by the t eachers of the Huayayas's Group
School. There were even photos published oon one of the monoliths and of one of the
stelas.
During the visit to the Huaraya's Group School, we think that both stelas were
stolen some time ago during a few hollidays. Both m onoliths were left and one was used
for banking.
We simply did some sugesstions to the Director of the School, and it was done,
guaranted its security in the Direction and waiting of the intervention of its legal owner
which clear to be Peruan State registrated as INC .
The Peruvian legislation at the moment of our work s was not contemplating the
protection of the archeological national patrimony while the object was not expresely
included in the corresponding record.
This way of a legal useless device: a record put i n a book of the official records
of the school, the pieces were remaining incorpora ted into the inventory of foods
belonging to the educational institution, that is t o say indirectly as the property of the
Peruan State, until this one decided other destinat ion.
Photographies and a trace were made. The big mono lith, without moving from its
place, was put up in vertical way and supported aga inst the wall to avoid its
deterioration. Other one was kept in the office of the Director. also the information on its
value and signifacance was given to teachers and p upils for the needs of its protection.
The curiosity of the professional archeologist ins pirates the question of its rigor,
it brings over the issue of its provenance. The Dir ector or the Schoool accompanied us
as far as a kilometre from the school to an old man settlement that did not not show any
evidence. A stone structure of a few metres height of conical shape truncated however
20 m in diameter and six in height, might seen as a platform of the formative horizon.
Analyzing the site. The current laying where the st elas were found and the
monolith concerning the recent construction (or the year 1940 or 1950). The soil test for
electrical resistance shows a resistance of 1450 Ω except in a band of 50 centimeters
width 200 m in lenght where the mesurement indicat ed 650 Ω. We think that it shows the
presence of a buried wall that surely it was kept t o a ceremonial enclousure.
Analyzing the stone structure demostrates am exis tance of "huaqueada" a lot of
time ago, in conical shape, its diameter and height , and also a ceramics surface that
indicates a formative horizon.
Analyzing the monoliths. One of them has appeared as only a trunk, arms, body
and head are truncs. It is a figure of a man or a c hild. another monolith of 2 m height, is
sedimentary sandstone and it matches a woman and re presents a woman’s breast. It is a
Mama-Ocllo (woman’s breast).
Analhyzing the stela. The stelas as we said above, they were stolen some years
ago during a few school hollidays. But there are ph otos of one of them supposedly taken
by Neira, where we can observe two flames opposite to forehead (the dualism), between
them there is a circle symbol onphalos (the center of the Universe) and the body of the
animals is guard a representation of the time that is circulating permanently ( such a
concept still exists in aymara’s consciousness).
Among notable Chiripa filiation, that belong undo ubtedly to the formative
horizon there was no influence that could get to Chiripa since it more probably goes
before.
Definitely we are at presence at a site of formati ve horizon the first one is located
in the he Province of Moho
STRUCTURE IN STONE - ESTELA
MAMA OCLLO OF JUNIPE - MAN
V
SAMPLINGS AT QUEQUERANA'S SITE
Querana is about a couple of kilometres of the anc ient farm and today populated
the territory of Ninantaya located near the border with Bolivia. Describing this territory a
local archaeologist native Moho Amat Olazábal speci fies peculiar ceramics that he
indentifies as late Sillustani.
Composed by two groups of buildings called accordi ngly Siulaya and Pariani,
one of then shows constructive planning. The near b y grounds are of occupied by Inka.
At the top ot the hill innumerable "chullpas" are o bserved.
Dealing with Amat's theory. They found the site with ceramic that it assimilates
later, orange Sillustani on cream, but the phottos were not published so today it
supposed to be missed.
The ceramic of surface found by us in the site, ne ver can assimilate to late
Sillustani. But in the same zone of influence, it can be an orance on cream, and this
orange on cream is the ceramics of Mollo.
Mollo, was disvocered in 1945 by Ponce Sanjinés in the Amazonian slope of the
mesothermals valleys and with the center of influen ce in Iskanwaya (Bolivia) submitted
to Tiwanaku at the begining of its expansion abou t 1150 there being found Kolata pots
in Pampa Koani. It was absorbed by Inka about 1460.
it is not necessary to extend to Mollo, it rather to send the work on Tiwanaku's
fall in 1187 and Iskanwaya published in 2003 in " Circolo Amerindiano" of the Universilty
of Perugia-Italy.
It is necessary to indicate, and this is more impo rtant, that Escalante Moscoso
the remount to Chiripa, Dick Edgard Ibarra Grasso i dentifies Puno, and that two
enclaves Mollo were located, one in Churazon (Arequ ipa) and another one in
Humanuaca's Gully (Argentina) called Alfarcito.
We must define wether Amat4s items are the prod uct of exchange a relation, a
temporary occupaton or directly an enclave Mollo.
In this matter it is necessary to indicate the sho rtage of Mollo pieces, but two jars
are in the Museum of Tiwanaku's Site, one in the Na tional Museum Tiwanaku, a piece in
the Hotel Sorata (Sorata, Bolivia). This piece was withdrawn by Alvaro Fernholz or the
Bolivian Dinar in September 2003 after an internet publication on our work on
Iskanwaya, and there is other one in the Wolkerkund e Museum of Berlin.
QUEQUERANA
CERAMIC'S COMPARAISON
LEFT LATER SILLUSTANI - WIGHT QUEQUERANA
CERAMIC'S COMPARAISON
LEFT MOLLO – RIGHT QUEQUERANA
VI
MERKEMARKA'S SITE
From Ignacio Bernal, we know waht the archaeology is at the service of the
tourism. " In the specific field of the archaeology .... the k nowledge of the pre-Hispanic
past was untied almost completely from the curent L atin-american reality, to converting
it, of new account, into objet of mere curiosity to the service of the tourist companies "
(Towards The Social Archaeology, Teotihuacan's Meet ing 1975)
This author who is not going to modify this concep t. But it is necessary to
understand that the diffusion of the knowledge must be to the measure of different
publics, from whom they could not have acceded to t he instruments of analysis and
integration, to those that not having relation with the archaeology, they are capable of
establishing it.
Merkemarka represents the urban principal nucleus of a Dominion, wich to few
hundreds of meters of the Moho village, forms a par t inalienably of his cultural history
and which nowadays is plundered and destroyed. Ther e is imposed the task of
incorporating it into the present history.
To put in value is precisely the oposite of the mo numental reconstruction: it is
fundamentally to preserve the context.
CURENT CONDITION OF DESTRUCTION AND ABANDON
Spreads in the top of the hill near Moho, to an al titude that the letter of the IGN
indicates to 4.450 meters on the sea level. Followi ng the contours o the hill, it has
approximately 2 kilometers of lenght for 150 meters of widht. Strengthened, of the tomb
of his occupants there does not stay one that has n ot been "huaqueada". Neira describes
the site, but it has not raised his topographic pla ne in spite of having tried to excavate
his remains. It finishes off in two "chullpas" to f ollow then a path that surely leads to a
observation position, it denotes constructive plann ing with two differented well sectors.
There, every August 6 the Moho people in the occa sion of the fireworks in
Copacabana, rises to realiwing his offering of "ala citas", for which they are served
precisely the stones that compose his patrimony.
Tshopik (Some notes on the Archaeology of the Depa rtment of Puno, Peru, 1948)
already described the site ‘ Merquemarca is located on a very high ridge running
northeast-southwest on the western side of the vall ey is which is located the town of
Moho. The top is crowned with extensive walls of tw o types: 1) rough stone walls,
supplementing the natural outerops and also others dividing the ridge top into a series of
plazas, 2) habitation walls, 2 meters wide by 2,50 meters high, of a series of small rooms
about 2 meters by 1,50 meters and 1 meter high. The later are of rough stone with slab-
covered roof. These series of rooms parallel one an other on the two sides of the ridge. In
the plazas between are successions of large rough s tone cireles, varying from 2 to 5
meters in diameter with an average diamter of 4 met ers. Small slab cist graves also
occur. On the eastern and western slopes of the rid ge are remains of chullpas of the
same types as those at Paro Paro. The small sherd c ollection is similar to those from
Quenellata and Paro Paro ’.
The offer is to incorporate the site into the actu al history of Moho, facilitaging the
access, cleaning it of undergrowths and brave straw that they contribute to his
destruction, topography and photography it then to support the sectors on the verge of
the precipice and paneling with simple text and com prehensibles for all.
In this aspect, the Major of Moho has promised to facilitate a writing, municipal
employers for these tasks, and his putting in value will allow not only a patrimonial
appraisement, but the visit of the turist who anual ly spend for Puno in his visit to Cusco
and who ignore the potential of Moho.
No other action is possible in a site, where alrea dy Neira stated does alredy
almost 40 years the total absence of ceramic reamin s ant that today is in condition of
destruction.
Only it is necessary to protect the little that st ays to meters of Moho and
incorporate it into his cultural present history li ke what it must not be destroyed of his
past.
VII
CONCLUSION
In this short article we present the theoretical frame that applies to studying
Moho Province ( Titicaca Lake region) The frame co vers the period which includes the
time of the first population and then runs towards the stage of “formative’; within our
brief observation we mentioned a ceremonial center , the steles and raised a question
concerning protecting of historical patrimony valu e mentioning two monuments. And
ended eventually by touching the theme of “later ho rizon”, vanguard Mollo proclaiming
Inka triumph.
VII
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AMAT OLAZÁBAL Hernán
1960 Informe Preliminar sobre los sitios arqueológ icos de Quequerana (Moho-Puno).
en Antigüo Perú: Espacio y Tiempo
J Mejía Baca pp 347-348 Lima
ARNOLD D.E.
1993 Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean Co munity. New Studies in Archæelogy - Cambridge
University Press.
BANDELEIER A.F.
1910 The Islands of Titicaca and Koati
Hispanic Society of America NY
BANDY Matthew Sebastian
2001 Population and History in the Ancient Titicaca Basin
http://andean.kulture.org/bandy/dissertation/disser tation.html
BATS Michel et al
1986 Enregistrer la fouille archéologique. Le sist ème élaboré pour le site de Lattes
Unité de Fouilles et de Recherches Archéologiques d e Lattes.
Association pour la Recherche Archéologique en Lang uedoc Oriental
Lattes -France.
BENNET Wendell C.
1949 Cultural unity and disunity in theTiticaca Bas in
en American Antiquity 16(2) pp 89
BOWMAN I
1916 The Andes of Southern Peru: Geographical Reco nnaissance along the Seventy-Third Meridian
American Geographical Society NY
BROWMAN D.L.
1970 Early Peruvian peasants: the culture history of a Central Highlands valley
PhD dissertqtion, Harvard Univ - Unpublished.
1974-a Pastoral Nomadism in the Andes
in Current Anthropology 15(2) pp 188-96
1974-b Trade patterns in the Central Highlands of P eru en the first Millennium BC
in World Archæology 6:322-9
1980 Tiwanaku expansion and altiplano economic patt erns
in Estudios Arqueológicos 5:107-20
1981 New light on Andean Tiwanaku
in American Scientist 69(4):408-19
CHAUCHAT C.
1972 Ensayo de tipología lítica del precerámico Pe ruano
in Revista del Museo Nacional 38:125-32 - Lima
CHAVEZ K.L. Mohr
1977 Marcavalle: the ceramics from an Early Horizon site in the Valley of Cuzco, Peru, and
implications for South Highland socioeconomic inter action.
Phd dissertation, University of Pennsylvania
Unpublished
1988 The significance of Chiripa in Lake Titicaca Basin Developments
in Expeditions 30(3):17-26
CHAVEZ S.
1975 The Arapa and Thunderbolth Stelae. A case of stylistic identity with implications for Pucara inf luences in
the area of Tiwanako.
Ñawpa Pacha 13:3-27
CHAVEZ S. y K.L. Mohr Chávez
1975 A carved stela from Taraco, Puno, and the def inition of an early style of stone sculpture from t he
Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia
Ñawpa Pacha 13:45-84
CHAVEZ S.L.
1992 The Conventionalist Rules in Pucara Pottery Te chnology and Iconography: Implications of Socio-Po litical
Developpement in the Northern Titicaca Basin
PhD disertation, Michigan State University
Unpublished.
CONKLIN W.J.
1985 Pucará and Tiahuanaco tapestry: the beginning of an altiplano weaving tradition
in Ñawpa Pacha 21
1985-b Pucará and Tiahuanaco tapestry: time and st yle in a sierra weaving tradition
in Ñawpa Pacha 21:1-44
COOK A.G.
1985 Art and Time in the Evolution of Andean State Expansion
PhD disertation Suny Binghamton - Unpublished.
ELIAS MUJICA B.
1978 Nueva Hipótesis sobre el desarrollo temprano del altiplano, del Titicaca y de sus áreas de inter acción
in Arte y Arqueología 5-6:285-308
1988 Peculiaridades del proceso histórico temprano en la cuenca norte del Titicaca: una pro
puesta inicial. In Boletín del Laboratorio de Arque ología 2:75-122
1997 La Cuenca Norte del Titicaca en el manejo pre colonial dela Puna: Una vision desde la arqueología
Consorcio para el Desarrollo sostenible de la Ecorr egión Andina -Instiuto Andino de
Estudios Arqueológicos
http://www.condesan.org/infoandi/foro/cdpp69.htm
FUNG PINEDA Rosa
1988 The Late Preceramic and Initial Period
in Peruvian Prehistory
Cambridge University Press
HASTORF Christine A.
1999 Early Settlement at Chiripa, Bolivia: Researc h of the Taraco Archæeological Project
University of California Press
Berkeley
INC -Instituto Nacional de la Cultura
Reglamento de Investigaciones Arqueológicas
INC -Perú
INSTITUTO Nacional de Planificación
1969 Atlas Histórico Geográfico y de Paisajes Perua nos
INP -Lima
INOJOSA J.
1936 Exploraciones Arqueológicas en el Perú, Depart amento de Puno
in Revista del Museo Nacional 5(2):157-183
KIDDER Alfred
1943 Some early sites in the northen Lake Titicaca Basin en Papers of the Pebody Museum of American
Archæology and Ethnology 27(1)
Cambridge -Harvard University, the Peabody Museum o f American Archæology and
Ethnology.
1948 The position on Pucara in Titicaca basin arch æology
in A reappraisalof peruvian archæology -A Bennet We ndell Co,p (Memoirs of the Society for American
Archæology (4). pp 87-89. The Society of American A rchæology -The Institute of Andean Research - Menas ha,
Wisconsin
1955 Algunos problemas de la primitiva arqueología de la Hoya del Titicaca
in Revista del Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arq ueología 1955-2(2)
Lima
1956 Archælogy in the Lake Titicaca Basin
in PhiladelphiaAnthropological Society Bulletin 9(2 ):16-29
1967 Digging in the Titicaca Basin
en Peruvian Archæology. Seledcted readings/ Rowe Jo hn Howland -Menzel Dorothy
Peek Publications
Palo Alto
KLARICH Elizabeth y Leny Portilla Pinto
2000 Proyecto de Arqueología Doméstica de Pukara
http://titicaca.ucsb.edu/pukara/d_proposals/INC_spa nish/INCproposal.html
2002 Occupation and Offerings: Elite Housebold Orga nization at Pukara, Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru (200 BC -AC
200) 67 Annual SAA Meetings Denver CO
KOJAN David Joshua
2002 Cultural Identity and Historical Narratives o f the Bolivian Eastern Andes. An Archæological Stud y.
PhD dissertation University of California -Berkeley
Unpublished.
LAURENS S. et al
2003 Non destructive evaluation of concrete moistu re by GPR technique: experimental study and direct
modeling
http://www.ndt.net/article/indice03/papers/v032/v03 2.htm
LOPEZ-SANSON de LONGVAL Ernest-Emile
1999 Bibliographie sur les Cultures de l'Altiplano dès ses Formatives jusqu'à la fin de Tiwanaku et l a naissance
de la civilisation Inka - Paris -Francia.
2003 Protocolo de Investigación sobre el Altiplano Boliviano. Iskanwaya y Pukanwaya: ¿ Un gran Pachak uti
entre Tiwanaku e Inka ?
Centro Studi Americanistici di Perugia -Perugia, It alia
2004-a Arqueología de Moho -Marco Teórico
www.mujumarka.biz Arequipa -Perú
2004-b Arqueología de Moho -Informe de Campaña
www.mujumarka.biz Arequipa -Peru
2004-c Arqueología de Moho -El Monolito del Grupo Escolar Huaraya
www.mujumarka.biz Arequipa -Peru
2004-d Solicitud de Permiso para Investigaciones Ar queológicas en la Provincia de Moho
Instituto Nacional de la Cultura del Peru y Resoluc ion favorable de la Comisión Técnica.
LUMBRERAS Luis Guillermo
1971 Proyecto de Investigación Arqueológica en Puno
in Pumapunku 3:58-67
1974 Los reinos post-Tiwanaku en el área altiplánic a
in Revista del Museo Nacional 40:55-85
LUMBRERAS Luis Guillermo y Hernan Amat
1968 Secuencia arqueológica del altiplano occidenta l de Titicaca
in 37 th International Congress of Americanists (19 66) 2:75-106
NEIRA AVENDAÑO Maximo
1962 Informe Preliminar de la expedición arqueológi ca al Altiplano
en Kontisuyo: Boletín del Museo de Arqueología e Hi storia de la UNSA.
1968 Informe Preliminar de las Investigaciones Arqu eológicas en el Departamento de Puno en anales del
Instituto de Estudios Socio-Económicos, Universidqd Técnica del Altiplano (1):107-164
PAREDES Rolando
1985 Excavaciones Arqueológicas en Pukara, Puno
Licenciatura -Universidad Nacional de San Antonio A bad - Cusco
RICK John W
1988 The character and context of highland preceram ic society
in Peruvian Prehistory
Cambridge University Press
ROWE J.
1975 Papers on Early Sculpture from the Lake Titica ca Basin
in Ñauwpa Pacha 13
STANISH C et al
1997 Archæological Survey in the Juli-Desaguadero Region of Lake Titicaca Basin
in Fieldiana 29 (Publication 1488)
Field Museum of Natural History
Chicago
i.p.
(Klarich) ancient Collasuyu: The Evolution of Socia l Power in the Lake TIticaca Basin
of Peru and Bolivia
Typewrite unpublished.
2003 Ancient Titicaca
California University Press
STEADMAN L.H.
1995 Excavations at Camata: an Early Ceramic Chron ologyfor the Western Titicaca Basin
PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology
Univeresity of California -Berkeley
TANTALEAN Henry
2003 Proyecto de Prospección Arqueológica Superfic ial en el Area de Azangaro
Centro de Estudios Precolombinos
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
Autonomía de Catalunya
TSCHOPIK M.
1946-a The Aymara
in Handbook of South American Indians
Smithsonian Institution -Bureau of American Ethnolo gy.
Washington DC
1946-b Some notes on the archæology of the departme nt of Puno, Peru
in Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archæol ogy annd Ethnology 27(3)
Cambridge -Harvard University, the Peabody Museum o f American Archæology and
Ethnology
WALLACE D.
1957 The Tiahuanaco Horizon Style inthe Peruvian an d Bolivian Highlands
PhD disertation University of California
Unpublished.
WHEELER J. y B. Elias Mujica
1981 Prehistoric Pastoralism in the LakeTiticaca Ba sin
(1979-1980 Field Season) Submitted to Report to NSF
* Ernest-Emile Lopez-Sanson de Longval is a Member of the "Société dès Américanistes" at the "Musée de
l'Homme" (Paris - France), Director at the "Centre de Recherche et Diffusion Archéologique (Paris - F rance),
and a Member of the Society for American Achaeology (Washington DC). [email protected] -
