The Principles of Modernisation and Development Studies

(History and Contemporary Aspects)

Lecture Course

by Victor Krasilshchikov, Dr. of Sc., Prof.

Office hours:E-mail:

victor.krassilchtchikov@univie.ac.at

victor_ias2004@yahoo.co.in

Lectures 1-2.

• Modernisations in Human History. The

Historical Echelons of Modernisation and

the Capitalist Development

What is modernisation?

• “…modernization is like the elephant, difficult to define but easy to recognize when one sees the beast.”

• (Goh Keng Swee. The Economics of Modernization. Singapore: Federal Publications, 1995 (1-st. ed. – 1972), p. 1).

Great formations of society

• - Primary

• - Secondary (economic formation of society)

• - Tertiary (post-economic formation)

• - Based upon gathering and hunting

• - Based upon labour

• - Based upon intellectual, creative activity

Gap between East and West

Population, mln. people, 1500 - 2001

0,00

1000,00

2000,00

3000,00

4000,00

5000,00

6000,00

7000,00

1500 1700 1820 1913 1950 2001

Western Europe China India World

Gap between East and West

GDP per capita, US$ 1990, 1500 - 1820 - 1913

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Western Europe China India World (average)

Western Europe 771 1204 3458

China 600 600 552

India 550 533 673

World (average) 566 667 1525

1 2 3

Gap between East and West

GDP per capita, US$ of 1990, 1913 - 1950- 2001

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Western Europe China India World (average)

Western Europe 3458 4579 19256

China 552 439 3583

India 673 619 1957

World (average) 1525 2111 6049

1 2 3

Routes to/through Modernity(according to Göran Therborn)

• - “The West European route”• - Transcontinental migration and

genocide of the local population (both Americas, Australia, New Zealand)

• - Influence of the West on non-western societies through demonstration effect

• - Through colonisation

Jean-Antoine de Condorcet• «La marche de ces peuples

(les peuples de l’Asie et de l’Afrique – V.K.) serait plus prompte et plus sûre que la notre, parce qu’ils recevraient de nous ce que nous avons été obligés de découvrir, et que, pour connaître ces vérités simples, ces méthodes certaines auxquelles nous ne sommes parvenues qu’après de longues erreurs, il leur suffirait d’en avoir pu saisir les développements et les preuves dans nos discours et dans nos livres.»

• The march of these peoples (peoples of Asia and Africa – V.K.) would be prompter and surer than ours because they would receive from us what we were obliged to discover and what, for knowing simple truths, we had to conceive by methods of errors and probes. They could learn all that from our discourse and our books.

Resistance to Modernisation (Rudyard

Kipling. “The White Man’s Burden”)

• Take up the White Man’s burden –

• The savage wars of peace– • Fill full the mouth of

Famine• And bid the sickness

cease;• And when your goal is

nearest• The end for others sought,• Watch Sloth and heathen

Folly• Bring all hope to nought.

• Take up the White Man’s burden –

• No tawdry rule of kings,• But toil of serf and

sweeper – • The tale of common

things.• The ports ye shall not

enter,• The roads ye shall not

tread, Go make them with your living,

• And mark them with your dead.

The social-technological types (stages) of modernisation

• - pre-industrial (XV c. – the 1770-80s)

• - early-industrial (1770s-80s – 1900s)

• - late-industrial (1913 – 1973)

• - post-industrial (the end of the 1960s and onwards)

Stages of modernisation and big cyclesTypes of modernisation

Big cycles and their phases

Dominating industries

Early-industrial

1 – A: 1780s – 1814 – B: 1815-1847

Light industry, consumer goods

2 – A: 1848 – 1872 – B: 1873 – 1895

Heavy industry, coal, steel, machinery building

3 – A: 1896 – 1919 Electro-technique, an emergence of conveyor

Late-industrial

3 – B: 1920 – 1945 The rise of automotive and aircraft industry, petroleum

4 – A: 1945 – 1968 (or 1973) – B: 1969 (or 1974) – 1991 (or 1995)

Production of durable, technically complicate goods for mass consumption, the first steps of computing technique, informatics

Post-industrial

5 – A: 1976 (?) – ? – B: ???

Informatics, communications, the boom of life sciences

6 – A: 2012 (2015) – ?

Life sciences, biotechnologies, medicine