The President of the United States is The President of the United States is the leader of the United States and the the leader of the United States and the free world, and the “most powerful free world, and the “most powerful person on earth.”person on earth.”

Students, this chapter Students, this chapter is about my 43 is about my 43 predecessors and me.predecessors and me.To start, what specificTo start, what specificunitary powers ofunitary powers ofthe presidency have Ithe presidency have I used?used?

CinCCinC: : shift military attention shift military attention from Iraq from Iraq to to AfghanistanAfghanistanExecutive orders Executive orders to to reversereverse several several BushBush policiespolicies continuedcontinued

Here are a few more examples.Here are a few more examples.

Ordered the Department of Ordered the Department of Transportation to Transportation to allow states to allow states to impose emissions requirements that impose emissions requirements that exceed federal standardsexceed federal standardsOverturnedOverturned the the banban on government on government contributions to international organizationscontributions to international organizations that offer family planning services that that offer family planning services that include abortioninclude abortion

Here are some Here are some interesting facts about interesting facts about

the office of the the office of the president.president.

Qualifications:Qualifications: 35 years of age 35 years of age Native born citizenNative born citizen U. S. resident for the last U. S. resident for the last 14 years14 years

To date, all presidents have been white, To date, all presidents have been white, male Christians. Most have been highly male Christians. Most have been highly educatededucated

Today the President presides over: Today the President presides over: Budget: $2.7 trillion Budget: $2.7 trillion Federal establishment: Federal establishment: 2.7 million 2.7 million civilian employeescivilian employees Military: 1.5 million Military: 1.5 million personnel (active)personnel (active) 10,000 deliverable nuclear warheads10,000 deliverable nuclear warheads 2,600 of which are operational 2,600 of which are operational 313 million people313 million people $14 trillion GDP$14 trillion GDP 3.8 million square miles 3.8 million square miles of land mass of land mass

Bully!! The Bully!! The president’s president’s termterm in in

office is office is 4-years4-years and, and, since the ratification since the ratification

of the of the 2222ndnd AmendmentAmendment in 1951, in 1951, he or she can he or she can run for run for

re-election oncere-election once..President’s President’s salarysalary::$400,000$400,000 per year plus a per year plus a tax freetax free$50,000 allowance for performing $50,000 allowance for performing official dutiesofficial duties

I am the third I am the third President, Thomas President, Thomas Jefferson. What is Jefferson. What is

presidential presidential succession and what is succession and what is

the current orderthe current order?? Presidential succession: Presidential succession: who should fill the presi- who should fill the presi- dency and in what orderdency and in what order

Vice President; Speaker of House;Vice President; Speaker of House;Pres. Pro. Tem of Senate; Sec State;Pres. Pro. Tem of Senate; Sec State;Sec Treasury; Sec Def.; Attorney Gen;Sec Treasury; Sec Def.; Attorney Gen;

The Founders wanted a president of The Founders wanted a president of limited powerslimited powers—above parties & factions,—above parties & factions, to conduct foreign policy & enforce laws to conduct foreign policy & enforce laws

Several of my predecessors Several of my predecessors have helped define or have have helped define or have transformed the presidency.transformed the presidency.Let’s discuss some of them.Let’s discuss some of them.

Washington—solidified the Washington—solidified the prestige of the presidencyprestige of the presidencyAffirmed primacy of presidentAffirmed primacy of president in foreign affairsin foreign affairsFashioned a domestic Fashioned a domestic legislative programlegislative program

Jefferson: added territory throughJefferson: added territory through treaty treaty

Jackson: helped transform the Jackson: helped transform the presidency into a popular presidency into a popular institution institution

Polk: exercised powers of CinC;Polk: exercised powers of CinC; war with Mexico and acquired war with Mexico and acquired land as a result of that warland as a result of that war

Lincoln: used emergency powersLincoln: used emergency powers based on broad interpretation of based on broad interpretation of the Constitution; raised/spent the Constitution; raised/spent money and deployed troops on money and deployed troops on own initiative; temporarily own initiative; temporarily suspended suspended habeas corpushabeas corpus; ; allowed citizens to be tried in allowed citizens to be tried in military courts; unilaterally freed military courts; unilaterally freed slavesslaves

TR: vigorously pushed the TR: vigorously pushed the prerogatives and enhanced the prerogatives and enhanced the powers of the office of thepowers of the office of the presidency as no president since presidency as no president since Lincoln; strong CinC and chief Lincoln; strong CinC and chief diplomat; strong domestic policies:diplomat; strong domestic policies: broke trusts, established parks,broke trusts, established parks, regulated business and industry;regulated business and industry; “ “created the modern presidency”created the modern presidency” (Alan Brinkley)(Alan Brinkley)

Wilson: expanded the federal Wilson: expanded the federal government beyond the government beyond the scope of Theodore Roosevelt;scope of Theodore Roosevelt; Progressive domestic program,Progressive domestic program, the New Freedom; regulated the New Freedom; regulated the economy with the Federalthe economy with the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and the Reserve Act of 1913 and the Federal Trade Act of 1914; Federal Trade Act of 1914; tremendous powers as CinCtremendous powers as CinC during World War Iduring World War I

FDR: most significant FDR: most significant expansion ofexpansion ofpresidential functions and presidential functions and activities; changed American activities; changed American expectations about the expectations about the presidency; New Deal;presidency; New Deal;independent commissions to independent commissions to regulate business; social regulate business; social programs such as Social programs such as Social Security; showed Security; showed leadership in reaching out to leadership in reaching out to workers workers (Wagner Act);(Wagner Act); vast vast military military powerspowers

JFK: used modern technology JFK: used modern technology (television) (television) to enhance his to enhance his presidencypresidency

Reagan: conservative agenda;Reagan: conservative agenda;tax cuts, cut back regulations; cuttax cuts, cut back regulations; cutdomestic social programs; majordomestic social programs; majormilitary and foreign affairs military and foreign affairs initiatives; restored the people’s initiatives; restored the people’s confidence in the presidencyconfidence in the presidency

I would like to be considered a I would like to be considered a President who President who transformed the transformed the presidencypresidency. What . What factors determinefactors determinesuch a thing?such a thing?

Mixture of a president’s personal qualitiesMixture of a president’s personal qualities(personality and character) (personality and character) and deeper and deeper structural factorsstructural factors (existence of crises) (existence of crises)The presidency is the The presidency is the preeminent office inpreeminent office inAmerican government American government

Chief of State Chief of State

The president engages in The president engages in diplomacydiplomacy..

The Founders wanted to combine the The Founders wanted to combine the roles of head of state roles of head of state (ceremonial) (ceremonial) and and chief executive of government chief executive of government

The The president is the chief priority-setter president is the chief priority-setter of the United States governmentof the United States government—he —he sets sets the legislative agendathe legislative agenda, often through, often throughthe submission of the budget each the submission of the budget each January January

Chief Agenda Setter of the U. S. GovernmentChief Agenda Setter of the U. S. Government

President Obama giving the President Obama giving the State of the State of the Union Address. Union Address. What is the State of the UnionWhat is the State of the UnionAddress?Address?

State of the Union Address: State of the Union Address: A speech A speech that the president gives each January that the president gives each January before a joint session of before a joint session of Congress, which sets forth Congress, which sets forth the programs, policies, the programs, policies, and legislation that he or and legislation that he or she wants Congress to she wants Congress to enact. enact. This speech coincides with This speech coincides with the submission of the the submission of the President’s Budget President’s Budget (Budget(BudgetAct of 1921).Act of 1921).

The President’s Roles The President’s Roles The Chief Executive The Chief Executive

President G. H. W. Bush in Oval OfficePresident G. H. W. Bush in Oval Office

Controls a huge executive branchControls a huge executive branch of of millions of people, but millions of people, but shares power with shares power with CongressCongress

The The president recruits the best people president recruits the best people possible to serve in his cabinetpossible to serve in his cabinet—those —those people who run the executive agencies people who run the executive agencies of the Federal Government.of the Federal Government.

Executive Powers include carrying out Executive Powers include carrying out the laws and appointing officialsthe laws and appointing officials

One way the president enforces laws is One way the president enforces laws is through through executive ordersexecutive orders. What are they?. What are they?

Executive orders are Executive orders are detailed instructions, detailed instructions, regulations, and rules regulations, and rules

that state how to that state how to carry out and enforce carry out and enforce

legislation. They legislation. They have the force of law.have the force of law. In 1957, I signed an In 1957, I signed an executive order that executive order that sent federal troops to sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas Little Rock, Arkansas

to enforce to enforce desegregation of desegregation of

Central High School.Central High School.

Students, both my Students, both my daddy and I served daddy and I served

as president. I as president. I revived a long-revived a long-

dormant dormant constitutional theory constitutional theory known as the known as the unitary unitary executiveexecutive. What is . What is

that?that?Based on Based on Article II of the ConstitutionArticle II of the Constitution::““The executive Power shall be The executive Power shall be vestedvested in a in a President. . .” and “The President shall President. . .” and “The President shall take caretake care that the laws be faithfully executed.” that the laws be faithfully executed.”

Under the Under the unitary executive doctrineunitary executive doctrine, the, the president has thepresident has the sole authoritysole authority to do to do certain things, such as direct the actions certain things, such as direct the actions of the CIA and the NSA and the armed of the CIA and the NSA and the armed forces in defense of the nation. forces in defense of the nation. He aloneHe alone can can interpretinterpret, in his signing statements, , in his signing statements, the the meaning of laws passed by Congressmeaning of laws passed by Congress for executive branch personnel. for executive branch personnel. He aloneHe alone can determine the can determine the degree to which degree to which departmental and agency personnel departmental and agency personnel cooperate with Congresscooperate with Congress..Not broadly accepted by scholarsNot broadly accepted by scholars

Presidents usually providePresidents usually provideCongress with informationCongress with informationthat body requests. But that body requests. But sometimes, presidents sometimes, presidents refuse to do so, as refuse to do so, as Richard M. Nixon did Richard M. Nixon did in 1973. In that case,in 1973. In that case,Nixon invoked Nixon invoked executive executive privilegeprivilege. .

Executive privilege: the president’s Executive privilege: the president’s right right not to hand over documents or to not to hand over documents or to testify regarding matters that he or testify regarding matters that he or she believes are his/her confidential she believes are his/her confidential businessbusiness

Judicial Powers Judicial Powers

In addition to In addition to nominating federal nominating federal judgesjudges, including Supreme Court, including Supreme Courtjustices, justices,

presidents can presidents can issue reprieves,issue reprieves,pardons and pardons and commutationscommutations..What do each What do each of those termsof those termsmean?mean?

Reprieve: postpones the carrying out Reprieve: postpones the carrying out of a person’s sentence in order toof a person’s sentence in order togather more evidence or to appeal for a gather more evidence or to appeal for a new trial.new trial. Before I left office, I Before I left office, I

issued many issued many pardons: pardons: forgiveness to a forgiveness to a

convicted criminal. It convicted criminal. It frees that person from frees that person from serving out his or her serving out his or her

sentence.sentence.Commutations lessen the Commutations lessen the severity of a convicted severity of a convicted person’s sentence person’s sentence

Foreign policy leaderForeign policy leader: our plans for dealing : our plans for dealing with other countrieswith other countries. The . The goalsgoals of U. S. of U. S. foreign policy are to foreign policy are to promote trade and promote trade and friendshipfriendship with other countries with other countries while while maintaining the security of the Umaintaining the security of the Unitednited SStates.tates.

Diplomacy: Diplomacy: the art of conducting the art of conducting negotiations with foreign countries.negotiations with foreign countries.

The president’s foreign policy role The president’s foreign policy role includes includes making treatiesmaking treaties that include that include peace agreementspeace agreements, , trade agreementstrade agreements and andforming alliancesforming alliances. .

Alliances: agreementsAlliances: agreementsbetween 2 or more between 2 or more countries to help countries to help each other for each other for defense, economic,defense, economic,scientific or other scientific or other reasonsreasons

Presidents, such as Presidents, such as Lyndon B. Johnson, right, Lyndon B. Johnson, right, also can make also can make executive executive agreementsagreements. What are . What are they?they?

More informative More informative understandings between understandings between an American president an American president and the leader of a and the leader of a foreign governmentforeign government

Presidents can also establish Presidents can also establish diplomatic recognitiondiplomatic recognition. .

Determining whether or not Determining whether or not the U. S. officially recognizes the U. S. officially recognizes a government as the proper a government as the proper representative of a country’s people.representative of a country’s people.

Commander-in-Chief of Armed ForcesCommander-in-Chief of Armed Forces

Article II, Section 2 of ConstitutionArticle II, Section 2 of Constitution

With the help of the With the help of the ““football,” the football,” the president controls a president controls a massive nuclear massive nuclear arsenalarsenal

With the Secretary With the Secretary of Defense and the of Defense and the Chairman of theChairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff,Joint Chiefs of Staff,commands the U. S. commands the U. S. militarymilitary

A A key part ofkey part of the president’s the president’s jobjob as as Commander-in-Chief is Commander-in-Chief is crisis managementcrisis management..This photo shows the Kennedy This photo shows the Kennedy Administration’s meetings during the Administration’s meetings during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

It is crucial that during times of crisis It is crucial that during times of crisis the president appear to be a confident, the president appear to be a confident, take-charge leadertake-charge leader

Military powers: Military powers: Committing troopsCommitting troops—such as when —such as when President Bush committed troops to President Bush committed troops to Fight in Iraq. Fight in Iraq.

Limited by the War Powers Act of 1973Limited by the War Powers Act of 1973soldiers sent abroad by the president soldiers sent abroad by the president must be brought back within 60 daysmust be brought back within 60 daysunless Congress approves the actionunless Congress approves the action(Congress approved the war against (Congress approved the war against Iraq)Iraq)

Rule of thumb: Congress—offensive; Rule of thumb: Congress—offensive; President--defensivePresident--defensive

Party Leader Party Leader

Aids candidates, raises money, campaignsAids candidates, raises money, campaigns

Representative of the NationRepresentative of the Nation

President Bush represents the American President Bush represents the American people at World Trade Center Ruinspeople at World Trade Center Ruins

The president should be a person who The president should be a person who builds the morale of the nationbuilds the morale of the nation through through inspirational actions and symbolic inspirational actions and symbolic functionsfunctions

Well hi you Well hi you Columbians. Elle here Columbians. Elle here

with, of course, my with, of course, my best friend Bruiser. best friend Bruiser.

I’m going to help my I’m going to help my good friend, Mr. good friend, Mr.

Simoncini, tell you Simoncini, tell you about how theabout how the

Executive BranchExecutive Branch of of our government our government works. HOOAH!!works. HOOAH!!

                                                       

The Office of the The Office of the PresidentPresident is made is made

up of several up of several separate separate

organizations. Here organizations. Here are some of them.are some of them.

Today, theToday, the White House Office serves as serves as the president’s personal staff and close advisers.the president’s personal staff and close advisers. Because they are considered the president’s Because they are considered the president’s personal staff, they personal staff, they can be appointed by the can be appointed by the president without Senate confirmationpresident without Senate confirmation being being necessary.necessary.

Here are some of the key members of the Here are some of the key members of the president’s personal staff.president’s personal staff.The Chief of Staff manages all of The Chief of Staff manages all of the White House staff and controls the White House staff and controls access to the president. Presidentaccess to the president. President Obama’s Obama’s Chief of StaffChief of Staff is Jack Lewis Jack Lew

TheThe White House Press Office, led by White House Press Office, led by the Press Secretary, provides key the Press Secretary, provides key information to the media and information to the media and conducts press briefings.conducts press briefings. President Obama’sPresident Obama’s Press Press Secretary is Jay Carney.Secretary is Jay Carney.

The president’sThe president’s personal personal staff also includes staff also includes

speech writers, speech writers, pollsters, schedulers, pollsters, schedulers, and advance people.and advance people.

A second important A second important office in the Executive office in the Executive

Office of the President is Office of the President is thethe National Security National Security

CouncilCouncil..

Mrs. Simoncini is sooo Mrs. Simoncini is sooo lucky ‘cause her lucky ‘cause her husband is hecka husband is hecka

HOT! Psssst.HOT! Psssst.

The National Security Act of 1947 established The National Security Act of 1947 established the National Security Council (NSC)the National Security Council (NSC) to to improve coordination among the government improve coordination among the government departments that deal with national securitydepartments that deal with national securityissues. The NSC includes the issues. The NSC includes the Director of Central Intelligence Director of Central Intelligence (from the CIA) and the Secretaries (from the CIA) and the Secretaries of State and Defense.of State and Defense. The NSC The NSC staff is headed by the National staff is headed by the National Security Advisor, appointed by Security Advisor, appointed by the president.the president. President Bush’s President Bush’s National Security Advisor isNational Security Advisor isThomas Donilon.Thomas Donilon.

The Executive Office of the President also The Executive Office of the President also includes theincludes the Office of Management and Office of Management and Budget, which,Budget, which, among other things,among other things, writes writes the President’s Budget. The Director of the the President’s Budget. The Director of the OMB holds cabinet rank.OMB holds cabinet rank. President Obama’s President Obama’s Director is Director is Jeffrey ZientsJeffrey Zients..

The Executive Office of the The Executive Office of the President also includes thePresident also includes the Council of Economic AdvisersCouncil of Economic Advisers and theand the National Economic National Economic Council.Council.

Another important member Another important member of of

the Executive Branch is thethe Executive Branch is the Vice President,Vice President, who, today, who, today,

isis Joe Biden.Joe Biden.For many years, it For many years, it was a do nothing was a do nothing job.job.

John Nance Garner: John Nance Garner: ““It’s not worth a It’s not worth a pitcher of warm piss.”pitcher of warm piss.”

That’s right Elle. That’s right Elle. For example, I For example, I gave my vice gave my vice president, Al president, Al Gore, several Gore, several

responsibilities. responsibilities. What were some?What were some?

InIn recent years, presidents recent years, presidents have used the talents and have used the talents and

skills of their vice skills of their vice presidents presidents to the benefit of the nation.to the benefit of the nation.

That’s right. That’s right. I formulated I formulated environmental policy and environmental policy and led the effort to “reinvent led the effort to “reinvent government.”government.” But political But politicalscientists consider one scientists consider one other vice president to other vice president to have had the have had the most most significant policymaking significant policymaking rolerole. Who was that?. Who was that?

Dick CheneyDick Cheney, VP for George, VP for GeorgeW. Bush, was a very W. Bush, was a very influential vice president:influential vice president:advisor on domestic and advisor on domestic and foreign policy; long range foreign policy; long range planning; selection of planning; selection of Supreme Court justices;Supreme Court justices;main liaison to Republicansmain liaison to Republicansin Congressin Congress..

1212thth Amendment: VPs on party tickets Amendment: VPs on party tickets

Students, I am President Students, I am President Lyndon B. Johnson. During Lyndon B. Johnson. During my presidency, we ratified the my presidency, we ratified the 2525thth Amendment to the Amendment to the ConstitutionConstitution. . How did that How did that amendment change the rules amendment change the rules of presidential successionof presidential succession??

2525thth Amendment Amendment (1967): (1967): Succession in case of temporary or Succession in case of temporary or permanent inability of the president to permanent inability of the president to discharge the officedischarge the officeIf vice presidency becomes vacant, the If vice presidency becomes vacant, the president can nominate a new VP, subjectpresident can nominate a new VP, subjectto confirmation by both houses of Congress to confirmation by both houses of Congress

Gerald Ford Nelson RockefellerGerald Ford Nelson Rockefeller

TheThe president’s wifepresident’s wife, today , today Michelle Obama, is called Michelle Obama, is called thethe First LadyFirst Lady of the Land. of the Land. In recent years, presidents’ In recent years, presidents’ wives have taken anwives have taken an active active role in politics.role in politics. The The most most

active was Hillary active was Hillary Rodham ClintonRodham Clinton..

In addition to the Executive In addition to the Executive Office of the President there Office of the President there areare 15 cabinet departments15 cabinet departments led by secretaries or, in the led by secretaries or, in the case of the Department of case of the Department of

Justice, The Attorney GeneralJustice, The Attorney General

On the next few pages, we will look at On the next few pages, we will look at President Obama’s present cabinet. For President Obama’s present cabinet. For more information go tomore information go to http://www.whitehouse.gov/government/cabinet.html

Secretary of Agriculture: Secretary of Agriculture: Tom Vilsack Tom Vilsack

Secretary of Commerce:Secretary of Commerce:John E. BrysonJohn E. Bryson

Secretary of Defense:Secretary of Defense:Leon PanettaLeon Panetta

Secretary of Education:Secretary of Education:Arne Duncan Arne Duncan

Secretary of Energy:Secretary of Energy:Steven ChuSteven Chu

Secretary of Health & Secretary of Health & Human Services:Human Services:Kathleen Sebelius Kathleen Sebelius

Secretary of Homeland Secretary of Homeland Security: Janet Napolitano Security: Janet Napolitano

Secretary of Housing and Secretary of Housing and Urban Development:Urban Development:

Shaun Donovan Shaun Donovan

Secretary of the Interior:Secretary of the Interior:Ken Salazar Ken Salazar

Attorney General: Attorney General: Eric Holder Eric Holder

Secretary of Labor: Secretary of Labor: Hilda Solis Hilda Solis

Secretary of Secretary of Transportation:Transportation:

Ray LaHoodRay LaHoodSecretary of the Secretary of the Treasury:Treasury:Timothy Geithner Timothy Geithner

Secretary of State:Secretary of State:Hillary Rodham ClintonHillary Rodham Clinton

Secretary of Veterans Affairs: Secretary of Veterans Affairs: Eric ShinsekiEric Shinseki

Cabinet’s recent power and influenceCabinet’s recent power and influencePresidents do not rely on the cabinet as Presidents do not rely on the cabinet as a decision-making bodya decision-making bodyInfrequently convened in recent yearsInfrequently convened in recent yearsGovernment has grown large and Government has grown large and specializedspecializedMost department heads are experts in Most department heads are experts in their own areas, little to contribute their own areas, little to contribute elsewhereelsewhere

Factors that shape congressional-Factors that shape congressional-presidential relations: conflict by design presidential relations: conflict by design

Partisan & ideological makeup of CongressPartisan & ideological makeup of CongressPopularity & skills of the presidentPopularity & skills of the presidentStrength of political partiesStrength of political partiesNature of various shaping events Nature of various shaping events

Hey! I know that Hey! I know that less than 50% of less than 50% of the measures I propose will become lawthe measures I propose will become law..Why?Why?

Shared Powers as stated in the Shared Powers as stated in the ConstitutionConstitutionCongress may not agree with the Congress may not agree with the President on certain mattersPresident on certain mattersSeparate ElectionsSeparate Elections

Other factors to consider Other factors to consider Constitutional ambiguitiesConstitutional ambiguitiesDifferent constituenciesDifferent constituenciesVarying terms in officeVarying terms in officeDivided government Divided government The role of political partiesThe role of political partiesFluctuating public support Fluctuating public support At times, the need for supermajorities At times, the need for supermajorities

So, my next question is: So, my next question is: what factors tendwhat factors tend to make presidents successful with to make presidents successful with Congress?Congress?

When the President’s party controls both When the President’s party controls both houses of Congresshouses of Congress

More legislative successMore legislative successAppointment approval (Senate)Appointment approval (Senate)Gentler oversight of Executive BranchGentler oversight of Executive Branch

activitiesactivitiesForeign Policy/National Security PrerogativeForeign Policy/National Security PrerogativeVetoes difficult to override Vetoes difficult to override Popular presidents tend to have more Popular presidents tend to have more success with Congresssuccess with Congress

Coalition Builders Coalition Builders

Persuading—power to persuade is the Persuading—power to persuade is the president’s chief resource president’s chief resource (bargaining)(bargaining)

Molders of Public Opinion Molders of Public Opinion

Techniques used to shape public opinionTechniques used to shape public opinionFranklin Roosevelt: fireside chatsFranklin Roosevelt: fireside chatsJohn F. Kennedy: weekly press conferencesJohn F. Kennedy: weekly press conferencesRecent presidents:Recent presidents: Nixon: prime-time television addresses: prime-time television addresses Reagan: prime-time television addressesReagan: prime-time television addresses and weekly radio addressesand weekly radio addresses

Clinton: more Clinton: more interactive interactive (radio & (radio & TV talk shows & TV talk shows & informal town informal town meetings)meetings)

Obama: talk Obama: talk shows, town shows, town meetings, meetings, speechesspeeches

Jay, my predecessors andJay, my predecessors andI tend to I tend to respond to publicrespond to publicopinionopinion. What evidence. What evidencedoes the text provide?does the text provide?

Presidents and staffs carefully read Presidents and staffs carefully read available public opinion surveys and haveavailable public opinion surveys and havefull-blown polling operations of their own.full-blown polling operations of their own.

I was a very popular president.I was a very popular president.What things tend to make What things tend to make presidents popular or presidents popular or unpopularunpopular??

Popular during times of good Popular during times of good news; unpopular during times of bad news;news; unpopular during times of bad news;successful military operations add to successful military operations add to presidential popularity; decisive presidentspresidential popularity; decisive presidentsduring times of crisis are popularduring times of crisis are popular

The Federal Bureaucracy The Federal Bureaucracy

Hey! Which one of Hey! Which one of you can tell Bruiser you can tell Bruiser

the definition ofthe definition of bureaucracy?bureaucracy?

A highly organized system A highly organized system of people and their work.of people and their work.

What are some of the What are some of the advantages of advantages of bureaucracy?bureaucracy?

Bureaucracies have theBureaucracies have the ability to organize large ability to organize large taskstasksThe Federal Bureaucracy is merit-basedThe Federal Bureaucracy is merit-basedAnother advantage is its hierarchical Another advantage is its hierarchical structure and organizationstructure and organization

Why is it difficult for the Why is it difficult for the Federal bureaucracy to Federal bureaucracy to respond when it is respond when it is necessary to do so?necessary to do so?

Surrounded by legal restrictionsSurrounded by legal restrictionsSubject to intense legislative oversight,Subject to intense legislative oversight, compared to other nationscompared to other nations

What is the difference in What is the difference in respect accorded to civil respect accorded to civil servants between the U. servants between the U. S. and certain European S. and certain European

nations?nations?

Other nations: the civil Other nations: the civil service is highly respected and attractsservice is highly respected and attractstalented people. In France, the U. K., talented people. In France, the U. K., and Germany, civil service positions areand Germany, civil service positions arefilled by top graduates of elite universitiesfilled by top graduates of elite universities

Let’s discuss the various Let’s discuss the various bureausbureaus

and agencies in the federal and agencies in the federal governmentgovernment..

The U. S. Government has The U. S. Government has severalseveral independent agenciesindependent agencies..What are those?What are those?

Agencies created by Congress to help the Agencies created by Congress to help the president carry out the work of the executive president carry out the work of the executive branch. Independent means separate from branch. Independent means separate from cabinet departments.cabinet departments.

Examples include: Examples include:

The Social Security Administration The Social Security Administration

The Equal Employment The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Opportunity Commission

The Environmental The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Protection Agency (EPA)

NASA NASA The CIA The CIA

Some independent agencies Some independent agencies areare government corporationsgovernment corporations. .

What are they?What are they?

Non-profit businesses Non-profit businesses TheThe largest government corporation largest government corporation is the Federal Deposit Insurance is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC),Corporation (FDIC), which which guarantees peoples’ bank deposits.guarantees peoples’ bank deposits.

We also have quasi-We also have quasi-governmental governmental

organizationsorganizations. . What are What are they?they?

They are hybrids of public and private They are hybrids of public and private organizations. A portion of the boards of organizations. A portion of the boards of directors are appointed by the privatedirectors are appointed by the private sector.sector.Examples include the Federal Reserve Examples include the Federal Reserve Board and the Corporation for Public Board and the Corporation for Public BroadcastingBroadcasting

Agencies that act with the least Agencies that act with the least direction from the White House; direction from the White House; they are independent agencies that have the they are independent agencies that have the power to establish and enforce regulations.power to establish and enforce regulations.

Examples include the Securities and Exchange Examples include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Trade Commission,Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commissionand the Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Also under the Executive Also under the Executive Branch areBranch are regulatory regulatory

commissions.commissions. What are What are they?they?

How are bureaucracies How are bureaucracies “unelected policy makers?“unelected policy makers?

Advise government officials Advise government officials Make rules and Make rules and regulationsregulationsThose regulations have force of lawThose regulations have force of law, but they , but they

usually carry civil, not criminal, penalties for usually carry civil, not criminal, penalties for violations violations

SuchSuch regulationsregulations are usuallyare usually found in found in the the Code of Federal Regulations.Code of Federal Regulations. For For example, example, Title IX required schools to give equal Title IX required schools to give equal athletic rights to females.athletic rights to females.

Congress cannot Congress cannot micromanage every issue micromanage every issue because it lacks the time, because it lacks the time, resources and expertise.resources and expertise.

Congress has given the Congress has given the Executive branch some power Executive branch some power to adjudicate, or conduct to adjudicate, or conduct quasi-legal proceedingsquasi-legal proceedings

In all of these In all of these Executive Branch Executive Branch

agencies, most of the agencies, most of the employees areemployees are civil civil servants.servants. Who can Who can define that term?define that term?Appointed or non-appointed Appointed or non-appointed

people employed by the people employed by the federal governmentfederal government..

We have come a We have come a long way from the long way from the system of hiring system of hiring

those people begun those people begun byby Andrew Jackson.Andrew Jackson.

What system was What system was that?that?

Federal employees secure their Federal employees secure their jobs through competitive examsjobs through competitive examsand stay on the job even after new presidents and stay on the job even after new presidents take office. Today almost all non-appointed take office. Today almost all non-appointed civil servants get their jobs through testing.civil servants get their jobs through testing.

The spoils system The spoils system Today most civil Today most civil

servants are selected servants are selected through a process through a process started with the started with the passage of thepassage of the

Pendleton Act of 1883:Pendleton Act of 1883: thethe merit system.merit system.

What is that?What is that?

Agency merit servicesAgency merit services: : manymany agencies recruit people agencies recruit people with with specialized training, i.e. specialized training, i.e. doctors for the Public Health Servicedoctors for the Public Health ServiceExcepted ServicesExcepted Services: positions are : positions are classified classified by a schedule system that determines by a schedule system that determines specific requirements for filling each specific requirements for filling each jobjob

So how are American So how are American civil servants hired?civil servants hired?

Appointed officials Appointed officials include high level include high level

appointees that must appointees that must be approved by the be approved by the

Senate and lower level Senate and lower level Senior Executive Senior Executive

Service (SES) Service (SES) employees that do not employees that do not

require Senate require Senate approval.approval.

Most Most non-appointed employees are classified non-appointed employees are classified as eitheras either General ManagementGeneral Management (GM) or General (GM) or General Service (GS)Service (GS) and are paid on a scale based on and are paid on a scale based on seniority and responsibility.seniority and responsibility.

And women and minorities And women and minorities are over-represented in the are over-represented in the

very lowest civil service very lowest civil service grades and are under-grades and are under-

represented in the highest.represented in the highest.

So, what do presidents tend So, what do presidents tend to consider when they to consider when they

nominate people for the 600 nominate people for the 600 Executive Schedule Executive Schedule

appointments?appointments?

Elle, weElle, we tend to reserve tend to reserve important appointments important appointments for people we trust and for people we trust and who bring expertise and who bring expertise and experience. experience. Candidly, Candidly, we also we also want to find want to find

places for appointments places for appointments for people who played for people who played important roles in important roles in ourour election, or possibly election, or possibly

their children, their children, whether whether or not they possess the or not they possess the requisite skills for the requisite skills for the

jobjob..

When I was president When I was president we used the E.G.G. test we used the E.G.G. test to create my cabinet.to create my cabinet.

EEthnicity thnicity GGenderenderGGeography eography

Top political Top political appointees, on appointees, on

average, stay in office average, stay in office only 22 months. only 22 months.

Why?Why?

Most see government service as only a Most see government service as only a short-term commitmentshort-term commitmentMost make financial sacrifices to Most make financial sacrifices to become topbecome top bureaucratic officialsbureaucratic officialsMany don’t find public notoriety Many don’t find public notoriety appealingappealingSome become targets of partisan Some become targets of partisan attacksattacks

As president, I am the As president, I am the formal head of the formal head of the

executive branch. But, executive branch. But, presidents often feel presidents often feel

stymied by the stymied by the bureaucracy. Why?bureaucracy. Why?

The bureaucracy is hugeThe bureaucracy is hugeWhen presidents want action, they are When presidents want action, they are unlikely to get instantaneous unlikely to get instantaneous acquiescenceacquiescence Do not fear presidents because of Do not fear presidents because of hiring/hiring/ firing rules and because of agency firing rules and because of agency alliances with interest groups & alliances with interest groups & congressional committeescongressional committees

OK, then. So what OK, then. So what tools tools can presidents use to can presidents use to

try to control the try to control the bureaucracy?bureaucracy?

Presidential prestige (bully pulpit)Presidential prestige (bully pulpit)Power of appointmentPower of appointmentPresident controls the budget through President controls the budget through OMBOMB therefore controls funding for agenciestherefore controls funding for agenciesRegulatory review and executive Regulatory review and executive orders orders

How can we in How can we in CongressCongress control the control the

bureaucracy?bureaucracy?

Congress can create new agenciesCongress can create new agenciesSenate confirms presidential Senate confirms presidential appointmentsappointments

Advise and consent power Advise and consent power per per The Constitution The Constitution to shape policiesto shape policies

Budget appropriationsBudget appropriationsOversight hearings Oversight hearings Office of the Inspector General in everyOffice of the Inspector General in every Executive branch department & Executive branch department & agency agency