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Section 1: Objectives
■ By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:
■ 1. Explain the four goals of progressivism
■ 2. Summarize progressive efforts to clean up government
■ 3. Identify progressive efforts to reform state government, protect workers, and reform elections.
Section 1: The Origins of Progressivism:
■ Main Idea: Political, economic, and social change in the late 19th Century American led to broad progressive reforms.
■ Why it Matters Now: Progressive reforms in areas such as labor and voting rights reinforced democratic principles that continue to exist today.
■ Key Terms:
■ Progressive Movement
■ Prohibition
■ Muckracker
■ Initiative
■ Key Terms / Names:
■ Referendum
■ Recall
■ Seventeenth Amendment
Essential Question
Was the progressive movement successful?
Progressivism?
■ Progress
■ People vs. Evil Corporations■ Government + Businesses
■ Urbanization Problems
– Heavy toll on American Life■ Unsafe factories
– Conditions, Hours, Pollution
■ Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
■ Urban problems
– Over crowded, Unsanitary, Crime
Populists vs Progressives
▪Populists---rural ▪Progressives---cities
▪Populists were poor and uneducated▪Progressives were middle-class and educated.
▪Populists were too radical▪Progressives stayed political mainstream.
▪Populists failed▪Progressives succeeded
Four Goals of Progressivism
– Progressive Movement -■ Aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct the injustices in American life.■ Response to the vast changes after the Civil War and from Industrialization
1. Protect social welfare
2. Promote moral development
3. Secure economic reform
4. Foster efficiency
Protect Social Welfare■ Correct the harsh conditions of Industrialization
■ Monopolies– Corporations benefited from Government policy
■ Working conditions■ Benefits and vacations a rarity ■ Workers killed and employers rarely helped■ Child Labor
■ Workers Wages– $687 annually, worked 12-13 hr days
■ Living Conditions– Tenement Houses– Settlement Houses
– Social Gospel Movement■ Good works to improve America (Christians)
Social Reformers
– Improve America
■ Social Gospel Movement– Settlement Houses
■ Florence Kelley■ Improve lives of women and children
– Investigated the sweat shops
■ Campaigned for a federal Child-Labor Law
■ Illinois Factory Act in 1893
■ Prohibited child labor and limited hours women could work
■ Children work hours :
■ Work Monday –Saturday from 6 am – 9 pm
Moral Development:
■ Many reformers felt morality would change America– City offered many releases for middle class and lower class citizens
■ Nickelodeons, rail lines, amusement parks, Model T, Other Immoral acts■ Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Prohibition –the banning of alcoholic beverages. (18th Amendment)– Many groups fought this (saloons, and restaurants)
■ Saloons offered many things to Immigrants (cash checks, serve meals)
– Anti-Saloon League (ASL) 1895
■ Later in the 1920’s there would be a much bigger prohibition movement.
Economic Reform■ “Muckrakers,”
– Investigative Journalists– exposed corruption in business, terrible working conditions, living
conditions.
– McClure’s and Collier’s famous magazines■ Middle Class citizens in shock
– Today: 60 Minutes TV Program
– Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Company’s cut-throat methods of eliminating competition. (vertical and horizontal integration)
■ Eugene V. Debs –– Organized labor– Socialist Party 1901 – uneven balance between big business and the laborers– Free Market Economy was hurting the workers
Regulating Big Business:
■ Many businesses were attacked by politicians for being “crooked”– Capitalists vs. Robber Barons
■ They aimed to reform:■ Shipping rates■ No free passes for business officials■ Same taxes for everyone ■ Limits on child labor
– 1907 – 30 states outlawed child labor■ National Child Labor Committee
■ Reduced work hours– Workers were well rested = more productivity
■ 1903 – Oregon Limited Women's work day to 10 hrs
Fostering Efficiency
■ Workplace more efficient
– scientific management
– Time and motion studies to improve efficiency
■ Manufacturing tasks into simpler parts
– Assembly Line
■ Product moves along a conveyor belt as workers perform a
specific task
■ Increase production
■ People worked like machines
– Injuries / fatigue
– Henry Ford - Model T
Protecting Working Children
■ National Child Labor Committee– Investigate harsh working conditions
■ Keating-Owen Act - prohibit the transportation across state lines of good produced by children
■ Muller v. Oregon - women 10 hr work day
■ Bunting v. Oregon - 10 hr work day for men
Political Reform
■ Large Urban cities■ Ran by Political bosses – Kickbacks
– Change: cities more responsive to its citizens
■ Local Governments
– Established Council Members – people elected a city council to make laws.
– The council appointed a manager
– Officials take charge of certain areas in a city and certain issues
■ Galveston, TX and Dayton, OH– Both cities hit with a natural disaster
■ Galveston – Hurricane Dayton – Flood
State and Local Reforms
■ State–Robert M. La Follette “Fighting Bob”
■ Governor of Wisconsin 1900– Targeted RR companies– Regulate rates and abolished “free rides” to politicians
■ Mayor–Tom Johnson of Cleveland
■ Instituted progressivism into the city of Cleveland– Dismissed corrupt and greedy private owners of utilities
■ Gas, water,
■ Invited citizens to circus tents to discuss issues within the city (Town Hall Meetings
Election Reform:
■17th Amendment –– the people elect the senators of their state.
■ The people wanted a voice in politics– Secret Ballots – made it harder to rig elections
■ Hard to tell who you voted for
■ Initiatives – voters could create a bill rather than lawmakers– Voters instruct legislators
■ Referendums – Voters accepted or rejected the initiative– Express their views on a proposed measure
■ Recalls – Enabled voters to force out public officials by having them face another election– With a petition voters can remove a public official
Section 2Education Reform
■ The Big Idea– Reforms in public education led to a rise in national
literacy and the promotion of public education.
Why It Matters Now■ The public education system is a foundation of the
democratic ideals of American society.
Expanding Public Education
■ Education grows in importance■ Industrial Society post civil war
– Schooling late 1800’s■ Reading, Writing, Math■ 8-14 yrs old 12 to 16 weeks annually of school attendance
– Public Education■ Importance of Kindergarten + High School
Discrimination in Edu
■ Racial Discrimination– White Students
■ 1880 - 62% of students attended elementary
– African Americans■ 1880 - 34% of students attended elementary
■ 1890 - Less than 1% attended high school
■ 1910 - 3% attend HS– Bethune-Cookam College - Daytona, Florida
■ John D. Rockefeller + Eleanor Roosevelt were supporters
– Immigrants■ Encouraged to go to school “Americanize”
Booker T. Washington■ Most famous African American
leader during the 19th Century
– End racism through education and skills■ Proved economic value to
society – Manual work/skills
■ Gradual approach
■ W.E.B Du Bois– Niagara Movement– Emphasized higher education to end
racism
Section 3Segregation & Discrimination
The Big IdeaAfrican Americans led the fight against voting
restrictions and Jim Crow laws.
Why It Matters NowToday, African Americans have the legacy of a
century-long battle for civil rights.
Legal Discrimination
■ Post Civil War / Reconstruction (1877)– Racism / Violence / Discrimination
■ Voting Restriction– 15th Amendment - vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition
of servitude.
■ Poll Tax - annual tax to vote
– Poor couldn't afford to vote
■ Literacy Test - Literacy tests were used to keep people of color -- and,
sometimes, poor whites -- from voting, and they were administered at the discretion of the officials in charge of voter registration.
■ Grandfather Clause - grandfather or father voted before Jan 1, 1867.
■The following are examples of segregation and discrimination:
B. Voting Restrictions:
1. Literacy Tests: have to
be able to read to vote
2. Poll Tax: tax blacks had
to pay to be able to vote
* Grandfather Clause: if man was
eligible to vote prior to Jan. 1, 1867
pay no poll tax (free man vs. slave)
■The following are examples of segregation and discrimination:
C. Racial Laws:
1. Jim Crow Laws: racial
segregation laws in the
South which separated
white & black people in
public & private facilities
”
D. Plessy v. Ferguson:
1896 U.S. Supreme Court case which ruled that separation of the races in public facilities was legal
Impact:
- “separate but equal”
- allowed legal segregation
for next 60 years
■The following are examples of segregation and discrimination:
A. Racial etiquette: code of behavior that regulated
relationships between whites and blacks
• Blacks were expected to refer to white males in positions of authority as "Boss" or
"Cap'n"--a title of respect that replaced "Master" used in slave times.
• All black men, on the other hand, were called by their first names or were referred
to as "Boy," "Uncle," and "Old Man"--regardless of their age.
• Black women were addressed as "Auntie" or "girl." Under no circumstances would
the title "Miss." or "Mrs." be used
• White women never allowed blacks to call them by their first names but with the
word "Miss" attached as a modifier: "Miss Ann," "Miss Julie" or "Miss Scarlett”
• Black boys were not allowed to make eye contact with white women while passing
• When walking down the street, a black was expected to stop to allow the white
person the right of way
Discrimination in the USA
■ North–Opportunities for African Americans
■ Jobs, escape racism
–Segregation
■ De Facto segregation – separate by “fact” or practice not by law
■ Neighborhoods, jobs, pay
■ West–Mexican
■ Long hours/tough conditions/little pay (worked on farms)
■ Debt Peonage – laborers work to pay off debt.
–Chinese■ Separate schools and neighborhoods
■ United States v. Wong Kim Ark – citizenship for children of immigrants
Section 4Women in Public Life
Women in the Workforce / Education:
■ Women in the early 19th Century– Devote time to children and family
■ Poorer women forced to work
■ Opportunities for women increased especially in the cities. By 1900, one out of five women worked.– Unions excluded women
– The garment industry was popular as were office work, retail, and education
■ They made less $ per hour than men (for the same jobs!)– Men seemed to support families– Women also began to seek higher education
Women Lead Reform
■ Women started to form clubs
– Couldn’t vote (YET)
■ Push for reform– Working conditions, pay, long hours
– Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (1911)
– Women and higher education– Vassar College 1865
■ Higher education led to women independence
– “Social Housekeeping”■ Workplace reform, housing reform, education and food + drug
laws
Reform Organizations
■ NACW■ National Association of Colored Women 1896
■ NAWSA■ National American Woman Suffrage Association
– State by state movement to help women earn the right to vote
■ Major businesses feared women’s right to vote■ Progressivism help the women’s cause
■ Movement started in 1896
■ 1910 Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho
Susan B. Anthony:
■ Women also pushed for equal voting rights
■ Susan B. Anthony was a leading advocate of women’s Suffrage – the right to vote.
– Voted over 150 times in 10 different states– Supreme Court ruled Women are citizens 1875
■ Women still couldn’t vote
■ In 1869 Anthony and Cady Stanton founded the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)– a group committed to gaining women’s suffrage
– Tried to introduce a Amendment Bill to allow women to vote■ Later: President Roosevelt will support women’s suffrage
■ Many men feared the changing role of women in society. WHY?
A 3-Part Strategy For Suffrage:
1.Convincing state legislatures to adopt the vote.
1. Wyoming – 18692. 1890’s Utah, Colorado, Idaho
2.Pursuing court cases to test 14th
Amendment.1. Equal protection
1. Exclude Women’s right to vote
3.Pushing for national Constitutional amendment.
1. 19th Amendment :1920
Section 5Teddy Roosevelt
Square Deal
Teddy Roosevelt■ Born into a wealthy NY family
■ Athletic Teenager
– New York Politics■ New York State Assembly
■ NYC Police Commissioner
■ Assistant Secretary of the US Navy
– Rough Riders, Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba
■ Governor of NYC
– Political Bosses didn’t like TR as their Governor
■ Political NY Bosses nominated TR to become VP
■ 1901 “Teddy” Roosevelt becomes Vice President– William McKinley President is Assassinated
■ 1901 Theodore Roosevelt becomes the 26th President■ 42 yrs old 1901-1909
■ He was a rough and tumble politician that spoke what was on his mind
The Square Deal:■ Roosevelt saw the presidency as a “bully pulpit”
– used his role as president to do what he wanted to do.– Platform to advocate an agenda
– Government should be responsive to injustice
– Did not wait for the legislative branch to act■ Executive decision.
■ The Square Deal – The term is used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration.
– The Square Deal – labor and management,
– consumer
– business,
– Environment
– Government should use its resources to help the country socially and economically
Using Federal Power: Trust busting:
■ By 1900, Trusts – legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 80% of U.S. industries.– Many Companies formed into a Monopoly (Standard Oil)
■ Sold their prices far lower than their competitors
■ “Trust Buster”– “We don’t wish to destroy corporations, but we do wish to make them…
serve the public good.”
■ Sherman Anti-Trust Act– 1890’, outlawed Trusts/Monopolies in America
■ Initial law left it hard to enforce
– Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
■ The goal was to break up unfair business practices.– Northern Securities Company
■ Controlled RR’s in the Northwest■ Supreme Court broke up the company
– Standard Oil
1902 Coal Miners Strike
■ UMW – United Mine Workers Union
– Called for a strike– 140,000 Miners
– Shorter work day, better pay, right to organize in a union
■ Workers struck for 5 months– Theodore Roosevelt had to intervene
■ Coal powered 90% of the nation
– Called both sides to the White House to negotiate
■ Government intervened in the business worldEnding Laissez-Faire
Regulating the Railroads
■ Interstate Commerce Act 1887– Prohibit fixing of high prices in certain areas
■ Hepburn ACT of 1906 – Interstate Commerce Commission
■ Set maximum railroad rates
■ Inspected Railroad companies■ Free RR passes to politicians
■ Government – Laissez Faire to… hands on
Roosevelt Changes the
Relationship Between Government
and Business
Health
■ Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle in 1906.■ The book focused on the sickening conditions of the
meatpacking industry.
■ Meat Inspection Act – reformed meatpacking conditions (1906)
■ Pure Food and Drug Act– Truth in labeling– Provided accurate information
■ Expiration dates were also included on canned food.
Roosevelt’s Environmental Accomplishments:
■ Roosevelt first conservation President– Carefully manage America’s
Natural resources■ Only the national Government had the
resources to preserve America’s Nature– Originally states handled their natural resources
■ Conservation – some wilderness areas would be preserved, while others would be developed for the common good.– 150 new natural forests
■ 5 National Parks, 18 National Monuments
– Later presidents and advisors would aim to open this land for business
Yellowstone National Park - Wyoming
Section 6Progressivism &
Taft
After Roosevelt:
■ Teddy Roosevelt Legacy– Naturalists emerged, Girls Scouts– Roosevelt was president for 8 years and accomplished a lot. – Some of Roosevelt’s policies came under scrutiny from various
organizations.
■ Gifford Pinchot head of the US Forest Service came under fire for conserving so much land for preservation.– Public enjoyment vs. Private Development
■ Others were starting to see the land as a great opportunity for development and growth (Taft)
■ Now William Howard Taft would have his chance at the presidency
William Howard Taft
■ Taft 1909■ TR decided not to run again
– Hand selected and endorsed Taft
■ Taft would support many progressive reforms– 16th +17th Amendments
■ 16th = income tax■ 17th = direct election of Senators
■ But Taft did not run the country the way Roosevelt thought he would
■ Taft proposed higher tariffs. ■ Became much more conservative
Taft Stumbles
■ Did not increase Roosevelt’s Progressive Reform Policies
– Taft did want to lower tariffs– Payne Bill
■ Lower taxes on imports
■ Payne Aldrich Tariff– Moderated the high rates of the Aldrich bill (proposed
by the senate)
■ Richard Ballinger■ Secretary of interior – removed 1 million acres of
forest ■ Anti conservationist action
The Republican Party Splits:
■ As time went on, Taft couldn’t hold the two wings (conservatives and reformers) of the Republican Party together.
■ Voters started to blame Taft for the rising costs of living and loss of conservation of land
–More democrats gained seats in congress
■ Roosevelt is going to make a come back!!
–“New Nationalism”■Restore government’s trust busting power
■ Returned from a hunting trip in Africa
The Bull Moose Party: 1912 Election
■ Republicans split in 1912 between Taft and Roosevelt – Republicans wanted Roosevelt, but Taft had
momentum■ Republican progressives formed a third party
■ Roosevelt called his progressive party the Bull Moose Party – “I’m as strong as a Bull Moose”– TR is running for a 3rd term
■ Democrats seize an opportunity
– The Democrats put forward a reform-minded governor, Woodrow Wilson. (who would later win the presidency)
What did the Bull Moose Party support?
■ The Bull Moose Party supported:
■ 1. Women’s suffrage
■ 2. Worker’s compensation
■ 3. An 8-hr. work day
■ 4. A minimum wage for women
■ 5. A federal law against child labor
■ 6. A federal trade commission to regulate business.
So, How Did Wilson Win?
■ The split between Taft and Roosevelt turned nasty. (name calling) – they divided themselves.
■ Roosevelt = egotist■ Taft = fathead , brain of a guinea pig
■ Woodrow Wilson endorsed a progressive platform called the “New Freedom”, it demanded:
■ 1. Stronger Antitrust legislation■ 2. Banking reform■ 3. Reduced Tariffs■ Wilson won with a 42% popular vote.
Section 7Wilson’s New Freedom
Wilson Wins Financial Reforms:
■ Woodrow Wilson■ Grew up in the south
– Professor then President at Princeton
■ Governor of New Jersey – 1910
■ Supported Progressive Reforms
– was a progressive president■ “New Freedom”
– Triple Attack – Trusts, tariffs, high finances
– Attacked Big Businesses
– He aimed to give greater power to average citizens
■ He grew up in the South, which affected his ability to use federal power to help civil rights.
Clayton Antitrust Act
■ Legal approach to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.
■ Spelled out a series of illegal practices– Selling at a lass to undercut competitors
– prohibited corporations from acquiring stock of another if doings so would create a monopoly
– Labor unions and farm organizations could legally form
– Cannot charge strikers unless they caused damage
Federal Trade Commission
■ Federal Trade commission
– Administrative approach to attack businesses
– “Watchdog” agency
■ Power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes to
■ require periodic reports from corporations
■ End number of unfair business practices
■ FTC investigated over 400 companies
Tax Systems
■ Underwood Act (Underwood-Simmons Tariff)– Lower tariffs
■ Tariff – tax on imports
■ House quickly passed the bill, Senate eventually passed the bill with revisions
■ Now called the Underwood-Simmons Tariff)
– Federal Income Tax■ 16th Amendment
– Legalized federal income tax
■ Graduated Income Rates
■ Higher earnings = higher taxes
■ Lower earnings = lower taxes
Federal Reserve System:■ Now financial reform was on the table
– Currency and Banking Reform– Credit and money supply had to keep pace with the
economy.
■ Federal Reserve Act of 1913– Wilson’s greatest piece of legislation
■ The Federal Reserve System was put into action.
– It created a network of banks ■ 12 sections Regional Banks ■ Issue currency in emergency situations■ provide loans to private banks
■ This system still serves as the basis of our nation’s banking system.
Federal Reserve Building
How the War Helped:
■ America became involved in WW I.■ Patriotic women headed committees
– Carrie Catt – NAWSA President■ Peaceful, political organizations
– Lucy Burns – picked around the White House – Alice Paul – formed radical suffrage organizations
■ Women’s War Efforts■ They knitted socks for soldiers■ Sold liberty bonds
■ In 1919, Congress finally passed the 19th
Amendment – granted women the right to vote.
■ It had only taken 72 yrs (Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was when they first tried)
Limits of Progressivism:■ Wilson created a lot of reform policies
– Failed to create enough social reforms■ African American reform
– Disappointed supporters throughout America
– Wilson placed segregationists in the federal government
■ Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights when he entered office.
■ Did not favor anti lynching laws or segregation laws
■ “state issue”
– Navy – do away with common drinking fountains and towels
■ Segregated facilities were just
■ “the colored men who voted and worked for you in the belief that their status as African citizens was safe in your hands are deeply cast down
The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s
End of Progressive Movement
■ WWI on the horizon■ “there’s no chance of progress and reform
in an administration in with war plays the principal part.”
– WWI 1914
– US gets involved in WWI April 2 1917
