Upload
myrtle-gibson
View
217
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Protestant Reformation
What was the Protestant Reformation? 16th c. split in Catholic Church PROTEST against C.C.; intent to REFORM C.C Germany Leader: Martin Luther
What event marks the beginning of the Protestant Reformation?
1517 – Luther’s 95 Theses
It is legend that Luther nailed the 95 Theses to a church door in Wittenberg.
What were the long-term causes?
DISORDERS IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: clerical
immorality clerical ignorance pluralism absenteeism
simony sale of
indulgences Babylonian
Captivity Great Schism
The Passion of Christ & Antichrist (Lucas Cranach the Elder)
Christ washing feet of the disciples People kissing the Pope’s feet
The Passion of Christ & Antichrist (Lucas Cranach the Elder)
Christ driving the userers out of the Temple Pope selling indulgences
What was the immediate cause?
Tetzel’s sale of indulgences
Above: St. Peter’s Basilica – reason for this sale of indulgences.
How did Luther’s ideas appeal to all social classes in Germany?
For all classes: priesthood of all believers Nobility: sought to show independence from
Catholic emperor; opportunity for land/$$ gain from confiscation of Catholic holdings
Middle class: educated group that liked direct access to Scripture … appealed to their intelligence
Peasantry: direct access to Scripture … found biblical support for their demands for better economic/social conditions
Additional factors in the appeal and spread of Lutheranism:
Luther’s powerful language skills, plus:use of vernacular (Bible in German)appeal to German nationalismuse of pictures (illiterate gain access)
printing press
German Peasant’s War of 1525
unhappy peasants – life was never good (remember the 14th c. rebellions?), and it just kept getting worse
Twelve Articles (1525) – document expressing peasant grievances in Swabiamore crop failuresblamed lords for land seizure, unfair rents,
service requirements, and taxes
German Peasant’s War of 1525
peasants found biblical support for their demands and called on Luther for support
Luther flip-flopped:1st: sided w/ peasants – condemned lords for
harsh treatment, though did not affirm biblical support (Bible has nothing to do with material gain on earth, which is what peasants wanted)
2nd: turned against peasants once revolts broke out – did not support rebellion against secular authority … feared disorder
German Peasant’s War of 1525
Outcome: peasants lostsecular authority strengthenedpeasants eventually did see moderate
improvement in economic conditions
Who are the Habsburgs?
major European dynasty, 15th-20th c.
ruled the HRE
How did the Habsburgs rise to power?strategic marriages!
How did the Habsburgs rise to power? Key marriage in 1477 made the
Habsburgs an international power: Maximilian (Habsburg, ruler of Austria, Holy
Roman emperor) + Mary of Burgundy (Netherlands, Luxembourg,
Burgundy)
France was NOT happy (considered Burgundy to be French) centuries of conflict b/t Habsburgs and France
How did the Habsburgs rise to power? Maximilian married off his children to
the children of Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain, southern Italy, New World)
How did the Habsburgs rise to power?
European Holdings of Charles V
Religious Division in the HRE
HRE became religiously divided: Catholics: Emperor Charles V + some rulers Lutherans: some rulers adopted Lutheranism to
exert political power and for financial gain
Fighting began in 1546 – Charles V successful at first … but this worried Catholic France and the pope, who were concerned about growing Habsburg power Hence Catholic France supported Lutheran princes
–political rather than religious reasons
Religious Division in the HRE Peace of Augsburg (1555) – each German leader
chooses Catholicism or Lutheranism for his territory
Map: Religious Situation of Europe, ca. 1560