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THE PRESENCE OF MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE COUPLING(U)NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC H G MITCHEEL ET AL.
UNCLASSIFIED 08 JUL 85 FiG 4/i NL
NONEIIIIOIEEEIhIIIIEEEEIEEE
1111I ----5 1 iln 1111.
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHARTNATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS- 1963-A
'I 4%.
* % '\. ,:': ">kY' V**l.
NRL Memorandum Report 5597In
A Simulation of High Latitude F-Layer InstabilitiesT in the Presence of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling
H. G. MITCHELL, JR.,* J. A. FEDDER, M. J. KESKINEN AND S. T. AEK
0 Geophysical and Plasma Dynamics BranchPlasma Physics Division
*Scence Applications International CorporationMcLean, VA 22102
July 8, 1985
This research was partially supported by the Defense Nuclear Agency under Subtask QIEQMXBB, workunit 00005, work unit title "Plasma Structure Evolution," and by the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration and the Office of the Naval Research.
DTIC8 ~tEECTE
-~JULl1 719IM
NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORYWashington, D.C.
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
SECURIry CLASS191CATION OF iHIS *AGE
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEla REPORT SECURITY CLASS;FICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS
UNCLASSIFIED______________ _____
2a SECuRITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 D)ISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT
2b DECLASSiFICArION' DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)
NRL Memorandum Report 55976.NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION SbOFFICE SY'MBOL 7a. N4AME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION
(if applicable)Naa eerhLbrtr oe48
6c ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)
Washington, DC 20375.5000
8a. NAME OF FUNDING/ SPONSORING Ib.OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBERORGANIZATION I(if applicable)
DNOR ndNAS8c. ADDRESS (City, State. and ZIP Code) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERSWashington, DC 20305 Arlington, VA 22203 PROGRAM PROJECT ITASK WORK UNIT
ELEMENT NO. NO. I NO. ACCESSION NO.* Washington, DC 20546 65N '(epaei)(See page ii)
I I TITLE (include Security Classification)
A Simulation of High Latitude F-Layer Instabilities in the Presence of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling
2. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)Mitchell, MG., Jr.,* Fedder, J.A., Keskinen, M4. and Zalesak. S.T.
13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b, TIME COVERED 14 DATE OF REPORT (Year MonthDay) S. PAGE COUNTInterim FROM _ ___TO ____ 1985 July 8 30
16 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION*Science Applications International Corporation, McLean, VA 22102 (Continues) '
17 COSATI CODES 18 SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) 'FIELD IGROUP ISUB-GROUP Ionospheric structi-e, Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling;
Hfigh latitude ionosphere, Interchange instabilities rI 4A c-.
19 ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)
A magnetic-field-line-integrated model of plasma interchange instabilities is developed for the high lati-tude ionosphere including magnetospheric coupling effects. We show that the primary magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling effect is to incorporate the inertia of the magnetospheric plasma in the analysis. As aspecific example, we present the first simulation of the gx B instability in the inertial regime, i.e., yj*< cwhere vi is the ion-neutral collision frequency and tP fhe wlave frequency. We find that the inertial E x BNinstability develops in a fundamentally different manner than in the collisional ease &' k). Our'risultshow that striations produced in the inertial regime are spread and retarded by ion inertial effects, and resultin more isotropic ireuaiisthan those seen in the collisional case.
20 DISTRIBUTIONIAVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONQUNCLASSIFIEDUNLiMITED (: SAME AS RPT Q OTIC USERS UNCLASSIFIED
22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b TELEPHONE (include Area Code) 22c. OFFICE SYMBOL
J. D. Hub. 1 202) 767-3630 Code 4780DD FORM 1473.04 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted
All other editions are obsoleteSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
- 4
%~, % % % %
p. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS
PROJECT WORK UNITNO. ACCESSION NO.
I'RR033-02-44 S-14534-085-550 DN480-935
DN580-072
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION (Continued)
-~ This research was partially supported by the Defense Nuclear Agency under Subtask QIEQMXBB,work unit 00005, work unit title "Plasma Structure Evolution," and by the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration and the Office of Naval Research.
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CONTENTS
I. INTROD UCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1
II. M OD EL ....................................................................................................................................... 2
I R T. RESULTS .................................................................................................................................... 5
IV . CONCLUD ING REM ARKS ....................................................................................................... 6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................... 9
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 10
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0'|1
A SIMULATION OF HIGH LATITUDE F-LAYER INSTABILITIESIN THE PRESENCE OF MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE COUPLING
I. INTRODUCTION
Recent experimental ground-based, rocket, and satellite (HILAT,
DYNAMICS EXPLORER, AUREOL-3) observations in the auroral zone and polar cap
ionosphere have indicated the existence of both large [Weber et al., 1984;
Basu et al., 1984; Bythrow et al., 1984; Cerisier et al., 1984; Vickrey et
al., 1980] and small [Hanuise et al., 1981; Baker et al., 1983] scale
density structures and irregularities. Different mechanisms, have been
proposed to account for high latitude ionospheric irregularities, e.g.,
particle precipitation, plasma instabilities, and neutral fluid turbulence
[Keskinen and Ossakow, 1983]. Considerable quantitative progress has been
made in explaining ionospheric structure using plasma interchange
instabilities, e.g., the Rayleigh-Taylor instability [Balsley et al., 1972;
Ossakow, 1981] in equatorial spread F, and the E x B and current-convective
instabilities in the high latitude ionosphere [Ossakow and Chaturvedi,
1979; Keskinen and Ossakow, 1983]. Recently, Weber et al. (1984) and
Cerisier et al. (1984) have invoked the E x B instability to explain large
scale density fluctuations in the high latitude ionosphere.
A shortcoming of most past research on the nonlinear theory of
the E x B instability as it applies to ionospheric structure is that it hasbeen restricted to the collisional (or non-inertial) regime, i.e., vi >> W
where v is the ion-neutral collision frequency and w is the wave
frequency. One exception is the recent work of Huba et al. (1985) who
studied the nonlinear evolution of interchange instabilities in both the
inertial and non-inertial regimes. However, their work was limited to
short wavelength turbulence, i.e., kL >> 1 where k is the wavenumber and Lis the density gradient scale length, which is not applicable to large
scale ionospheric structures.
In this letter, we present the first simulation of inertial high
latitude ionospheric interchange instabilities (e.g., the E x B
instability) with inclusion of magnetospheric coupling effects. The basic
conclusions of this study are (1) magnetospheric coupling effects reduce
the growth rate of the E x B instability, (2) striations produced by the
inertial E x B instability develop in a different manner than in the non-
Manuscript approved April 17, 1985.I
inertial (vi >> w) regime, (3) in configuration space, the striations in
the inertial regime are more isotropic and spread out resulting in
irregularities oriented perpendicular to those produced in the non-inertial
case.
I. MODEL
The physical configuration and assumptions of our model are described
as follows. We only consider structure in the plane transverse to the
ambient magnetic field, i.e., the xy plane. The F-layer is initially
characterized by a 6 to 1 density enhancement with a Gaussian profile of
scale size 12 km in the x-direction and uniform in the y-direction, a
uniform magnetic field in the z-direction (Bz = 0.5 G), and a background
electric field in the y-direction (Ey . .025 V/m). The entire enhance-
ment E x Bdrifts in the x-direction at a velocity vx - 0.5 km/sec. A
uniform horizontal magnetosphere is assumed above the F-layer linked by the
vertical magnetic field lines. The back edge of the F-layer enhancement,
relative to the drift, is unstable to the E x B instability, which drives
ion Pedersen currents in the F-layer and ion polarization drift currents in
the magnetosphere due to the perpendicular electric field mapping along the
geomagnetic field. These currents close along the magnetic field via
parallel electron currents. Assuming that all ion drifts associated with
the perpendicular currents are negligible compared to the E x B drift and
that - -V_$, the equations describing this system are
an + Vl • nv -0 (1)
at -iLcV±.
v -v - - -- z (2)-eL -ij B
cnev
IF"- (= )Vo- - a V.0 (3)
IM- 4j v2 at "LV
2
". %
where n is the ion (and electron) density, Ye(i)± is the perpendicular
electron (ion) velocity, JF and JM.L are the F-layer Pedersen 4and the
magnetospheric polarization drift current densities, respectively, ap is
the F-layer Pedersen conductivity, VA- B/(41nmi) 1/2 is the Alfven velocity,
and vi and Qi are the ion-neutral collision frequency and ion gyrofre-
quency, respectively. Using (2)-(4) in (5) yields the potential equation,
':: [ cV±€
0 • Y + CM [ - Z) V] jVLO (6)p M at B
where the field-line integrated F-layer Pedersen conductivity is
.p f Fdz up$ (7)
and the field-line integrated magnetospheric inertial capacitance is
CM I dz (c2/v2). (8)
M w":"" M
Since the magnetospheric layer is uniform and the ion flow given by (2) is
incompressible, the magnetosphere remains uniform and the continuity
* equation for this layer may be neglected. The F-layer continuity equation
for n may be written as a continuity equation for E
Zp + V* (ZpV .) , 0. (9)
Therefore, the system is completely described by (2), (6) and (9) in the
variables E and 0,. with CM a constant capacitance describing the magnitudep
of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.
The numerical methods used to simulate the model equations are
described in Zalesak et al. [1982]. The continuity equation (9) is solved
numerically using the multi-dimensional flux-corrected techniques of
Zalesak [1979], while the potential equation (6) is solved with the
" incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient algorithm of Hain [1980]. The
simulations are performed on an 100 x 80 cell grid (x,y) with a cell size
of 1.0 km x .25 km which is drifting with the enhancement at the Ey x B
velocity. Periodic boundary conditions are assumed in the y-direction, and
the grid is initialized with a random 1% density fluctuation.
* 3
If Ep has scale length L-1 = (1/Ep)3Ep/ax, the non-inertial (CM = 0)
growth rate for a wave with wave vector k parallel to y is Y 0 cE y/BL in
the regime kL >> 1. For the parameters of our simulation, the maximum (non-
inertial) growth rate is YO - 0.05 sec The e-folding distance
of E_ parallel to B for this wave is about X| (a|/aj)I/ 2 k - [Volk and
Haerendel, 1971], implying that a wave with kl - = 1 km has an e-folding
distance of 103 km parallel to the field and that E L maps well up into the
magnetosphere where the e-folding distance is much greater due to the rapid
decrease in a . The Alfven speed is VA - 103 km/sec so that electric
fields of a wave with a growth time of 20 sec map upwards on the order of
104 km into the magnetosphere, and CM has a value of roughly 1013 cm
(or - 10 farad).
The effect of ion inertia on the E x B instability has previously been
studied by Ossakow et al. [1978] in the linear regime. Although their
results were for Pedersen and polarization drifts at the same altitude, the
linear growth rates are effectively the same for our model equations. A
non-zero inertia implies the existence of an inertial relaxation rate,
"Yi Zp/CM, The growth rate in the presence of inertia for the short
wavelength approximation has two regions of interest, the non-inertial
regime
Y YO for 4YO << Yi (10)
and the inertial regime
Y (YOY )112 for 4IY >> Y (11)010 i* (1
Assuming a E for the F-layer of 8 x 1010 cm/sec (-0.1 mho), a typicalJ. p
value of Y for the simulation is .008 sec -1, which is in the inertial
regime and which reduces the growth rate of the instability from .05 se -1
to .02 sec 1. For our simulation, two cases were run: a non-inertial case
for which Y 1.00 sec - , and an inertial case for which 'Y 0.01 sec 1 .
4r .. *.,."**
III. RESULTS
The results of the two simulations are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The
four panels in each simulation show approximately equal times relative to
the linear growth time of the instability. Figure 1 shows the results for
the non-inertial x 5 instability, while Figure 2 shows the results for
the inertial case. It is clear that the results of the two cases are very
different at later times.
The behavior of the plasma in Figure 1 is typical of that observed inprevious E x § instability simulations [Keskinen and Ossakow, 1982]. In
panel 2, at 104 seconds, we see that early in the nonlinear stage a set of
"fingers" has clearly formed. The high density fingers grow outward into
the low density plasma while the low density fingers penetrate into the
high density cloud. Subsequent nonlinear evolution involves the continued
elongation of these fingers with very little apparent change in the size of
the structures perpendicular to their long dimension as seen in panels 3
and 4. The original density enhancement has effectively been sliced into a
group of sheets parallel to the initial density gradient.
The behavior of plasma and structure formation in Figure 2, the
inertial case, is very different. During the time period between panel 1
and panel 2, before 300 seconds, the growth of the instability closely
resembles that in Figure 1. There is nonlinear development of long narrow
high and low density fingers which move in opposite directions. However,
after 300 seconds, the behavior changes radically. In panels 3 and 4, we
see that the fingers form mushroom-like heads and tend to thicken. No
longer are there long thin interpenetrating fingers, rather they are fat
interpenetrating blobs. Any narrow fingers which begin to form quickly go
to a mushroom shape and then spread out. In a number of simulations we
have noted a tendency for the structure in the y direction to undergo an
inverse cascade to the longest mode which will fit in the system. This
feature can clearly be seen in panel 4, where the structured state
throughout most of the simulation region shows two blobs; one of high
density, the other of low density.
The non-inertial simulation, shown in Figure 1, is characterized by
striations with a large value of ky, which grow in the x-direction without
hindrance, completely destroying the initial orientation of the density
-. .--
. ... * X" :,_ .- _ . ,f.%. . - . .. .- - - ,- - -. .. . . . . - - . , . . . - - . ,. • ,
enhancement in the y-direction. The inertial simulation, shown in Figure
2, is characterized initially by striations with a large value of ky, which
are hindered in their growth in the x-direction. The plasma at the leading
edge of the striation finger is swept to either side and around the
striation forming the characteristic mushroom shape. Further evolution
involves an inverse cascade in k to the minimum value allowed on they
numerical grid while simultaneously, the typical value of kx increases.
Consequently, individual enhancements tend to an orientation similar to the
original x-directed orientation. Furthermore, the individual enhancements
appear to be stabilized to further B x 5 structuring owing to velocity
shear along their apparently unstable faces (Perkins and Doles, 1975; Huba
et al., 1983).
Interestingly, Rino et al. (1979), Livingston et al. (1982), and Rino
and Vickrey (1982) have reported sheet-like structures in the night side
auroral region which are aligned perpendicular to the large scale F region
ionospheric density gradient. This alignment perpendicular to the density
gradient is not easily explained by the traditional instability theory.
However, the alignment is similar to the final alignment observed in the
inertial simulations.
IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Several conclusions can be drawn from our simulations. First,
-*.. instability-generated electric fields in the high-latitude F-layer may map
well up into the magnetosphere, resulting in a much reduced linear growth
rate due to the effectively increased ion inertia. Second, the nonlinear
development of the instability is fundamentally different in the presence
of this coupling; the striations produced are spread and retarded by ion-
V'. inertial effects resulting in more isotropic irregularities than in the--°
non-inertial case. The inertial effects may even tend to stabilize the
final nonlinear state by producing a velocity shear across normally
unstable gradients. The simulation results demonstrate some interesting
features which may have been observed in the high latitude nighttime
ionosphere.
6
W. .
'.L .
-. . - . - ~,- -- -- - -
:"'.0 s e c l
y- 1.00 sec - 0 e
.E 10 4 sect
ExB 10 km
201 sec
300 sec
Fig. 1. A plot of density for four times for the case of Y 1 .00
sec- 1(the non-inertial ease). The shaded region represents those
areas whose density is greater than 2.5 times the background
density. The simulation grid is periodic in the direction of E
and is moving with the E x B velocity.
7
4i!i
-1 0 sec= 0.01 sec
E 302 sec
ExB 10 Ian
601 sec
899 sec!
Fig. 2. A plot of density for four times for the case of Y.= 0.01 sec
(the inertial case). The shaded region and the simulation grid
are the same as in Fig. 1. The times shown in the two figures are
roughly equal multiples of the linear growth time for the
instability in the two cases.
8
Z,
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. J.D. Huba for helpful discussions and a critical reading
of the manuscript. This research was supported by the Defense Nuclear
Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Office
of Naval Research.
:i% %
References
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Balsley, B.B., G. Haerendel, and R.A. Greenwald, Equatorial spread F:
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Basu, S., S. Basu, E. MacKenzie, W.R. Coley, W.B. Hanson, and C.S. Lin, F
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10
4 4
Livingston, R.C., C.L. Rino, J. Owen, and R.T. Tsunoda, The anisotropy of
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Ossakow, S.L., P.K. Chaturvedi, and J.B. Workman, High-altitude limit of
the gradient drift instability, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 2691, 1978.
Perkins, F.W. and J.H. Doles, III, Velocity shear and the E x B
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Rino, C.L., R.C. Livingston, and S.J. Matthews, Evidence for sheet-like
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N,
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