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The Power of Kings. The Rise of Nations in Europe & the End of the Middle Ages. The Church vs. The Nation. The Roman Catholic Church : Kept legal, economic, and educational systems alive in Europe during Middle Ages Power —wealth, ability to grant positions & excommunication. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Power of KingsThe Rise of Nations in Europe & the End of the Middle Ages
The Church vs. The NationThe Roman
Catholic Church:◦ Kept legal,
economic, and educational systems alive in Europe during Middle Ages
◦ Power—wealth, ability to grant positions & excommunication
Emerging Nations:◦ Hadn’t existed until
end of Middle Ages!◦ Community of people
who share government & territory as well as common language, culture, & national identity
◦ Governed by one King◦ Power—wealthy &
military strength, but also implied authorityWhat does that
mean?
How had the role of King changed?
Used to be little difference between Kings & Lords
Control used to be entirely military (Might=Right), until…◦Growing towns paid King taxes directly
instead of through the Lords◦Kings used this money to hire his own
army, loyal to just him!◦Further consolidated power during
Crusades & Black Death (by taking back land & power from nobles who died)
So, how did Nations form in Europe?
As kings became more & more powerful they spread their influence in many ways:◦ Germany—challenged
Church for power to name Popes
◦ Spain—united through marriage
◦ France—united people based upon common religion
◦ Russia—conquering neighbors
England Becomes a Nation
Battle of Hastings (1066) William of Normandy (a region in France) conquered England
Became known as the Norman Conquest
“William the Conqueror” and his sons (Henry I & Henry II) united the nation & strengthened the throne
King John Presses His LuckSon of Henry II
became king in 1199
Tried to further increase wealth & power◦ Taxed all heavily◦ Jailed enemies w/o
trial◦ Seized Church
property◦ Took power to
name Bishops from Pope
Pay Backs for King JohnWith Clergy & Nobles
united against him, John was stuck
June 15, 1215 he met with about 2,000 nobles in a meadow called Runnymede who had a list of demands
John was forced to make the demands law or risk losing his throne
But, I don’t WANT to!
The Magna Carta“Great Charter”Limited King’s power by giving
some of it to the nobles◦ No longer jail without just cause◦ Had to consult nobles before raising
taxes (“power of the purse”)◦ This group of noble eventually
became the Model Parliament (the earliest form of England’s Representative Government)
Ironically ended up strengthening monarchy because now nobles supported it.
THE 100 YEARS WARConfusing Name & Amazing Story
Instead of Small Land Disputes Now Entire Nations Go to War!
Most famous example was The Hundred Years’ War◦Series of clashes 1337-1453 (only
fought during good weather)◦England vs. France◦Lasted 116 years
Causes:◦Control of French throne & lands◦Control of English Channel◦Control of trade (and wealth it
brought)
The War Drags On…One king after
another on both sides
England won most of battles
French wouldn’t surrender
Things got interesting in 1429 when a French peasant girl got involved…
Joan of Arc
French Dauphin Charles VII vs. English King Henry VI
French peasant girl hears voices of Saints at age 12
Believes that God telling her to help save France
Goes to Dauphin to offer her help. He refused.
She returned the next year and with a small force, won several battles (despite being shot through the neck in one and the leg in another!)
Major victory at Orleans Captured by Burgundians (allied
with English) who put her on trial to avoid creating a martyr:◦ Put her on trial for heresy & witch craft◦ Then, burned her at the stake!
Joan of ArcOpps! Turns out she
was turned into a martyr after all.
Inspired French to fight & unite.
By 1453, English were driven from most of France, which was now strong and united.
Joan became a saint and national heroine.
Why do we care about the Hundred Years’ War?Changed balance of power in England and
France (to Kings and away from feudalism)New types of warfare
◦From a few knights to many foot soldiers◦From Hand-to-Hand Combat to Long Bow and
Cannons◦Nationalism—feeling of national identity and
prideWith no chance of another European
empire…where would these powerful nations look to expand their power?