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Chapter 12

The Politics of Reconstruction Reconstructing SocietyThe Collapse of ReconstructionThe Defeated South A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.

Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War?Main IdeaNorthern leaders had different ideas for dealing with the many issues and challenges of restoring the southern states to the Union

After the Civil WarThe Civil War was the most costly war in American History in terms of total devastation.

At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some experts say the toll reached 700,000.

These casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam.

Amazing War Losses

Ruins in Front of the Capitol Richmond, VA, 1865

Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot and Shell - Richmond, VA, April 1865

Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works - Richmond, VA, April 1865 Right: Atlanta, Georgia

Above: Charleston, South Carolina

Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot - Richmond, VA, 1865 A Southern armored railroad gun has gone as far as it can on these rails, typifying Civil War destruction of Southern railroad tracks. (Virginia)

This famous photo was taken looking across the ruins of the railroad bridge in Fredericksburg, Virginia Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education.

Left and right: post-Civil War Ohio

Atlanta, GAReconstructionMain Idea Radical Republicans in Congress opposed Abraham Lincolns and Andrew Johnsons plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South after the Civil War.

ReconstructionReconstruction (1865-1877) def. period during which the United States began to rebuild after the Civil War and included the process by which the federal government readmitted former Confederate states

Plans for ReconstructionLincoln and Johnson

Radical Republicans

Lincoln and JohnsonLincolns Ten-Percent Plan argued that the southern states had never left the Union because secession was illegal one nation indivisiblewhen 10% of voters pledged allegiance to the U.S. state could be readmitted to U.S.very lenient goal was to readmit southern states as quick as possible, not to punish the Southwith malice towards none, with charity for allto bind up the nations woundsNothing included about African-Americans

Johnsons Presidential Reconstruction also very lenient toward the South

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans northern members of Congress, led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, who opposed Lincolns Ten Percent plan and Johnsons planWanted to punish the southern slave ownersWanted to give African-Americans the right to vote

Congressional ReconstructionRadical Republicans took control of Reconstruction policy in 186614th Amendment states were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any AmericanSIG - granted citizenship rights to African-AmericansReconstruction Act of 1867 divided former Confederacy into 5 military districts (military occupation), set up new requirements to gain readmission to the Union

Congressional ReconstructionJohnsons impeachment Radical Republicans impeached Johnson, but he was not removed from officeImpeach def. formal charge of misconduct in office15th Amendment voting rights were guaranteed regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitudeSIG - gave African American men the right to vote

Politics in Post War SouthRepublican Party in the South relied on 3 groupsAfrican Americans right to vote guaranteed by 15th AmendmentSharecropping many African-Americans rented land from plantation owners in return for a share or percentage of the total crop producedScalawags Southerners who became RepublicansCarpetbaggers Northerner Republicans who moved to the South

The Collapse of ReconstructionAnti-Black ViolenceElection of 1876Compromise of 1877

The Collapse of ReconstructionAnti-Black violence goal was to prevent African Americans from votingKu Klux Klan (KKK) violent terrorist organization devoted to white supremacy

The Collapse of ReconstructionElection of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden (Democrat)Tilden won the popular vote, Hayes won the electoral collegeSouth upset and disputed the election

The Collapse of ReconstructionCompromise of 1877 agreement to settle the disputed electionHayes (Republican) = presidentRepublicans would end military occupation of the South endedWhite Democrats took control of southern state governments = RedemptionSIG Reconstruction is endedwhite southern Democrats passed Jim Crow Laws called for segregation of the races throughout the SouthAfrican Americans denied their constitutional rights

Cultures Clash on the Prairie & Settling on the Great PlainsChapter 13Cultures ClashMain Idea The cattle industry boomed in the late 1800s, as the culture of the Plains Indians declined. Settlers on the Great Plains transformed the land despite great hardships.

Settlers Push WestwardBackground: Following the Civil War, the westward movement of settlers increased in the region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean.Great Plains def. the grassy lands that extend through the western-central portion of the United StatesSettlers focused on settling and farming the Great PlainsSIG multiple conflicts with Native Americans resultedNative American groups were placed on reservations throughout the Great Plains

Cattle Become Big BusinessBackground: Following the Civil War, railroads reached the Great Plains at the same time that the demand for beef increased in eastern cities.Cowboy def. - herder of cattle on the Great Plains who could round up, rope, brand, and care for cattle during long cattle drives in the American WestLong cattle drive transporting of cattle over unfenced grazing lands between Texas and railroad centers on the Great Plains

Settlers Move Westward to FarmTranscontinental Railroad Homestead Act Oklahoma Land Rush

Transcontinental Railroad Background: Following the Civil War, railroads became very important in opening western lands to settlers and transporting crops to eastern marketsTranscontinental Railroad (est. 1869) linked eastern and western markets and led to increased settlement of western lands from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean

Homestead Act Homestead Act (1862) offered 160 acres of land in the West (for free) to any citizen who would settle and farm the land for 5 years600,000 families took advantage of this government offerMany homesteaders were southerners both White and African-American

Oklahoma Land Rush Oklahoma Land Rush (1889) land-hungry settlers raced to claim lands in a massive land rush, people who left too early = Sooners

Support for FarmersNew TechnologyAgricultural Education

New Technologysteel-tipped plow invented by John Deere, helped farmers slice through heavy soilmechanical reaper invented by Cyrus McCormick, increased speed of harvesting wheatbarbed wire prevented animals from trampling crops or wandering off from farmsSIG made farming more efficient and prosperous

Agricultural EducationMorrill Act (1862) federal government gave land to states to build agricultural schools (ex: Virginia Tech)SIG innovations and education led to more productive harvests

ResultsOverall By 1900, the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain region of the American West was no longer a mostly unsettled frontier, but instead it became a region of farms, ranches and towns

The Expansion of Industry & Big Business and LaborChapter 14 - Sections 1+3The Expansion of Industry & Big Business and LaborMain Idea At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial revolution. The expansion of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form labor unions to better their lives.

Inventions Promote Change

Bessemer Steel Process Light Bulb ElectricityTelephoneAirplaneAssembly-Line Manufacturing

Bessemer Steel Process (Henry Bessemer) def. - new manufacturing process to make steelSIG - new steel products used for building railroads and skyscrapers

Light Bulb (Thomas Edison) new development to serve as a source for lightSIG made work less dependent on natural sunlight

Electricity(Thomas Edison) - new power source for businesses and homesSIG electric power ran industrial machines that could be located anywhere

Telephone(Alexander Graham Bell) revolutionized communications in businessSIG saved time and created new clerical jobs for women in business

Airplane(Wright Brothers) allowed for movement of goods and eventually people by air travelFirst flight = Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903SIG led to the creation of a U.S. airmail system by 1920

Assembly-Line Manufacturing (Henry Ford) broke industrial tasks down into simpler parts and improved efficiency in production of carsSIG allowed for increased efficiency in production for many industrial products

Leaders of Industry (aka Robber Barons)Andrew Carnegie J.P. Morgan John D. Rockefeller Cornelius Vanderbilt

Andrew Carnegie Steel IndustryScottish immigrant who rose from rags to richesCarnegie Steel Company made more steel than any other company in USDeveloped a monopoly def. complete control over an industrys production, wages, and prices when all competitors are bought out

J.P. Morgan Banking and Finance Formed a holding company def. corporation that did nothing but buy out stock of other companiesBought out Carnegie Steel in 1903 to create U.S. Steel = worlds largest business

John D. Rockefeller Oil IndustryStandard Oil Company controlled 90% of all U.S. oil production Controlled other companies by forming a trust def. several corporations made an agreement to be run by one executive board that ran the trust like one big companyStandard Oil

Cornelius Vanderbilt RailroadsDominated control of much of the nations railroad lines in the Northeast and Midwest

Reactions Against IndustrialistsCarnegie, Morgan, Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt were called Robber Barons by criticsCritics said they were making money in a corrupt manner

Reactions Against IndustrialistsSherman Antitrust Act (1890) made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with or restrained free trade SIG - limited impact at first corporations were able to win court cases and continue consolidation tacticsUnsafe working conditions and low pay caused workers/laborers to form Labor Unions devoted to improving the lives of workers

Labor Unions EmergeKnights of Labor American Federation of Labor (AFL) American Railway Union (ARU) International Ladies Garment Workers Union

Knights of Labor founded by Uriah Stephens in 1869Open to all workers regardless of skill level, race or genderSupported an 8 hour workday

American Federation of Labor (AFL) founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886Open to skilled workers onlyFavored collective bargaining def. negotiation between management and representatives of labor to reach an agreement on wages, hours, and working conditionsUsed strikes when necessary

American Railway Union (ARU)founded by Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)Open to all workers within a specific industry (railroads) regardless of skill levelUsed strikes when necessary involved in the Pullman Strike

International Ladies Garment Workers Union founded by Pauline NewmanLabor union devoted to female workers in the textile industryUsed strikes when necessaryTriangle Shirtwaist factory fire - New York City in 1911146 people (mostly women) died as a result

Strikes Turn ViolentHaymarket Square Pullman Strike Homestead Strike

Haymarket Square Chicago 1886Bomb exploded in a crowd of policemen, police fired into strikerspublic started to turn against labor unions

Pullman Strike near Pittsburgh 1892Carnegie Steel plant went on strike when wages were cutViolence broke out - Pennsylvania National Guard called in to break up the strike

Homestead StrikeChicago 1894Pullman employees went on strike after wages were cutViolence broke out U.S. Army sent in by President Cleveland to break up the strike

Strikes Turn ViolentSIG violence in strikes caused the public to turn against labor unions

The New ImmigrantsChapter 15 Section 1New immigrants Main Idea Immigration reached a new high in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most immigrants during this time period came from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Asia. These immigrants often faced hardships and hostility from native-born Americans.

The Golden doorOld ImmigrantsNew ImmigrantsAsian Immigrants

Through the golden doorBackground: Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuriespush factors (reasons to leave their homeland) = famine, land shortages, religious or political persecutionpull factors (reason to come to the U.S. ) = economic opportunity, freedom from persecution

Old immigrants immigrants who came to the U.S. prior to 1871, usually from countries in Northern and Western EuropeEx: Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Norway, SwedenMany worked on canals or railroads, or in textile mills in the North and Midwest

New immigrants immigrants who came to the U.S. from 1871 to 1921, usually from countries in Southern and Eastern EuropeEx: Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Austria-HungaryMany worked in textile or steel mills, or in coal mines in the NortheastMany worked in clothing industry in New York City

Asian immigrationsmaller numbers of immigrants from China and Japan came to the West coast of the U.S. between 1851-1883Ex: China, JapanMany Chinese immigrants helped to build the Transcontinental Railroad

Entering the United statesEllis IslandAngel Island

Ellis island immigration center in New York harbor (1892-1924) Located near the Statue of Liberty = first view of U.S. for many immigrantsImmigrants had to pass inspection to gain entry to the U.S. Inspection = physical exam, legal/document inspection, proof of no criminal record, proof of ability to workSIG 17 million immigrants entered the U.S. through Ellis Island

Angel island immigration center in San Francisco (1910-1940)Inspection process was more difficult than at Ellis IslandSIG 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered U.S. through Angle Island

assimilationMost immigrants settled in urban ethnic neighborhoods = areas with people of the same ethnicity, culture, religion, and languageMade assimilation into American society easierMost immigrants worked hard to learn English, adopt American customs, and become American citizensPublic schools = essential in the process of assimilating children of immigrants

Melting pot a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs

nativism favoritism of native-born Americans combined with anti-immigrant feelingsFear that immigrants would take jobs for lower pay than American workersResentment that many immigrants did not give up their unique cultural identitiesPrejudice based on religious, cultural, and racial differences

Immigration Restriction LegislationChinese Exclusion Act of 1882 10 year ban on all Chinese immigrationImmigration Restriction Act of 1921 aimed at severely restricting the immigration totals of Southern and Eastern European immigrants