The Poultry Industry One of the fastest growing segments of the animal industry 1

The Poultry Industry

One of the fastest growing segments of the animal industry

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Modern Breed of chickens

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Single Comb White leghorn


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Single Rhode Island Red


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New Hampshire


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White Plymouth Rock


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Cornish


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Barred Plymouth Rock


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Light Sussex


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White leg horn

Poultry

Broiler Layer

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Desi Breed Desi Breed

Poultry

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Chicken Anatomy

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Chicken Digestive system

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Chicken Respiratory system

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Chicken Respiratory system

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The Broiler Industry

• Today, almost all of the poultry is raised in large operations• The term broiler refers to chickens which are about 7-8 weeks

of age and are raised for meat.• Generally lighted 24 hours a day• Helps cut down on cannibalism • Process begins with the production of eggs that will be hatched

into chicks.• Parents are selected from breeds that are large and muscular• Most are hybrids derived from mating of different breeds• usually mated through artificial insemination results in hybrid

vigor

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Egg Production

• Eggs are expelled from the hens body and the embryo develops outside the mother’s body.

• Eggs are encased in a hard shell and can weigh several ounces• Process begins with the release of the ovum (yolk) from the

ovary• If the female has been mated, the ovum will be fertilized within

the infundibulum.• The albumin or white of the egg is secreted by cells in the

magnum.• Chalazae is formed, It is a ropelike substance which holds the

yolk in place in the center of the egg.

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Egg Production

• Inner and outer shell membranes are formed in the isthmus• The shell is formed in the uterus• In 18-20 hours the shell is completed and moves to the vagina

and out of the hens body.• Some facilities collect eggs with the use of a conveyor belt• The egg rolls out of the nest box and onto the belt• Eggs must be kept clean and free from contamination

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Egg hatching

• Eggs are stored at 70-80 degrees until being placed in the hatchery

• within 48 hours after incubation begins the embryo has developed a circulatory system

• Circulatory system sustains life by carrying nourishment from the yolk to the embryo

• Eggs are turned at least two times per day• Turning eggs keeps the embryo from sticking to the inside of

the shell• By the end of the first week, embryos are recognizable as

chickens

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Egg hatching

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Egg hatching

• After two weeks, the chicks are covered with down• incubation takes about 21 days. • After hatching, chicks are removed from the incubator, dried

off, cleaned, and placed in a warm dry environment.• The chicks are sexed and separated into groups.• At one day of age chicks are vaccinated and the beaks are

trimmed to prevent canabalism.• Chicks are then placed in ventilated cardboard boxes to be

shipped to the broiler house.

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Broiler Breeder SelectionKeep - Cull

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Broiler Breeder Placement

Is this chicken keep or cull?

A. Cull

B. Keep

If Cull, choose a reason

A. Cross Beak

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A. Cull

B. Keep


A. Cross Beak

B. Discolored or swollen hocks

C. Leg or foot abnormalities

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A. Cull

B. Keep


A. Cross Beak



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A. Cull

B. Keep


A. Cross Beak



D. Crooked toes, greater than 90º

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STRESSORS

Cold

Humidity

BacteriaViruses

Protozoa

Loud Noises

BeakTrimming

Parasites

PoorVentilation

Mold &Mycotoxins

NH3/H2S

HeatDust

Vaccination

RoughHandling

PoorSanitation

Molting

Weighing

PeckingOrder

FeedRestriction

NutritionalDeficiencies

Poor LitterQuality

Dirty Water

Crowding

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COMMERCIAL BROILERS

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SIMILAR BASIC REQUIREMENTS…FOR…

BROODINGNUTRITION

HOUSING AND EQUIPMENTMANAGEMENT

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Brooding

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ALL THE BIRD’S BODYSYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING 35

1-DAY OLD BROILER CHICK

RESIDUAL YOLK

IMMATUREDIGESTIVE TRACT

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HATCH1 WEEKOF AGE

TOTAL MASS IS 4 FOLDGREATER THAN REST OF BODY

Gut development

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DURING EMBRYOGENESIS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS

BEFORE THE BRAIN

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COMMERCIAL SCALE

BROODING

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SMALL SCALE

BROODING

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BROODING UNITS

LAMP-TYPE BROODER 41

BROODING

BROODING HEAT SOURCES 42

BROODING UNITS

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THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOUIF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE

WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINEIF THE CHICKS ARE COMFORTABLE

IN THE BROODER ?

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BROODINGTHE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE

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BODY

WEI

GH

T

AGE

1000 HOURS

MOST CRITICAL PERIOD

42 DAYS

TODAY’S MEAT-TYPE BIRDSGROW VERY RAPIDLY

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….FACT….WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINESGUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES

Gut development

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Crop fill

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IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT

NUTRITIONIS FIXED

NUTRITIONIS NOT FIXED

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NUTRITIONALLY SPEAKINGWHAT ARE THE ONLY SIX

THINGS CHICKENS NEED ?

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SIX MAJOR NUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATELIPID

PROTEIN

VITAMINSMINERALS

WATER52

VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF NUTRITION TO REMEMBER

…..ENERGY IS NOT A NUTRIENT…..IT IS A “PROPERTY” OF THREE NUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATE

LIPID

PROTEIN 53

VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF POULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBER

MOST POULTRYEAT THE AMOUNT OF FEED THEY NEED IN

ORDER TO MEET AN ENERGY REQUIREMENT54

IMPORTANT FACT TO REMEMBER

…TODAY…FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY

75% OF THE TOTAL COST OFPRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS

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“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION” 1) USE THE CORRECT FEED FOR EACH AGE & BIRD TYPE

STARTER GROWER FINISHER LAYER

“General Nutrition”

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GIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUS(VENTRICULUS)

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KOILIN LINING 59

KOILIN LINING OF GIZZARD

GROOVES

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GRITFED FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE

NOT NECESSARY IF MASH OR PELLETS ARE FED ALONE 61

KOILIN LAYER

GIZZARD

GRIT

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HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK

?

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BROILER AGE AND WATER CONSUMPTION

BODY WEIGHT

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DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION

DAYS OF AGE X 6 ML

“BROILERS”(UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS)

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The Poultry Industry One of the fastest growing segments of the animal industry 1