THE POSSIBLE REASONS OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH ...repository.usd.ac.id/34723/2/154214101_full edit.pdfThe Possible Reasons of Indonesian-English Code Switching in Cindercella’s YouTube

THE POSSIBLE REASONS OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH

CODE SWITCHING IN CINDERCELLA’S YOUTUBE

CHANNEL

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ADELIA TAMARA PRISCILLIA SIANIPAR

Student Number: 154214101

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2019

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

THE POSSIBLE REASONS OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH

CODE SWITCHING IN CINDERCELLA YOUTUBE

CHANNEL

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ADELIA TAMARA PRISCILLIA SIANIPAR

Student Number: 154214101

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2019


vii

SEE GOD’S LOVE IN EVERYTHING


viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I give my deepest gratefulness to the one who never leaves me

in any circumstances I go through, Jesus Christ. I thank Jesus for His loves and

hopes along this journey. His loves and hopes have guided me so that I could

enjoy this journey and most importantly I could be able to finish this thesis.

In finishing this thesis, I have received so many supports and helps. I would

like to extend my gratitude to my advisor Adventina Putranti, M.Hum. for the

helps in developing my undergraduate thesis. Her patience and guidance during

the consultation means a lot to me. I also would like to send my gratitude to my

co-advisor Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari for her time and advices to make this thesis

much better.

I would send my endless gratitude to my beloved parents, Mama Cantik

and Papa, for their prayers, loves, and supports for me. I will never be in this

chapter of my life without their efforts. I would also express my love for my

brothers abang Andrew and Axel for being reminders so that I can be a better

person. It is a grace to have them in my life.

I thank my best friends, Cee, Lilong, Gebong, Oli, Fadly, Yosua and Kak

Evan for always showering me with loves, prayers, courage, and positivity from

the beginning of my thesis until this time. I thank my college buddies, Cici Valen,

Ejun, Ojita, Julius and Acay for their supports, help, jokes, gossips, and weird

stuffs that color up my college life. I thank PMK Efata Sanata Dharma, CG

Alfian, CG Vera, MC Ministry and Joy Indonesia for the joy, togetherness and

life lessons.

In addition, my gratitude and appreciation go to everyone who prays and

supports me from the beginning of my college journey. God bless you all.

Adelia Tamara Priscillia Sianipar


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................ iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ....................................................................... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI

KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS................... vi

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................ viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................... ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................. xi

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................ xii

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................ xiii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ........................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ................................................................. 4 C. Objectives of the Study .............................................................. 5 D. Definition of Terms ................................................................... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................... 7

A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................... 8

1. Sociolinguistics.................................................................... 8 2. Code Switching....................................................................... 9 3. Types of Code Switching........................................................ 11 4. Reasons of Code Switching ................................................. 13

C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................. 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................... 19

A. Object of the Study ..................................................................... 19 B. Approach of the Study ............................................................... 19 C. Method of the Study .................................................................. 20

1. Data Collection .................................................................... 20 2. Data Analysis ..................................................................... 21

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ......... 24

A. Types of Indonesian-English switching in Cindercella’s vlogs .... 24 1. Intra-sentential Switching .................................................... 24 2. Inter-Sentential Switching .................................................... 27 3. Tag Switching...................................................................... 30

B. Reasons of Indonesian-English switching in Cindercella’s vlogs 33 1. Talking about Particular Topic ............................................. 33


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2. Doing Interjection ................................................................ 37 3. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor ............... 40 4. Being Emphatic about Something ........................................ 45

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................... 50

REFERENCES ................................................................................... 53

APPENDIX: The Types and Possible Reasons of Indonesian-English

Code Switching in Cindercella’s YouTube Channel ............................... 56


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BE : Being Emphatic about Something

CS : Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor

EG : Expressing Group Identity or Solidarity

I : Doing Interjection

IA : Intra-Sentential Switching

IE : Inter-Sentential Switching

QS : Quoting Somebody Else

RC : Repetition Used for Clarification

T : Tag Switching

TP : Talking about Particular Topic Vlog : Video Blog


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ABSTRACT

Sianipar, Adelia Tamara Priscillia. The Possible Reasons of Indonesian-

English Code Switching in Cindercella’s YouTube Channel. Yogyakarta:

Department of English Letters. Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,

2019.

Switching from one language to another language is often found in

multilingual community. The phenomenon of switching from one language to

another is known as code switching. Indonesian as one of multilingual countries

also experiences this phenomenon. People tend to switch from Indonesian to

English in their utterance to have wider interactions. Nowadays, beauty vlog is

very popular on YouTube. It has attracted many people’s attention. One example

of Indonesian-English code-switching phenomenon can be seen in Cindercella’s

YouTube channel. Cindercella is a famous Indonesian beauty vlogger. This

research was conducted t analyze Indonesian-English code switching used by

Cindercella in her beauty vlog.

There are two objectives in this research. The first objective of this

research is to find out what types of Indonesian-English code switching found in

Cindercella’s vlogs. The second objective is to find out the possible reasons of

Indonesian-English code switching found in Cindercella’s vlogs.

In conducting this research, sociolinguistics was applied for the approach

of the study. Purposive sampling method was applied in collecting the data of this

research. The data were collected from two video blogs in Cindercella YouTube

channel and were analyzed using the theories of types of code switching by

Poplack (1980) and reasons for using code switching by Hoffmann (1991).

There are 56 data that are considered as Indonesian-English code-

switching. The types of code switching found are intra-sentential switching, inter-

sentential switching, and tag switching. Meanwhile, the four reasons for using

code switching found are talking about particular topic, being emphatic about

something, doing interjection, and clarifying the speech content for the

interlocutor. Talking about particular topic is the most frequent possible reason in

the vlogs. In addition, repetition used for clarification reason, quoting somebody

else reason, and expressing group identity or solidarity reason are not found in the

vlogs due to the fact that the vlogs contain monologue and the viewers of the

vlogs are not particular people or specific ethnic groups, but people from around

the world so it is not necessary to make sure the conversation goes well and show

identity or solidarity.

Keywords: code switching, reason, vlog


xiii

ABSTRAK

Sianipar, Adelia Tamara Priscillia. The Possible Reasons of Indonesian-

English Code Switching in Cindercella’s YouTube Channel. Yogyakarta:

Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2019.

Beralih dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain sering ditemukan di komunitas

multibahasa. Fenomena beralih dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain dikenal sebagai

alih kode. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara multibahasa juga mengalami

fenomena ini. Orang-orang cenderung beralih dari bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa

Inggris dalam ucapan mereka untuk memiliki interaksi yang lebih luas. Saat

ini, vlog kecantikan sangat populer di YouTube. Vlog kecantikan telah

menarik perhatian banyak orang. Salah satu contoh fenomena alih kode bahasa

Indonesia-Inggris dapat dilihat di saluran YouTube Cindercella. Cindercella

adalah vlogger kecantikan Indonesia yang terkenal. Penelitian ini dilakukan

untuk menganalisis alih kode bahasa Indonesia-Inggris yang digunakan oleh

Cindercella di vlog kecantikannya.

Ada dua tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan pertama dari penelitian ini

adalah untuk mengetahui jenis alih kode bahasa Indonesia-Inggris yang

ditemukan dalam vlognya Cindercella. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengetahui

kemungkinan alasan alih kode bahasa Indonesia-Inggris yang ditemukan dalam

vlognya Cindercella.

Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, sosiolinguistik digunakan sebagai

pendekatan penelitian. Metode purposive sampling diterapkan dalam

mengumpulkan data penelitian ini. Data dikumpulkan dari dua vlog di saluran

YouTube Cindercella dan dianalisis menggunakan teori jenis alih kode oleh

Poplack (1980) dan alasan penggunaan alih kode oleh Hoffmann (1991).

Ada 56 data yang dikategorikan sebagai alih kode bahasa Indonesia-

Inggris. Jenis-jenis alih kode yang ditemukan adalah intra-sentential switching,

tag switching, dan inter-sentential switching. Sementara itu, empat alasan untuk

menggunakan alih kode yang ditemukan adalah berbicara tentang topik tertentu,

menunjukan empati tentang sesuatu, interjeksi (memasukkan pengisi kalimat atau

penghubung kalimat), dan niat mengklarifikasikan isi pesan kepada lawan bicara..

Berbicara tentang topik tertentu adalah alasan yang paling sering muncul dalam

vlog. Selain itu, alasan pengulangan yang digunakan untuk klarifikasi, alasan

mengutip orang lain, dan alasan mengekpresikan identitas kelompok atau

solidaritas tidak ditemukan dalam vlog karena fakta bahwa vlog mengandung

monolog dan pendengar vlog bukan orang tertentu atau kelompok etnis

tertentu, tetapi orang-orang dari seluruh dunia jadi tidak perlu memastikan

percakapan berjalan lancar dan mengekpresikan identitas kelompok atau

solidaritas.

Kata kunci: alih kode, alasan, vlog


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Lately, many people are able to speak more than one language. They tend

to use two or more languages in their utterances in order to have a wider

communication with both people who speak the same language and people who

speak different language. This kind of situation is considerably influenced by

globalization. Myers-Scotton (2006) explains that Globalization promotes the

increasing power of various languages that are already established as the language

of wider communication, whether in a single country or in the world (p. 136). As a

result, people frequently switch their languages when delivering their speech. This

phenomenon is known as code-switching. Code-switching is “the alternate use of

two or more languages in the same utterance or conversation” (Grosjean as cited in

Srinivas, 2008, p. 308). Furthermore, Myers-Scotton adds that “English, of course,

is a prime language of such a language (p. 136). In other words, it is obvious that

English is used as the language example to broaden people’s interaction.

In Indonesian, the use of English is also found. Together with the current

circumstances in Indonesia, people tend to use some English expression, sayings,

and terminologies. English words and phrases are used not only by Indonesian high

ranking officials but also ordinary people, whether in newspaper articles, informal

conversation or presidential speech” (Setiawan, 2016, p. 1545). Setiawan also gives

some examples of the occurrence of Indonesian-English code-switching,


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Freestyle Indonesia Punya Potensi Atraksi Drifting Bike

(Indonesian Freestyle has Potential in Drifting Bike Attractions)

Saipul Jamil: Oh My God Kenapa Dewi Persik Pakai yang Palsu?

(Saipul Jamil: Oh My God Why Does Dewi Persik Use the Fake one?

(Setiawan, 2016, p. 1549-1550)

The examples above show the use of English words insertion into Indonesian

sentences. It can be seen from the words freestyle, drifting bike, and oh my god

which are categorized as English words. In addition, Setiawan (2016) explains that

there are four reasons of the occurrence of English code-switching in Indonesian.

They are “English is more compact, English is more precise, English is more

prestigious, and English becomes a starter or a stepping stone for a fuller use of the

language” (Setiawan, 2016, p. 1548).Thus, it is not surprising that there is a large

number of Indonesian-English code-switching phenomenon found in many types

of mass media and speeches.

YouTube, a video sharing platform, is one of the mass media that recently

most chosen by people to share their interest or attract viewers. As cited in YouTube

Revenue and Usage Statistics 2018, YouTube is now the world’s second biggest

search engine in which more than 1,8 billion people are registered on the site to

check it and watch 5 billion videos daily (para. 1). YouTube is very popular for its

trendiest characteristic namely, vlog. In Indonesia, vlog has been trending since

2014 because many people from different backgrounds are triggered to create it

(Fajrina et al., 2016, para. 1). At first, vlog is used to share people’s daily activities

and thoughts, but now it is also used to give information or advertisement and to

interact with others. This fact is supported by Fan et al. (2013) as cited by Sokol

(2017, p 1) explains that vlogging has developed into one of the most popular ways


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for not only recording one’s personal life, but also discussing different products and

brands. In addition, Zanette et al. (2013) explains that vlogs are important in the

process of developing a personal or corporate image due to the possibility of

reaching and influencing thousands of people (as cited in Sokol, 2017, p. 1). Thus,

this is no doubt that vlog creator, or known as vlogger, is rapidly increasing.

The growth existence of vlogger is pretty much significant. This is

supported by Fajrina et.al (2016, para. 2) that explains many people, from common

people to celebrities, excitedly follow this trend and become a vlogger. Many

vloggers appear with various contents, one of which is beauty vlog. Beauty vlog is

a vlog that talks about tutorial on makeup looks, fashions, hairstyles, and other

beauty stuff-related topics. In this kind of vlog, the researcher finds the tendency of

the vlogger inserting Indonesia-English code-switching in their utterance while

delivering the speech, which arouses the researcher’s curiosity to analyze.

Although the phenomenon of code-switching can be found in many beauty

vlogs, the researcher is going to focus on one of the Indonesian vloggers that

frequently uses Indonesian-English code-switching, Marcella Febrianne

Hadikusumo. Marcella is well known for her YouTube channel called Cindercella.

She begins her YouTube channel on January 23, 2009, and posted her first video

on April 10, 2010. She has created various vlog contents such as beauty, song cover,

traveling, and so on. However, Cindercella is famous for her beauty vlog content.

Cindercella’s makeup tutorial vlogs have reached more than 11 million views

(Kompas, 2017, para. 6). Now, she has uploaded 107 videos and has more than


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316.914 subscribers. Furthermore, Kompas states that Cindercella is known as one

of the most popular beauty vlogger in Indonesian (para. 2)

All of Cindercella’s vlogs show her tendency of inserting code-switching in

her utterances. Nevertheless, in consideration of large intensity of code-switching,

the researcher focuses on her beauty challenge vlogs. It is because Cindercella’s

beauty challenge vlogs show higher tendency of inserting code-switching among

the other contents. Furthermore, since this research covers sociolinguistic aspect,

only Cindercella’s challenge vlogs that contain significant number of code-

switching occurrence will be chosen. Therefore, Cindercella’s vlogs which are

entitled FULL FACE USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO BRUSHES) CHALLENGE

and 5 Minutes Make-Up Challenge with The Balm are chosen as the object of this

research.

The occurrence of Indonesian-English code switching in FULL FACE

USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO BRUSHES) CHALLENGE and 5 Minutes Make-

Up Challenge with The Balm are used as the data discussed in this research. The

researcher is going to analyze the types of code switching and the reasons of code-

switching found in Cinderella’s FULL FACE USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO

BRUSHES) CHALLENGE and 5 Minutes Make-Up Challenge with The Balm.

B. Problem Formulation

According to the background of this study, there are two questions

formulated in order to get the main goal. The formulated questions that will be

discussed are:


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1. What are the types of code switching used in two selected vlogs of

Cindercella?

2. What are the possible reasons of code switching used in two selected vlogs

of Cindercella?

C. Objectives of the Study

The research objectives of this study are first to discover the types of code

switching used by Cindercella in two selected vlogs. Second, after identifying the

types of code switching used by Cindercella in two selected vlogs, the researcher

elaborates the possible reasons of code switching used by Cindercella in the third

selected vlogs based on the context of the utterances.

D. Definition of Terms

The researcher provides explanation of several terms that are discussed in

the study in order to avoid misinterpretation. The terms that are discussed in this

study are code, code-switching, vlog, beauty vlogger.

Code is a term that refers to particular language, dialect, or style. It is used

by people when delivering their speech. It is supported by Myers-Scotton (2006)

by stating that code is a language, dialect, or style used in speaking by people (p.

159)

Code-switching is a phenomenon that involves two languages or linguistic

varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation. The occurrence

of code switching is in various forms. It can be in the form of phrases, clause, or


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sentences including tags and exclamations at either end of the sentence (Poplack as

cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 104).

Vlog, according to Collins English Dictionary, is a set of videos that

someone regularly posts on the internet in which they record their thoughts or

experiences or talk about a subject. Meanwhile, according to Duyen (2016), vlog is

another format of blog, which is published in the form of video clip (p. 17).

Beauty Vlogger is commonly used to describe a person who creates and

posts a video to YouTube about tutorial on makeup looks, fashions, hairstyles, and

other beauty stuffs-related topics. Nguyen (2015) stated that “beauty vloggers are

those beauty influencers who share their reviews through recorded video clips

instead of blog posts” (as citied in Duyen 2016).


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

There are two studies that related to this research. Both studies discuss about

code switching phenomenon. The first is an undergraduate thesis written by Putu

(2018) which is entitled “The Possible Reasons of Indonesian-English Code

Switching in Indonesian Morning Show on 5 August 2016”. Putu, in her study,

formulates two questions which are what types of code switching that are used on

the talk show and the possible reasons of Indonesia-English code switching that are

seen on the talk show. In analyzing the data, Putu uses four theories which are

theory of types of code switching by Poplack (1980), theory of reasons of code

switching by Hoffman (1991), theory of grammatical function by Downing (2015)

and theory of types of phrase by Greenbaum & Nelson (2002).

In her conclusion, Putu finds out that the most frequent reasons used by the

speakers are being emphatic about something, interjection, and talking about

particular topic. It is because the guest had much exposure with English since she

had lived for several years in countries such as Canada and American where English

is the official language. In addition, Putu states that the switching is frequently

found in the talk show because one of the hosts is also fluent in English.

The second one is a journal by Mukti and Muljani (2018) which is entitled

“Code Switching in the Instructions of English Language Education Study Program

Lecturers”. This study presents the analysis of the types of code switching ELESP


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lecturers employed in their instructional languages and the reasons of code

switching employed in their instructional languages. Mukti and Muljani identify the

types of code switching used by ELESP lecturers based on Wardaugh (2006) theory

of types of code switching, namely situational switching and metaphorical

switching, while the reasons of code switching based on Hoffman (1991), Holmes

(1992) and Wardaugh (2006). According to the results, both situational and

metaphorical code switching are employed by the participants. However, the

participants mostly employ situational code switching. In addition, there are eight

reasons found for the participants to code-switch. They are topic, addressee,

emphasis, persuasion, solidarity, affection, the nature of the subject, and as the

participants’ strategy. It shows that the participants do consider their use of code

switching. Mukti and Muljani also add that instead of the lack of English mastery,

the participants use code switching to help students understand better.

From the previous studies, the researcher finds out that both studies have

similar and different aspects to this research. Both studies deal with code switching

phenomenon and they apply the theory of reasons of code switching by Hoffman.

Both studies analyze code switching in conversation, while this research analyzes

code switching in monologue from Cindercella’s YouTube channel. Although the

object is different, both studies help the researcher in understanding the theory

better which is applied to solve the problem formulation of this research.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics knowledge and information are required in this research


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since code switching belongs to one of sociolinguistics phenomena. The idea that

code switching is in the scope of sociolinguistic phenomena is supported by

Gardner-Chloros (2009) who states that “code switching was considered as

sociolinguistic phenomenon - a linguistic product of language contact, determined

in various ways by the social circumstances in which it occurs” (p. 65). In

other words, social circumstances such as topic, interlocutor, and context

determine people’s choice of using language. According to Holmes (2013),

sociolinguistics gives the overview that social factors (backgrounds, settings,

knowledge) of the interlocutor influence the choice of appropriate ways of

speaking in different social contexts (p. 1). For example, students use one code

when talking to their principal and use different code when talking to their mother.

It is also found that people can express the same message with different styles to

different people. Furthermore, Caparas and Gustilo (2017) state that people in a

multilingual community can speak two or more languages due to language contact

and language policy. Therefore, code switching from one language to another is

inevitable in multilingual community (p. 349). Herk also says that code switching

is the common result of widespread multilingualism (2012, p. 130). Related to this

research, the researcher tries to observe how code switching as sociolinguistic

phenomenon used by an individual in a particular society, which is here a vlog

.2. Code Switching

Code refers to a specific way that people use in communication. As stated

by Yun, “code means any style, variety, dialect, or language” (2009, p. 10).

Wardhaugh (2006) says that code switching is a particular code for speaking and


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switching from one code to another within very short utterances or between

speakers turn (p. 101). Therefore, it is understood that code switching is a switch

from one language to another language in the same utterance or conversation done

by people who are able to speak more than one language. Poplack (1980) gives

equivalence constraint for code switching that occurs within clause or phrase. The

rule says that “code switches will tend to occur at points in the discourse where

juxtaposition of L1and L2 elements does not violate a syntactic rule of either

language” (as cited in Gafaranga, 2007, p. 39). One of the examples is switching

within phrase.

“English noun phrase “big house” and French noun phrase “grande maison”

can be switched into “big maison” or “grande house”. However, English

noun phrase “red boat” and French noun phrase “bateau rouge” cannot be

switched because the grammar of both languages in that particular case does

not match each other.” (Holmes as cited in Putu, 2018, p.12)

Poplack (1980) also adds that bound morpheme from one language is affixed

to the root from another language cannot be considered as code switching (as cited

in Gafaranga, 2007, p.38). In conclusion, code switching is the alternation between

two languages within a sentence or at sentence boundary, not the alternation

between bound morpheme of one language and affix of another language.

Related to this research, the researcher only analyzes the occurrence of

code switching phenomenon in the vlogs. Thus, any other types of code case

found in the vlogs will not be analyzed since this research focuses on analyzing

code switching case.


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3. Types of Code Switching

According to Poplack (1980) as cited by Romaine (1995, pp. 122-123), there

are three types of code switching, namely intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential

switching, and tag switching.

a. Intra-Sentential Switching

This type of code switching involves switching within sentence. In this type

of switching, the speaker uses two different languages within the same sentence.

Jendra (2010) explains intra-sentential switching is found when a word, a phrase or

a clause of a foreign language is used within the sentence in a base language (p. 76).

Furthermore, if this type of switching is omitted from a sentence, the idea of the

sentence will change. In other words, this type of switching affects the idea of the

whole sentence. The examples of intra-sentential switch are provided below:

M poko telman (I have not yet really) make up mind mwen (my).

(St. Fort, 2012, p. 136)

In the example above, the speaker uses Haitian Creole at the beginning and

English in the middle of the sentence. The English phrase ‘make up mind’ is used

in Haitian Creole sentence. The code switching in the example above occurs within

sentence boundary.

b. Inter-Sentential Switching

Inter-sentential switching occurs at sentence boundary. According to Al

Heeti and Al Abdely (2016), this switch occurs “at sentential boundaries where one

sentence is in one language and the next sentence is in the other” (p. 11). In other


12

words, this switch occurs at two separate sentences where one sentence is spoken

in one language and the next sentence is in another language. Romaine as quoted

by Stockwell (2002) says this switch occurs at sentence boundary which is marked

by the change of topic (p. 33). According to Wells (2006), falling intonation is used

to distinguish clause and sentence boundaries in speech. The falling intonation is a

signal that what we say is complete (p.25).The tone for wh-question is also a fall,

while the tone for yes-no question is a rise (Wells, 2006, p. 42-45). Examples of

inter-sentential switch are provided below:

A Spanish-English speaker:

It’s on the radio. A mi se me olvida la estaciόn (I forget which station).

I’m gonna serve you another one, right?

(Poplack, 1982, p. 13)

‘A mi se me olvida la estaciόn’is the example of code switching occurs at sentence

boundary. The speaker uses English at the first sentence, then switch into Spanish

at the second sentence, then switch again into English at the third sentence.

c. Tag Switching

This type of code switching occurs when a speaker inserts a tag, filler, or

exclamation which is in another language from the rest of the sentence. If this

type is omitted in a sentence, it will not change the idea of the sentence. This is

supported by Appel (1987) that says tag switching involves exclamation, a tag, or

parenthetical in another language from the rest of the sentence. According to Giorgi

(2016), parenthetical means expressions that are inserted in another clause, usually

independent clause. It is usually connected to independent clause only because it

appears in the same utterance, but is otherwise unrelated.


13

For example, ‘John, as everybody knows, likes to go to parties’, the clause

‘as everybody knows’ occurs as parenthetical in the sentence since it is a non-

restrictive clause (Giorgi, 2016, p. 472). Non-restrictive clause is a clause that adds

additional information to a sentence yet it can be omitted (Traffis, 2019, para. 9).

In other words, parenthetical does not give significant meaning to the sentence.

Moreover, this switching type can be found in the beginning, in the middle or at the

end of a sentence. Other examples of tag switching are provided below:

Tamati: Engari (So) now we turn to more important matters.

(Holmes, 2013, p. 35)

In the example above, Tamati, the name of the speaker, inserts a Maori tag

“Engari” in the beginning of his utterance.

4. Reasons of Code Switching

According to Hoffmann (1991, p. 115-116), there are seven reasons of code

switching. They are talking about particular topic, being emphatic about something,

interjection, repetition for clarification, expressing group identity or solidarity,

clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and quoting somebody else. Each

reason of code switching will be elaborated below:

a. Talking about Particular Topic

Talking about particular topic means people sometimes switch from one

language to another language when they are talking about particular topic or

specific information. Hoffmann (1991) explains talking about particular topic may

cause a switch, either because of lack of facility in the relevant register or because


14

certain items trigger to use particular language (p. 115). In other words, people

sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in

another because there is no exact term for that particular topic in that language or

because certain topic triggers people to use certain words from particular language.

Here is the example below:

Host: ada seatbelt gak? (Khairunnas, 2017, p. 60)

In the example above, the speaker is a host. The speaker wants to give a seatbelt

for the guest to stay sit. The speaker uses the word ‘seatbelt’ because she is talking

about particular topic. The speaker uses the word ‘seatbelt’ because it refers to a

belt or strap that cannot only prevent people from injury, but also make people

stay sit. The speaker uses English term 'seatbelt' because Indonesian people

frequently use it than the Indonesian term ‘sabuk pengaman’. Therefore, the

speaker is triggered to use the English term.

b. Quoting Somebody Else

Sometimes people switch from their mother tongue into another language

in order to quote a saying or expression of some well-known figures. The example

of quoting somebody else can be seen from the utterance below:

‘y… si dices “perdon” en castellano se tevuelve la mujer y tedije :’ (‘… and

if you say “sorry” in Castilan Spanish, the lady turns to you and says:’)

‘encatala’ (‘in Catalan!)

(Calsamiglia and Tuson as cited in Hoffmann, 1991, p. 112)


15

In this case, the utterance of an adult Spanish-Catalan bilingual shows the example

of quoting somebody else reason by switching her language into Catalan ‘en catala’

in order to quote an expression from the lady.

c. Being Emphatic about Something

Being emphatic about something means the speaker switches from one

language to another language to emphasize something or to be empathy. The switch

could be in the form of interjection or repetition. According to Riyandani (2018, p.

47-53), the switch can also occur in form of ellipsis, wh-question, and sentence.

The example of being emphatic about something reason can be seen below:

Host: Semuanya berebutan ya. They all want you to be on their cover.

(Khairunnas, 2017, p. 42)

In the example, the speaker is a host. She uses code switching because she is being

emphatic about something. The speaker switches into English ‘they all want you to

be on their cover’ to emphasize her first statement that all of the magazine

publishers were scrambling to make the guest as their magazine cover model.

d. Repetition Used for Clarification

Repetition used for clarification occurs, for example, when a speaker

explains or says about something using one code and repeats the explanation for the

same topic using another different code in order to make the message clear and the

conversation goes well. The repetition is used to emphasize the message that is

delivered. The example can be seen below:


16

An adult Spanish-English bilingual:

‘Tenia zapatos blancos (I had white shoes), un poco (little bit), they were

off white, you know.’

(Silva-Corvalán as cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 112)

The sentence in Spanish above is being repeated into English language. The speaker

switches code in order to emphasize the message of the sentence so that the

interlocutor understands the message clearly and the conversation goes well.

e. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor

A message in one code is repeated in another code in somewhat modified

form to make the content of the speech runs smoothly and be understood by the

hearers. The switching sometimes intended to add some explanation. The code-

switching can appear in the form of a single word, idiom, clause, sentence, and

phonological level. The example can be seen below:

Host: Liat dong posenya yang di GAP kaya gimana, How is the pose? I want

to see the pose.

(Khairunnas, 2017, p. 42)

In the example, the speaker does code switching because at first the listener does

not understand what is being asked then the speaker switches to English ‘how is the

pose? And she also added ‘I want to see the pose’ to make interlocutor understands

clearly.

f. Doing Interjection

Interjection is expressions which are used in sentences to convey surprise,

strong emotion, or to gain attention. Interjection is a short exclamation such as

“Wow!”, “Look!”, “Oh!”, “Oops!”, et cetera. Khairunas explains interjection in


17

switching involves fillers or sentence connectors (2017, p. 39). Fillers are words,

phrases, clauses or sounds that are inserted to fill a pause in utterance or

conversation. Fillers do not have significant meaning in a sentence. Speakers often

use interjection in speaking rather than writing. The example can be seen below:

‘… Oh! Ay! It was embarrassing! It was very nice, though, I was

embarrassed.’

(Silva-Corvalán as cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 112)

In the example, “ay!” does not have any grammatical meaning. The speaker uses

interjection “ay!” to show strong expression since she feels embarrassed.

g. Expressing Group Identity or Solidarity

The way of communication is different from one community to the other.

Therefore, code-switching can be used to express group identity. A greeting is

usually used to express solidarity with someone from certain ethnic groups. This is

an example used by English – Maori speaker:

Sarah: I think everyone’s here except Mere.

John: She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s her

arriving now.

Sarah: You’re right. Kia ora Mere (Hi Mere).Haeremai (Come in). Kei

tepehekoe (How are you)?

Mere: Kia ora e hoa (Hello my friend). Kei tepai (I’m fine). Have you

started yet?

(Holmes, 2013, p. 34)

In the example above, Mere is Maori while Sarah is English. Sarah speaks English

at the beginning, but then she switches into Maori to greet Mere. Here, Maori’s

greeting is an expression of solidarity.


18

C. Theoretical Framework

This research aimed to answer two problems formulated in chapter I. All

theories and reviews give a big contribution to solving the problems. In order to

answer the first problem, the researcher employs the theory of types of code

switching by Poplack (1980). There are three types of code switching, namely,

intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag switching. All

occurrences of Indonesian-English code switching by Cindercella will be

classified based on the theory.

Then, the finding of the types of Indonesian-English code switching in the

vlogs helps the researcher to answer the second problem. In answering the second

problem, the researcher employs theory by Hoffmann (1991). Hoffmann’s

definition of reasons for using code switching is perfectly matched to help the

researcher in analyzing and classifying the data.


19

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the study

Cindercella’s vlogs which are entitled 5 Minutes Make-Up Challenge with

the Balm and FULL FACE USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO BRUSHES)

CHALLENGE were chosen as the sources of the data for this research. In these

vlogs, Cindercella as the speaker did certain challenges and explained it to the

viewer. These vlogs are categorized as beauty vlogs since they consist of makeup

tutorials and beauty product talks. The first vlog which is entitled FULL FACE

USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO BRUSHES) CHALLENGE was uploaded to

YouTube on August 31, 2016 and its length is 13’ 14” while the second vlog which

is entitled 5 Minutes Make-Up Challenge with the Balm was uploaded on April 15,

2016 and its length is 5’ 35”. In this research, the data were taken from the speaker

utterances in the two selected vlogs. Therefore, any forms of Indonesia-English

code switching found in the vlogs would be analyzed in this research.

B. Approach of the study

Sociolinguistic approach was conducted in this research since the topic of

this research which is code switching is in the scope of sociolinguistics phenomena.

Sociolinguistics concerns about the relationship between language and society

(Holmes, 2013, p. 1). Therefore, examining the relation between the language and


20

the society with consideration regarding the speaker and the topic as code-switching

phenomenon, sociolinguistics perspective is the suitable approach for this research.

C. Method of the Study

1. Data Collection

The data of this research were collected from audio-visual material.

Purposive sampling method is used to collect the data of this research. Since

purposive sampling method was applied, the researcher chose the individual or site

that is suitable to the research (Creswell, 2007, p. 125). The researcher chose two

vlogs of Cindercella which contained significant number of code switching case.

The switches from Indonesia to English were considered as the data.

This research was done by using qualitative research. Creswell (2007) states

that qualitative research is the process of understanding based on distinct

methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social phenomenon (p. 37). In

this research, the researcher found one of social phenomena which is code switching

in the vlogs. Merriam (2002) explains that one of the characteristics of qualitative

research is the researcher is the primary instrument of data collection and data

analysis. Moreover, the goal of this research is understanding so that the human

instrument is the ideal means in collecting and analyzing the data of this research

(p. 5).

In other words, the researcher plays important role since the data which were

collected and analyzed are based on the researcher’s understanding and decision.

The source of the data for this research was taken by downloading the vlogs of


21

Cindercella which are entitled 5 Minutes Make-Up Challenge with the Balm and

FULL FACE USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO BRUSHES) CHALLENGE from

YouTube. The researcher then transcribed the utterances and displayed the data in

the form of table. Since this study used purposive sampling to collect the data, the

researcher only took the speaker’s utterances that consist of English-Indonesia code

switching as the data.

2. Data Analysis

After collecting the speaker’s utterances that consist of Indonesian-English

code switching, the researcher segmented the utterances based on its topic and gave

specific number. Then, the researcher classified the switch based on Poplack’s

(1980) theory of types of code switching. There are three types of code switching

found, which are intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag

switching. The researcher distinguished which data occurred at sentence boundary

or within sentence or as insertion based on the researcher’s comprehension on

English grammatical function, types of clause, and types of phrase.

After finding the types of code switching and giving specific code to each

data, the researcher classified Indonesian-English code-switching case based on

Hoffmann’s theory about the reasons of using code-switching to solve the second

problem of this research. Hoffmann (1991, p. 115-116) mentions that there are some

reasons people use code-switching. They are talking about particular topic, quoting

somebody else, being emphatic about something, repetition used for clarification,

clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, interjection, and expressing group


22

identity or solidarity. In order to determine what reason of code switching the data

belonged, the researcher matched the meaning and the context of each code

switching case first. The next step was matching the meaning and the context of

each code switching case to the concept of each code switching reason proposed by

Hoffmann. Furthermore, the relation between the types of code switching and the

reasons of code switching used would be analyzed based on the criteria that is

mentioned in theory of types of code switching by Poplack (1980) and in theory of

reasons of code switching by Hoffmann (1991). After finding out the reason of each

data, the researcher also gave code so that the classification will be easily

understood. Here is the explanation of the date code given:

1 or 2 : number of the vlog

1 : number of utterance

A : the data occurs in utterance

IA /IE /T : the types of code switching

TP/QS/BE/RC/CI/I/EG : the reasons of code switching

Each data belongs to the criteria of types of code switching by Poplack and reasons

for using code switching by Hoffmann was given checklist (√) on the addressed

column. To highlight the data of this research, the researcher provided a table as the

medium. The table contained the classification of the switch types and reason for

code switching of the data.


23

No Data Code Utterance

Types of CS Reasons of Code Switching

T IE IA TP QS BE RC CI I EG


24

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As it is stated previously, there are two problems conducted in this

research. The first is to find the types of Indonesian-English code switching and

the second is to find the possible reasons for using Indonesian-English code

switching produced by Indonesian beauty vlogger, Cindercella. Therefore, this

chapter presents the findings and the discussion on those problems.

A. Types of Indonesian-English code-switching by Cindercella After analyzing the whole data, the researcher found three types of code

switching, namely intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag

switching used by Cindercella. The researcher analyzed the data based on

Poplack’s (1980) theory as cited by Romaine (1995, p.122-123). Some cases from

each type of code switching will be elaborated as follows:

1. Intra-sentential Switching

Intra-sentential switching occurs within a sentence. Jendra (2010)

explains that intra-sentential switching can be a word, a phrase, or a clause (p. 76).

The researcher found that the switch occurs as a word, phrase, and clause. Based

on the findings, there are 30 data that are categorized as intra-sentential switching.

The examples of intra-sentential switching are provided below:


25

Data Code Utterance

1/9B/IA/TP

Next, I’m going to do my brows. Aku mau pake

brown gel. Terus pake jari kaya dibrehh gituan

aja, ngasal gitu. Abis itu baru dirapiin pake

concealer. Sekarang aku buka ya (showing the

product to the camera and then applying the

product with her fingers) I’m not cheating, I’m

not cheating. Ini kaca ya (pointing at the

mirror). Ini gini (applying the brown gel to her

brows). Huaa kok warnanya (showing

disappointment). It is too dark (staring at the

camera). Aku lap dulu. Ini bukan tool loh

(showing cotton to camera). Ini cuman ngelap

jari (cleaning her fingers with cotton). Jangan

marah-marah, nih jari nya sudah bersih.

In the context, the speaker tells about particular makeup product called

brown gel. The speaker uses brown gel to do her brows. While telling it, the

speaker switches to English phrase “brown gel”. The switch is categorized as

intra-sentential switching because it occurs within Indonesian sentence “Aku mau

pake brown gel.” The switch is in the form of noun phrase with noun ‘gel’ as the

head and the adjective ‘brown’ as the modifier. Moreover, the switch cannot be

omitted. The idea of the sentence is that the speaker wants to apply brown gel. The

phrase “brown gel” functions as the object of the sentence. If the switch is omitted,

the thing that the speaker wants to apply will be absent which then makes the idea

of the sentence is distracted. The next example occurs at word level:


26

Data Code Utterance

2/12C/IA/

TP

Penilaiannya itu tidak berdasarkan apa yang

dipakai atau berapa lama video itu. Yang

penting video nya jelas sama pencahayaan nya

bagus. Product yang digunakan gak harus

product The balm loh. Jadi boleh pake apa aja,

terus terakhir submisi lomba ini adalah tanggal

20 april. Terus juga kamu harus upload foto

hasil 5 menit make up challenge itu ke

Instagram kamu. Dengan nulis juga link video

kamu di bio kamu atau di caption.

In this case, the speaker explains about the requirements of the challenge

which one of it is to post the result of the challenge to Instagram. At this time, the

speaker switches to English “upload”. The switch “upload” is categorized as

intra-sentential switching because it occurs within sentence. Besides that, the

switch cannot be omitted since it occurs as the predicator of the sentence “Kamu

juga harus upload foto hasil kamu 5 menit make up challenge itu ke Instagram

kamu.” or in English “You also have to upload the result of your 5 minutes makeup

challenge to your Instagram.” The main point of the sentence will be changed if

the switch is omitted.

The next example occurs at clause level:

Data Code Utterance

1/15A/IA/CI

(Applying the eyeshadow) Keknya sih aku

ngerasa kalo misalnya agak ditekan ke bawah

gitu, it helps dan kaya ngeblend bagian pinggir

tengah gitu. That’s what I think, I don’t know.

Alisnya hahh susah banget.So far,the hardest

part is the brows. Kurang ajar susah banget. I’m

going to put the Medallion here.(putting the


27

Medallion color on her inner corner) Mau pake

jari kelingking, pake warna yang dark brown nih

(showing the product to camera).

In the context, the speaker gives an advice on how to apply eyeshadow.

While giving advice, she switches to English “it helps”. The switch is categorized

as intra-sentential switching because it occurs within sentence. The switch “it

helps” occurs within the sentence “Keknya sih aku ngerasa kalo misalnya agak

ditekan ke bawah gitu, it helps, kaya ngeblend bagian pinggir dan tengah gitu”. In

the first clause, the speaker uses Indonesian. In the second clause, the speaker uses

English and then she switches again into Indonesian in the third clause. The subject

‘it’ and the predicate ‘helps’ indicate the switch is in the form of independent

clause. Moreover, the switch cannot be omitted since the clause contributes

information to the meaning of the whole sentence.

Based on the analysis result on intra-sentential switching data, the speaker

switches at word, phrase, and clause level. However, the speaker mostly switches

at phrase level than word level or clause level.

2. Inter-sentential Switching

Inter-sentential switching occurs at sentence bounddary where one

sentence is in one language and the next sentence is in the other. This switch occurs

at sentence boundary which is marked by the change of topic (Romaine as citied

by Stockwell, 2002, p. 33). Wells (2006) says that falling intonation is used to

distinguish sentence boundaries in speech. The researcher found that there are 18

inter-sentential code switching cases occurred in the vlogs. Some examples are


28

provided below:

Data Code Utterance

1/15D/IE/

TP






part is the brows. Kurang ajar susah banget.

I’m going to put the Medallion here (putting

the Medallion color on her inner corner). Mau

pake jari kelingking, pake warna yang dark

brown nih (showing the product to camera).

In the context, the speaker tells the viewers that she is going to add some

colors around her inner corner. While telling it, the speaker switches to English

“I’m going to put the Medallion here.” The switch is categorized as inter-

sentential switching because it occurs at sentence boundary. At first, the speaker

uses Indonesian sentence “Alisnya hahh susah banget” and then switches to

English sentence “I’m going to put the Medallion here.” The falling intonation

used at the end of the word ‘here’ marks the boundary between the switch and the

next sentence “Mau pake jari kelingking, pake warna yang dark brown nih.” The

switch occurs in the form of simple sentence. According to Downing (2015),

simple sentence consists minimally of one independent clause (p. 250).

Independent clause has two basic constituents: subject and predicate (p. 33). The

sentence has ‘I’ as the subject and ‘am going to put the Medallion here’ as the

predicate. Moreover, the change of topic also marks the boundary between the

sentences. In the previous sentence, the speaker complains about her brows while


29

in the next sentence, she talks about the color of the eyebrow that she is going to

apply.

The next example also occurs as simple sentence:

Data Code Utterance

1/7B/IE/BE

Next, aku bakal pake bedak. (applying the

powder on her face with her fingers) (looking at

the mirror and making a surprised

expression)What am I doing? Ngapain dah

gua. (Laughing) This is actually very funny.

In the context, the speaker applies powder to her face with her fingers,

which is something she never does. After applying it, she looks at the mirror and

feels surprised by the result. She, then, switches to English “What am I doing?”

In the previous sentence, the speaker uses Indonesian sentence and then she

switches to English sentence. Thus, the switch is categorized as inter-sentential

switching since it occurs at sentence boundary. Moreover, Wells (2006) says that

the tone for wh-question is a fall. The falling intonation at the end of the sentence

“What am I doing?” indicates the boundary between the switch and the next

sentence “Ngapain dah gua”. In addition, the switch occurs as a simple sentence.

The sentence “What am I doing?” has one subject “what” and one predicate “am

I doing” which indicates the switch is in the form of independent clause.

The next example occurs as compound sentence:

Data Code Utterance

1/24A/IE/

TP

Terima kasih sudah nonton video aku. I hope

you guys like it, don’t forget to like subscribe

and share to your friends.


30

In the context, the speaker gives a closing statement regarding the vlog. At

this time, the speaker uses Indonesian sentence “Terima kasih sudah nonton video

aku” and then she switches to English “I hope you guys like it and don’t forget

to like, subscribe, and share to your friends” in the next sentence. The switch is

categorized as inter-sentential switching because it occurs at sentence boundary.

The switch occurs as compound sentence. Compound sentence consists of two

independent clauses which are linked by a coordinator (Downing, 2015, p. 250)

The switch consists of two independent clause and linked by coordinator ‘and.’

They are “I hope you guys like it” and “don’t forget to like, subscribe, and

share to your friends.”

Based on the analysis of utterances in the three tables above, it is obvious

that inter-sentential switching occurs at sentence boundary. Moreover, the data of

inter-sentential switching in this research appears in two forms which are simple

sentence and compound sentence.

2. Tag Switching

Tag switching means the insertion of tags, fillers, exclamation, or

parenthetical which is in another language from the rest of the sentence. The

insertion can be in the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the utterance. The

presence of tag switching does not give significant meaning to the sentence.

Therefore, if it is omitted, it will not change the main point of the sentence. Based

on the findings, there are 8 data which are categorized as tag switching. These are

the examples of tag switching occur in the vlogs:


31

Data Code Utterance

2/9A/T/I Apa ini? Wow! Liat tuh, bonus (Feeling

surprised because there is lipstick on her teeth)

In this context, the speaker feels surprised because there is lipstick on her

teeth. At this time, the speaker switches to English expression “Wow”. The switch

is categorized into tag switching because the word is an interjection. The presence

of the switch “Wow” is not significant in the sentence since it only shows the

speaker’s feeling of shock. If the expression is omitted, the idea of the sentence

remains the same. It is still about the lipstick stuck on her teeth. In addition, the switch

occurs in the beginning of the sentence “Wow! Liat tuh, bonus.” The next example

occurs as a tag:

Data Code Utterance

2/15B/T/I

Untuk yang ikutan kompetisi ini, good luck to

you, semoga kalian menang. Nanti kita ketemu

di atrium sogo plaza senayan, okay? Sampai

jumpa (waving her hand). I hope you enjoy my

video, I hope you guys like it, and don’t forget

to share, like and subscribe.

In the context, the speaker hopes to see the winner at the place where the

event is held. At this time, the speaker switches to English “okay?” The switch is

categorized as tag switching because the word occurs as tag. If the word “okay?”

is omitted, the sentence will be “Nanti kita ketemu di atrium sogo plaza senayan.”

The main idea will not change. The tag only works for asking agreement without

expecting the viewers’ reply. Moreover, the switch occurs at the end of sentence.


32

The next example occurs as parenthetical:

Data Code Utterance

1/21C/T/I

Asli ini tuh very fun. Jadi,I wanna tag all of my

Indonesian beauty vloggers friends and I wanna

tagyou guys,yang nonton ini untuk melakukan

ini juga karena ini seru banget, dan ini susah

banget sebenarnya. Nih (pointing at her brows)

as you can see, belepotan kemana-mana alisku,

what the hell!

In the context, the speaker explains about the challenge. She thinks that the

challenge is very fun yet hard. The speaker also shows her messy brows to

emphasize her opinion that it is really hard to do makeup with fingers. At this time,

she switches to English “as you can see”. The switch is categorized as tag

switching because it occurs as parenthetical. Parenthetical is expressions that are

inserted in another clause, usually independent clause. It is usually connected to

independent clause only because it appears in the same utterance, but is otherwise

unrelated (Giorgi, 2016, p. 472). The conjunction “as” indicates that the switch is

in the form of dependent clause. The switch is considered as non-restrictive clause

because it does not give significant meaning to the sentence. Non-restrictive

clause is a clause that adds additional information to a sentence yet it can be

omitted (Traffis, 2019, para. 9). Therefore, if the switch “as you can see” is

omitted, the main point of the sentence will still be about the speaker’s messy

brows. In addition, the switch “as you can see” occurs in the middle of the

sentence.


33

Based on the three tables above, it is understood that tag switching occurs

as interjection, tag, and filler. Moreover, in this research, the data of tag switching

occur in the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the sentence.

B. Possible Reason of Indonesian-English code-switching by Cindercella The second problem analyzed was the reasons of code switching used by

Cindercella. From the seven reasons of code switching stated by Hoffmann (1991,

p. 115), the researcher only found four reasons of code switching in the data. The

code switching reasons found in this research were talking about particular topic,

doing interjection, clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and being

emphatic about something. The examples of code switching reasons that were

found in Cindercella’s vlogs and details explanation elaborated as follows:

1. Talking about Particular Topic

Sometimes, people switch from one language to another when they are

talking about a specific topic or information. Lack of facility in the relevant register

or because certain items trigger to use particular language also cause switch. The

speaker uses code switching because they cannot find the right words, phrases, or

sentences in another language. Based on the data, there are 32 data of code

switching which happens because talking about particular topic. The evidences can

be seen as follows:


34

Data Code Utterance

1/1D/IA/TP

Haiiiii, haiiiii, haiiiii… (waving hand to the

camera) Today I’m going to do the full face

using only my fingers. Jadi, di challenge ini,

kita tuh tidak diperbolehkan untuk memakai

alat apapun, mau brush, mau beauty blender,

mau apapun itu gak boleh. Cuman boleh pake

jari.

In the context, the speaker explains about makeup tools that are not allowed

to use during the challenge. When explaining it, the speaker switches to English

word “beauty blender”. The switch is categorized as intra-sentential switching

because it occurs within sentence. The speaker uses “beauty blender” because she

is talking about particular topic, which is about makeup tool term. She uses related

term such as “beauty blender” because it is commonly known or used by

Indonesian people when talking about makeup tools. In addition, there has been no

found Indonesian term for “beauty blender” which causes a lack of facility.

Therefore, the speaker feels that the switch “beauty blender” is the appropriate

one since there is no exact term for it in Indonesian. Next example occurs at word

level:

Data Code Utterance

2/12E/IA/

TP

Penilaiannya itu tidak berdasarkan apa yang

dipakai atau berapa lama video itu. Yang

penting video nya jelas sama pencahayaan nya

bagus. Product yang digunakan gak harus

product The balm loh. Jadi boleh pake apa aja,

terus terakhir submisi lomba ini adalah tanggal

20 april. Terus juga kamu harus upload foto

hasil 5 menit make up challenge itu ke


35

Instagram kamu. Dengan nulis juga link video

kamu di bio kamu atau di caption.

In the context, the speaker explains about the video submission of the

event. The competitors should post the result of their makeup on Instagram and

write the link of their video in the biography column or caption of the photo that

they post. While explaining about it, the speaker switches to English word

“caption”. The switch is categorized as intra-sentential switching because it occurs

within a sentence. The speaker uses “caption” because she is talking about

particular topic, which is about one of Instagram’s features. In this context, caption

is a brief explanation appended to photo which is posted in Instagram. She uses

related term such as “caption” because it is commonly known or used by

Indonesian people than the Indonesian term ‘takarir gambar’ when talking about

Instagram. Therefore, the speaker might feel that the word “caption” is more

appropriate. In other words, Instagram feature triggers the speaker to switch her

language. The next example occurs at phrase level:

In the context, the speaker gives an explanation regarding the challenge. At

this time, the speaker switches to English “The Balm Beauty in 5 minutes

Data Code Utterance

2/11B/IA/

TP

Jadi, mereka tuh lagi ngadain kompetisi untuk

ngajakin kalian bikin video kaya aku 5 minutes

make up challenge. Dengan kasih judul

videonya di Youtube The Balm Beauty in 5

Minutes challenge.


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challenge”. The switch refers to the title of the video or vlog that the viewers

should make if they want to join the competition. The switch is categorized as

intra-sentential switching because it occurs within a sentence. The speaker

switches to English “The Balm Beauty in 5 minutes challenge” because she is

talking about particular topic, which is about particular challenge. She uses term

such as “The Balm Beauty in 5 minutes challenge” because it is the name of

particular competition held by particular makeup brand. Since it is the

requirements of the competition that the title of the vlog must be “The Balm

Beauty in 5 minutes challenge”, the speaker has to switch her language so that

she can give proper and specific information to the viewers.

The next example occurs at sentence level:

Data Code Utterance

1/24A/IE/TP

Terima kasih sudah nonton video aku. I hope

you guys like it and don’t forget to like

subscribe, and share to your friends.

In the context, the speaker gives a closing statement regarding the vlog. At

this time, the speaker switches to English “I hope you guys like it and don’t

forget to like subscribe and share to your friends.” The switch is categorized as

inter-sentential switching because it occurs at sentence boundary. The speaker uses

the switch “I hope you guys like it and don’t forget to like subscribe and share

to your friends.” because she is talking about particular topic, which is YouTube

features. The speaker focuses on the words ‘like, subscribe, and share’. YouTube

has some features such as share, like and subscribe which help its users to enjoy

the vlog. The words ‘share, like and subscribe’ are commonly used by people


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especially vlogger when giving closing statement. The speaker always mentions

these words at the end of her vlog. In other words, YouTube features trigger the

speaker to switch her language. Therefore, the speaker simply switches into

English sentences “I hope you guys like it and don’t forget to like subscribe

and share to your friends.”

Based on the explanation towards talking about particular topic, it is found

that the speaker switches because of lack of facility, specific information, and the

trigger of certain items. Types of code switching are also involved. In 1/1/IA/TP,

2/12/IA/TP, 2/11/IA/TP, the switch occurs as intra-sentential, while in

1/24/IE/TP, the switch occurs as inter-sentential. Thus, it can be said that the

types of code switching that are used for talking about particular topic can be

inter-sentential and intra-sentential.

2. Doing Interjection

Interjection is expressions which are used by speaker to express strong

emotion, surprised, and to gain attention. It can be in the form of exclamation, tags,

fillers or sentence connectors. It does not have significant meaning or does not

contribute to the whole meaning of a sentence. There are 8 data that categorized as

doing interjection reason. The evidence of doing interjection reason can be seen as

follows:

Data Code Utterance

1/7A/T/I

Next, aku bakal pake bedak (applying the

powder on her face with her fingers). (Looking

at the mirror and making a surprised


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expression) What am I doing? Ngapain dah

3gua. (Laughing) This is actually very funny.

In the context, the speaker is going to apply powder to her face. When telling

it, the speaker switches to English word “Next”. The switch “Next” is categorized

as tag switching because the expression appears as sentence connector. If it is

omitted, the sentence will be “aku bakal pake bedak.” The main idea of the sentence

does not change. It is still about the speaker is going to apply the powder. The

speaker uses the word “Next” because she is doing interjection. Here, the English

expression “Next” is used to show the continuation of the speech so that it can be

easier understood and followed by the viewers. In addition, the switch occurs as tag

switching, so it can be considered as doing interjection.

The next example occurs as a tag:

Data Code Utterance

2/15B/T/I

Untuk yang ikutan kompetisi ini, good luck to

you, semoga kalian menang. Nanti kita ketemu

di atrium sogo plaza senayan, okay? I hope you

enjoy my video, I hope you guys like it, and

don’t forget to share, like and subscribe.

In the context, the speaker hopes to see the winner of challenge. At this time,

the speaker switches to English “okay?” The switch is categorized as tag switching

because the word occurs as tag. The presence of this switch is not significant in

the utterance. The speaker uses the expression “okay?” because she is doing

interjection. She uses English tag “okay?” to ask for the viewers’ acceptance about

the meeting. She uses the tag without really expecting their responses. Whatever


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the winners of the competition responses, she is going to meet them at Plaza

Senayan. The next example occurs as an exlamation:

Data Code Utterance

2/4B/T/I

Powder, powder, powder, powder, powder,

powder (applying powder on her face with

brush) Oke sudah satu menit, Oh my God!

In this context, the speaker feels surprised because there is lipstick on her

teeth. At this time, she switches to English expression “Oh my God!” The switch

is categorized into tag switching because the word is an interjection. The speaker

uses English expression “Oh my God!” because she is doing interjection. The

English expression “Oh my God!” is an exclamation since it followed by an

exclamation point '!'. In this context, the expression “Oh my God!” is used to show

the speaker’s feeling of shock. The speaker feels shock because the time shows it

is 4 minutes left. Therefore, the speaker uses English expression “Oh my God!”

The next example occurs as filler:

Data Code Utterance

1/21C/IA/BE

Asli ini tuh very fun. Jadi, I wanna tag all of my

Indonesian beauty vloggers friends and I wanna

tag you guys, yang nonton ini untuk melakukan

ini juga karena ini seru banget, dan ini susah

banget sebenarnya. Nih (pointing at her brows)

as you can see, belepotan kemana-mana alisku,

what the hell!

In the context, the speaker explains about the challenge. She thinks that the

challenge is very fun yet hard. The speaker also shows her messy brows to


40

emphasize her opinion that it is really hard to do makeup with fingers. At this time,

she switches to English “as you can see”. The switch is categorized as tag switching

because it occurs as parenthetical. Parenthetical is an expression that is inserted in

another clause, usually independent clause only because it appears in the same

utterance, but is otherwise unrelated. Here, the expression “as you can see” appears

in the form of non-restrictive clause. Non-restrictive clause is a clause that adds

additional information to a sentence yet it can be omitted (Traffis, 2019, para. 9).

The speaker uses expression “as you can see” because she is doing

interjection. The expression is used to gain the viewers’ attention because she

wants to show her messy brows. Since the switch is just an expression which does

not give significant meaning to the sentence and it can be omitted, it can be said

that the switch only functions as filler in the sentence. If the filler is omitted, the

sentence will be “belepotan kemana-mana alisku.” The main idea of the sentence

does not change. It is still about the speaker’s messy brows. In addition, the type

of the switch is tag switching, it can be considered as doing interjection reason

After the analysis towards doing interjection part, the researcher found that

the speaker in the vlogs doing interjection mostly in form of exclamation and filler.

Since the switches occur in the four tables above are tag switching, it is understood

that the type of code switching that is always applied as doing interjection is tag

switching.

3. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor

The speaker sometimes uses code switching because the speaker is


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clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. A message in one language is

repeated in a somewhat modified form to make the content of the speech runs

smoothly and be understood by the listener. It is found that the speaker in the vlogs

switches from one language to another language in the form of clause and sentence

to clarify the speech content for the hosts.

Based on the findings, there are 4 data which belong to the clarifying the

speech content for the interlocutor reason. Here are the examples for the clarifying

the speech content for the interlocutor reason:

Data Code Utterance

1/15A/IA/CI






part is the brows. Kurang ajar susah banget. I’m

going to put the Medallion here.(putting the




In the context, the speaker gives an advice on how to apply eye shadow.

While giving advice, she switches to English clause “it helps”. The switch is

categorized as intra-sentential switching because it occurs within sentence. The

switch occurs in the form of independent clause. The speaker uses “it helps” to

clarify her message in the previous utterance “Keknya sih aku ngerasa kalo

misalnya agak ditekan ke bawah gitu.” The switch “it helps” clarifies that the

moves done by the speaker indeed help to apply and blend the colors of the


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eyeshadow. The switch “it helps” not only clarifies the previous utterance but also

adds explanation. The speaker here realizes that her explanation in the previous

utterance is not complete and clear so she adds more explanation that the moves

she is doing help to make eye shadows looks better.


Data Code Utterance

1/9E/IE/CI

Next, I’m going to do my brows. Aku mau pake

brown gel. Terus pake jari kaya dibrehh gituan

aja, ngasal gitu. Abis itu baru dirapiin pake

concealer. Sekarang aku buka ya (showing the

product to the camera and then applying the

product with her fingers) I’m not cheating, I’m

not cheating. Ini kaca ya (pointing at the

mirror). Ini gini (applying the brown gel to her

brows). Huaa kok warnanya (showing

disappointment). It is too dark (staring at the

camera). Aku lap dulu. Ini bukan tool loh

(showing cotton to camera). Ini cuman ngelap

jari (cleaning her fingers with cotton). Jangan

marah-marah, nih jari nya sudah bersih.

In the context, the speaker, the speaker does her brows by applying the

brown gel. After applying it, the speaker looks at the mirror and feels disappointed

because she just realizes that the product is too dark. She then makes a disappointed

expression and says "it is too dark". The switch "it is too dark" is inter-sentential

switching because it occurs at sentence boundary. The speaker uses the switch

because she is clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor or in this context,

the viewers. The speaker uses "it is too dark" to clarify her message in the previous

utterance "huaa kok warnanya." The sentence "it is too dark" clarifies that the


43

color of the product is too dark. It is unlike what the speaker expected. The switch

“it is too dark” not only clarifies the previous utterance but also adds explanation.

The speaker here realizes that her explanation in the previous utterance is not really

clear so she adds more explanation that the color is too dark.


Data Code Utterance

1/15C/IE/CI



gitu, it helps, kaya ngeblend bagian pinggir

tengah gitu. That’s what I think, I don’t

know.Alisnya hahh susah banget. So far, the

hardest part is the brows. Kurang ajar emang.

I’m going to put the Medallion here.(putting the




In the context, the speaker talks about the hardest part of the challenge for

her. According to utterance, the speaker employs code switching. The switch “So

far, the hardest part is the brows” is categorized as inter-sentential switching

because it occurs at sentence boundary. The speaker switches into English sentence

“So far, the hardest part is the brows” because she is repeating a message. The

sentence “Alisnya hahh susah banget” is being repeated into English “So far, the

hardest part is the brows.” The switch is used to clarify that the brows is really

hard to do for her. The switch does not only clarify the previous sentence, but also

add information that the most difficult part of the challenge for the speaker is the

brows. The next example also occurs at sentence level:


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Data Code Utterance

1/18B/IE/CI

Gak boleh pake tool? Oke. (Applying the glue to

the false eyelashes) Wah gila. (Making a weird

expression) Crazy thing I do for you. (Placing

the false eyelashes to her natural lashes) Kenapa

gak nempel buset dah, buset.

In the context, the speaker wants to apply false eyelashes. She feels weird

because she has to apply the glue and the false eyelashes with her fingers. Since

the speaker never applies the glues and the false eyelashes with her fingers, she

considers it as a crazy thing. At this time, the speaker switches to English “crazy

thing I do for you”. The switch is categorized as inter-sentential switching

because it occurs at sentence boundary.

The speaker switches to English because she is clarifying the speech

content for the interlocutor or in this context, the viewers. The speaker uses

“crazy thing I do for you” to clarify her message in the previous utterance “Wah

gila.” The sentence “crazy thing I do for you” clarify that “gila” in the previous

utterance refers to her current activity. The switch does not only clarify the

message in the previous sentence, but also add more explanation that the speaker

is willing to do the thing that she thinks crazy for her viewers. The speaker thinks

that her previous utterance is not clear enough so she switches to English in the

next utterance.

Based on the explanation above, it is found that the switches used for

clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor are in the form of clause and

sentence. Since the switches that occur in the four tables above are inter-sentential


Documents

THE POSSIBLE REASONS OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH ...repository.usd.ac.id/34723/2/154214101_full edit.pdfThe Possible Reasons of Indonesian-English Code Switching in Cindercella’s YouTube