The Population of the UK

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The Populationof the UKA different view of life in the United Kingdomby Danny Dorling and Benjamin D. Hennig

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The Population of the UKOverview of the Chapters

1.Maps…a different view of the United Kingdom2.Birth…and the suburban pied piper3.Education…the sorting out of children4.Identity…labelling people and places5.Politics…counting democracy, wasting votes6.Inequality…income, poverty and wealth7.Health…the sedimentation of society8.Work…the segmentation of society9.Home…the settlements of society10.Abroad…the Kingdom’s place in the world

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Maps…a different viewof the United Kingdom

Chapter 1

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People and Land in the United KingdomThe cartogram gives every person the same amount of space. Each grid cell on the cartogram relates to an equal-sized grid cell on the land area map. In the cartogram, each grid cell is resized according to the number of people living in that space.

Figure 1.1Maps…a different view of the United Kingdom

Data source: Population: SEDAC Columbia University

(2010); Topography: U.S. Geological Survey (2011)

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The Constituencies that never wereMajor UK cities and the 1999 UK European Constituencies projected on a

gridded population cartogramFigure 1.2Maps…a different view of the United Kingdom

Data source: European Constituencies obtained

from the House of Commons Research Paper 98/102

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People aged 18Counts by European

Constituency area for the year 2000

Data source: Estimated from school rolls of 15 year olds in 1997 and 2000 mid-year estimate for Northern Ireland


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Proportion of people aged 18Counts by European

Constituency area for the year 2000

Data source: Estimated from school rolls of 15 year olds in 1997 and 2000 mid-year estimate for Northern Ireland


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Proportion of 18 year oldsgoing to universityData for the year 2000Data source: Successful UCAS under age 21

applicants from National Statistics website and estimated for Scotland and Northern Ireland


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Educational participation rates at age 18Data given for selected Western European countries

Data source: Full-time participation in secondary education at age 18 in 1996, Social Trends 30Figure 1.6Maps…a different view of the United Kingdom

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People under 21 attending university by social class

The six social classes shown above are based on the occupations of the parents of those young adults whose chances are being depicted – Data source: Social Trends 30, data from the National Statistics

website (for GB) Figure 1.7Maps…a different view of the United Kingdom

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Differences between observedand expected university entry rates


Allowing for the geography of children’s social class; Northern Ireland is excluded as no comparable census data was available

Data source: Successful UCCAs under age 21 applicants from National Statistics website

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Key Point Summary

• It is helpful to look at the population of the UK with a map

based on that that population

• Life chances can be shown on such a map, such as the

chance of going to university

• Such chances alter over time, across space and are often

influenced by social class

Maps…a different view of the United Kingdom

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Birth…and the suburban pied piper

Chapter 2

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Number of live births in Britain, 1900-2010Data source: ONS and GRO (Scotland) websites

Figure 2.1Birth…and the suburban pied piper

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Proportion of live births that were female in Britain, 1900-2010

Data source: ONS and GRO (Scotland) websitesFigure 2.2Birth…and the suburban pied piper

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Students in the UK, cohort size and proportions, 1970-2008

Figures are by entry year; women born in 1982 have their three bars outlined in redData source: Social Trends 32 and 41 and ONS and GRO (Scotland) websites


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Participation in higher education by social class, 1995-1998

Social class is assigned through information collected by the Youth Cohort Survey on the occupation (using Standard Occupational Classification categories) of parent or guardian with

the highest income in the household - Data source: Department for Education and Skills; Office for National Statistics; Universities and Colleges Admission Service; Social Trends 30; HEFCE

Consultation paper, Supply and demand in higher education, HEFCE 01/62, 2001Figure 2.4Birth…and the suburban pied piper

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Where 18 year olds moved to(and where they left)


Net number since birth;Counts by European Constituency area

Data source: Estimated from school rolls of 15 year olds in 1997 less the count of babies in the 1981 Census

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Net migration to age 18 (1982-2000) by GCSEs at age 15/16

Each point is a 1999 European parliamentary constituency in BritainData source: 1981, 1991 and 2001 Censuses, Analysis of national school league tables for Britain 1993-99


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In-migration of childrenShown as a proportion of out-

migrationData source: 1991 Census special migration

statistics children aged 1-15


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Babies born to teenagers, 1991-98Counts by European

Constituency areaData source: Birth records by mother's age at

birth


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Babies born to teenagers and university entry rates

Each point is a 1999 European parliamentary constituency areaData source: ONS and GRO (Scotland) websites; successful UCAS under age 21 applicants from National Statistics website and estimated for

Scotland and Northern Ireland; birth records by mother's age at birth Figure 2.9Birth…and the suburban pied piper

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Babies born to mothers aged 35 or over1991-98


Counts by European Constituency area

Data source: Birth records by mother's age at birth

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Key Point Summary

• The number of babies born alters over time, as does the

proportion born female/male

• Children migrate in directions which are predictable in

aggregate, out of city centres

• Older mothers in the UK are found to give birth most often

in the South East of England

Birth…and the suburban pied piper

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Education…the sorting out of children

Chapter 3

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Children doing well at age 11Ratio of numbers achieving a

score greater than four to those achieving less than four in 1998

Data source: Key Stage 2 results from neighbourhood statistics website

Figure 3.1Education…the sorting out of children

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Children achieving no qualificationsby age 15/16, 1993-1999

The proportions of children receiving no GCSE results are shown

Data source: Analysis of national school league tables for Britain 1993-99

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Children achieving few qualificationsby age 15/16, 1993-1999

The proportions of children receiving less than five GCSEs at level A-G are shown


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Children achieving low qualificationsby age 15/16, 1993-1999

The proportions of all children receiving fewer than five A-C GCSE results are shown


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Children aged 15/16 1993-99 by school type & GCSEs

Charts are drawn in proportion to total numbers of children attending each type of school and shaded by the shares awarded particular grades - Data source: Analysis of national school league

tables for Britain 1993-00 Figure 3.5Education…the sorting out of children

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Children attending private schoolsat age 15, 1993-1999


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Annual decline in childrengiven low qualifications, 1993-1999

Average fall in the numbers receiving lower than five A-C GCSE grades at age 15/16 as a proportion of those numbers

Data source: Analysis of national school league tables for Britain, 1993-99

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Students aged 16+ in educationAbsolute counts in 2001 by

European Constituency areaData source: Analysis of the 2001 Census Key

Statistics by local authority


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University graduates aged 21+Absolute counts in 2001 by

European Constituency areaData source: Analysis of the 2001 Census Key

Statistics by local authority


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Change in area share of graduatesaged 21+, 1971-2001

Figures show the 2001 share of the total graduate proportion less the 1971 share

Data source: Analysis of the 2001 Census Key Statistics by local authority and the 1971 Census

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Key Point Summary

• Most children in Britain either fail at school or are labelled

second class at university

• The type of school a child in Britain attends has a huge

influence on his or her exam results

• Getting high exam results is more about social sorting than

about being clever

Education…the sorting out of children

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Identity…labelling people and places

Chapter 4

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Women & men and the sexing of placesThe most unusually large group

displayed here is shown when each area is compared with the UK average

Data source: Analysis of the 2001 Census Key Statistics by local authority

Figure 4.1Identity…labelling people and places

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Age and the ageing of placeThe most unusually large group




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Ethnicity and the colour of placeThe most unusually large group




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Religion and the spirituality of placeThe most unusually large group




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Single, married, divorced,remarried and widowed

The most unusually large group displayed here is shown when each area is compared with the UK average


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Through the keyhole:Household composition in Britain


In the case of conflicts, then the following household types which appear first in this order got priority: Married (with kids), Married (kids returned), Married (no kids), Other (with kids), Lone parent, Cohabiting couple (no kids), Lone pensioner, Lone adult, Student, Pensioner, Mixed


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Migration in England and WalesThe most unusually large group

displayed here is shown when each area is compared with the England and Wales average



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Lifetime and annual immigrationThe most unusually large group

displayed here is shown when each area is compared with the UK averageData by 2001; all immigrants

since 2000 are labelled either White or Other Immigrant



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Highest level of qualificationgained by people



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Social classas defined largely by occupation



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Key Point Summary

• Different areas of the UK can be typified as having particular

groupings of people

• The elderly move towards the edges, people with

qualifications tend to drift south

• The labelling of areas can both helpfully illuminate and

harmfully stereotype

Identity…labelling people and places

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Politics…counting democracy, wasting votes

Chapter 5

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Figure 5.1Politics…counting democracy, wasting votes

Conservative and Liberal candidateselected as MPs in Britain, 2010

Data source: Analysis of the 2010 general election results, proportion of Conservative and Liberal candidates per European constituency elected to a Westminster constituency

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Proportion of electorate votingConservative or Liberal in Britain, 2010

Data source: Analysis of the 2010 general election results, proportion of Conservative or Liberal votes per European constituency of all people eligible to vote

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Conservative vote increase in shareof electorate in Britain, 2001-2010

Data source: Analysis of the 2001 and 2010 general election results, per European constituency

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Change in bias towards Labour,1997-2001

No change is 0 (light blue); a change of 1 implies an extra 1% MPs per 1% vote

Data source: Analysis of the 1997 and 2001 election results

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Proportion of the electorateabstaining in Britain, 2010

Data source: Analysis of the 2010 general election results, proportion of Westminster electorate not voting per European constituency

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Increase in the electorate abstainingin Britain, 1997-2010

Data source: Analysis of the 1997 and 2010 general election results, rise (and decline) in the proportion of Westminster electorate not voting per European constituency between the elections of 1997 and 2010

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Voting Labour in 1997 versus low qualifications, 1993-99

Each point is a 1999 European parliamentary constituency in Britain Data source: Analysis of national school league tables for Britain 1993-99; general election data 1997


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MPs in 2001 educated innon-selective state schools

Figure relies on data of variable qualityData source: Short bibliographies of MPs and

candidates published in various guides to the general election

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Proportion of the votersnot having their wish honoured in 2001

Data source: Analysis of the 2010 general election results, percentage of voters in each area voting for a candidate who did not win a seat in that area

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Proportion of the votersnot having their wish honoured in 2010

Data source: Analysis of the 2010 general election results by European constituency, percentage of voters in each area voting for a candidate who did not win a seat in that area

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Key Point Summary

• There is a very strong geographical pattern to voting in

Britain, a clear North-South divide

• The two main political parties secure far more seats than

votes due to the voting system

• By 2010 most people who voted in Britain did not get what

they voted for

Politics…counting democracy, wasting votes

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Inequality…income, poverty and wealth

Chapter 6

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Figure 6.1Inequality…income, poverty and wealth

Barclays' customersearning over £60,000 a year in 2002

Data source: Barclays Bank data aggregated to European constituency and estimated for Scotland, available at http://www.newsroom.barclays.co.uk/ (downloaded 14/8/2002)

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Barclays' customers’average earnings per year in 2003


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Barclays' customers’adjusted earnings per year in 2003


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People living on belowhalf average income in Britain, 2000

Data source: A component of the UNDP Human Poverty Index, see Appendix in Seymour, J. (for UNED-UK) (2001) Poverty in Plenty: A Human Development Report for the UK, London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.

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High, low and average earnings in Britain ~2001

Each point is a 1999 European parliamentary constituency in BritainFigure 6.5Inequality…income, poverty and wealth

Data source: Barclays Bank data aggregated to European constituency and estimated for Scotland, available at http://www.newsroom.barclays.co.uk/ (accessed 14/8/2003); Seymour , J. (for UNED-UK) (2001) Poverty in Plenty:A Human Development Report for the UK, London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.

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Levels of poverty by UN definitions, 2000Data source: A component of the UNDP Human

Poverty Index, see Appendix in Seymour , J. (for UNED-UK) (2001) Poverty in Plenty: A Human Development Report for the UK, London: Earthscan Publications Ltd., Northern Ireland data from Democratic Dialogue Report 16 (2003)

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Proportion of adultswho are functionally illiterate, 2000

Data source: A component of the UNDP Human Poverty Index, see Appendix in Seymour , J. (for UNED-UK) (2001) Poverty in Plenty: A Human Development Report for the UK. Northern Ireland data from Denny et al (1999) Literacy and Education in Ireland, The Economic and Social Review, 30 (3): 215-226.

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Proportion of the populationdying by the age of 60, 2000

Data source: A component of the UNDP Human Poverty Index, see Appendix in Seymour , J. (for UNED-UK) (2001) Poverty in Plenty: A Human Development Report for the UK. Northern Ireland data from Denny et al (1999) Literacy and Education in Ireland, The Economic and Social Review, 30 (3): 215-226.

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Rates of illiteracy and people living on below half average incomes


Data source: Seymour, J. (for UNED-UK) (2001) Poverty in Plenty: A Human Development Report for the UK London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. (data included in the appendix)

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Rates of death and people living on below half average incomes


Data source: Seymour, J. (for UNED-UK) (2001) Poverty in Plenty: A Human Development Report for the UK London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. (data included in the appendix)

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Key Point Summary

• Measured in large areas the share of high earners varies

seven-fold, between 8.2% and 1.2%

• The proportion in poverty is as high as 42%, and as low as

18%, between the same areas

• Literacy, numeracy and mortality distributions all closely

follow these distributions

Inequality…income, poverty and wealth

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Health…the sedimentation of society

Chapter 7

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Figure 7.1Health…the sedimentation of society

All-cause mortality ratiosin Britain, 1996-2000

Age-sex standardized mortality rate, deviation from England and Wales national average of 1.0

Data source: Mortality records and population estimates, calculated for this book

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Tuberculosis mortality ratiosin Britain, 1996-2000



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HIV disease infections: mortality ratiosin Britain, 1996-2000



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Lung cancer mortality ratiosin Britain, 1996-2000



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Skin cancer mortality ratiosin Britain, 1996-2000



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Cervical cancer mortality ratiosin Britain, 1996-2000



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Heart attack mortality ratiosin Britain, 1996-2000



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Cerebrovascular disease mortality ratiosin Britain, 1996-2000



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Mortality caused by fire ratiosin Britain, 1996-2000



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Mortality by hanging ratiosin Britain, 1996-2000



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Key Point Summary

• Everybody dies, but some die too early, and there are a

wide variety of rare causes of death

• There are distinct geographical patterns to be seen in

premature mortality by cause of death

• It is far easier to live a healthy life is you are free, especially

free of others’ orders

Health…the sedimentation of society

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Work…the segmentation of society

Chapter 8

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Figure 8.1Work…the segmentation of society

Employment in manufacturing in the UK, 1991-2000

Data source: UK population Censuses 1991 and 2001, calculated for this book

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Employment in financein the UK, 1991-2000


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Employment in elementary occupations in the UK, 1991-2000

Low paid jobs often described as unskilled


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Employment in professional occupations in the UK, 1991-2000


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People employed to work full-time in the UK, 1991-2000


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People who are permanently sick in the UK, 1991-2000


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People who are not unemployed in the UK, 1991-2000


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Lone parents not in workin the UK, 1991-2000


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Two parents, both workin the UK, 1991-2000


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Adults with a long-term illness in the UK, 1991-2000


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Key Point Summary

• There has been a polarisation in UK industry with finance

rising and manufacturing falling

• There have also been more better paid jobs, created and

more work that is menial in nature

• The most recent economic downturn has tended to

reinforce previously established trends

Work…the segmentation of society

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Home…the settlements of society

Chapter 9

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Population density 2001Data source: UK population Census 2001,

calculated for this book as population-weightened density (local authorities are base units)

Figure 9.1Home…the settlements of society

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Population potential 2001Data source: UK population Census 2001,

calculated for this book as the population per metre away from each local authority to every other, and a population-weighted mean calculated for each area shown


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Change in population potential1991-2001

Data source: UK population Censuses 1991 and 2001, population potential calculated for this book by local authority (see Figure 9.3), 1991 statistics substracted from 2001 and a population-weighted mean shown

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Change in the proportion of peopleliving in flats 1991-2001


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People by dominant economic activityThe most unusually large

group displayed here is shown when each area is compared with the UK average


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Tenure of households 1991-2001The most unusually large




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Households with seven or more roomsData source: UK population Census 2001,

calculated for this book


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Households with three or more carsData source: UK population Census 2001,

calculated for this book


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The landscape of unpaid care for the illThe most unusually large




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Institutional care in old age and illnessThe most unusually large




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Key Point Summary

• Britain is metaphorically tilting, people are leaving the north

west, moving into the south

• People in the south and Wales are more likely to be buying

their home or to own it outright

• You are more likely to end up in a private nursing home in

your final days in the south

Home…the settlements of society

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Abroad…the Kingdom’s placein the world

Chapter 10

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A different view of the world - its children in 2010

The cartogram gives every child living in the world the same amount of space on the map. In the cartogram, each equally-sized grid cell from the real world is resized according to the

number of children living in that space. Named countries are those included in the surveys reported in this chapter - Data source: SEDAC Columbia University (2010)

Figure 10.1Abroad…the Kingdom’s place in the world

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Severe water deprivationfor children in the world

Data source: UNICEF report, 2000


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Severe sanitation deprivationfor children in the world



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Severe shelter deprivationfor children in the world



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Severe information deprivationfor children in the world



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Severe education deprivationfor children in the world



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Severe food deprivationfor children in the world



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Severe health care deprivationfor children in the world



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Severe overall deprivationfor children in the world



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Absolute overall deprivationfor children in the world



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Regional cartogram of the children of the British Isles

The UK represented by 14 squares - Data Source: UK Census 2001

Figure 10.11

Region Children2001 (millions)Northern Ireland 0.45

North East 0.56Wales 0.66

East Midlands 0.94South West 1.06

Yorkshire and Humber 1.14East of England 1.21West Midlands 1.23

North West 1.57London 1.62

Scotland 1.65South East 1.79UK (total) 13.9

Abroad…the Kingdom’s place in the world

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Key Point Summary

• The majority of children in the word still lack what in Britain

is usually taken for granted

• The economic success of the United Kingdom is partly

reliant on other places being insecure

• The majority of the world’s children are poor partly because

of actions of people in Britain

Abroad…the Kingdom’s place in the world

Documents

The Population of the UK