The economic and social destruction of

countries which were effected II World War

proved that the entailment of consortuim

arround the re-organized world.

Other hand countries which were called as

a winner of war want to increase their gains

by setting up new trade and financialarrangement under the collective

institutions.

The IMF was conceived in July 1944 in USA

Agreed on a framework for international economic

cooperation

They had been believed that such a framework was

necessary to avoid a repetition of the disastrous economic policies that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s

The governments need to guarantor institution

supporting and organizing global economic dinamics

such as IMF does.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 186 countries,

Working to foster global monetary cooperation

Secure financial

Stability

Facilitate international trade

Promote high employment and sustainable economic growth

Reduce poverty around the world

BASICAL GAME THEORY MAXIMIZING GROUP PAYOFF NOT

INDIVIDUAL

The IMF has played a part in shaping the global economy since

the end of World War II

The money comes from !The IMF's resources come mainly from the money that countries pay as

their capital subscription when they become

members

The IMF's fundamental mission is to help ensure stability in the international system

3 KEYS

1- Keeping track of the global economy and the economies of member countries

2- Lending to countries with balance of payments difficulties

3- Giving practical help to members

COUNTRY SURVEILLANCEIMF team of economists visits a country to assess economic and

financial developments and discuss the country's economic

and financial policies with government and central bank

officials

REGIONAL SURVEILLANCE involves examination by the IMF of policies pursued under currency unions including the

euro area likes the West African Economic and

Monetary Union.

Global surveillance Entails reviews by the IMF's global economic trends and

developments and based on the World Economic Outlook reports and the Global Financial Stability

Report, which covers developments, prospects, and policy issues in international

financial markets

BENEFICIARIES OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

Technical assistance is one of the IMF's core activities. It is

concentrated in critical areas of macroeconomic policy where

the Fund has the greatest comparative advantage.

THE TYPES OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

It takes different forms, according to needs, ranging

from long-term hands-on capacity building to short-notice policy support in a

financial crisis

PARTNERSHIP WITH DONORSContributions from bilateral and

multilateral donors are playing an increasingly important role in enabling the IMF to meet country needs in this

area, now financing about two thirds of the IMF's field delivery of technical

assistance

A country in severe financial trouble, unable to pay its international bills, poses potential problems for the international financial system, which the IMF was created to protect. Any member country, whether

rich, middle-income, or poor, can turn to the IMF for financing if it has a balance of payments need—that is, if it cannot find sufficient financing on affordable

terms in the capital markets to make its international payments and maintain a safe level of reserves.

The larger a country's economy in terms of output and the larger and more

variable its trade, the larger its quota tends to be.

For example, the world's biggest economy, the United States, has the

largest quota in the IMF.

Quotas, together with the equal number of basic votes each member has,

determine countries' voting power. They also help determine how much

countries can borrow from the IMF and their share in allocations of

SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS (DRS)

Countries pay 25 percent of their quota subscriptions in SDRs or major

currencies, such as U.S. dollars, euros, pounds sterling, or Japanese

yen. They pay the remaining 75 percent in their own currencies

The IMF holds a relatively large amount of gold among

its assets, not only for reasons of financial

soundness, but also to meet unforeseen contingencies.

The IMF holds 103.4 million ounces (3,217 metric tons) of gold, worth about $83 billion

as of end-August 2009, making it the third-largest official holder of gold in the

world.

If the IMF believes that its resources might fall short of

members' needs

For example, in the event of a major financial crisis it can

supplement its own resources by borrowing. It has  had a

range of bilateral borrowing arrangements in the 1970s

and 1980s.

Currently it has two standing multilateral borrowing arrangements and one

bilateral borrowing agreement

The World Bank is a vital source

of financial and technical assistance to developing

countries around the world.

Basic mission is to fight poverty with

professionalism for lasting results and to help

people help themselves and their environment by

providing resources, sharing knowledge,

building capacity and forging partnerships in the public and private

sectors.

The World Bank, established in 1944, is headquartered in Washington, D.C. We

have more than 10,000 employees in more than 100 offices worldwide

Total member countries in each institution  

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 186

The International Development Association (IDA) 169

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) 182

The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 175

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) 144

Since inception in 1944, the World Bank has expanded from a single institution to a closely associated group of five

development institutions

The World Bank's two closely affiliated entities the INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND

DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION

provide low or no interest loans (credits) and grants to countries that have unfavorable or no access to international credit markets

The money comes from !

FUND GENERATIONIBRD lending to developing

countries is primarily financed by selling AAA-rated bonds in the

world's financial markets.

LOANSCountries use investment

operations for goods, works and services in support of

economic and social development projects in a

broad range of economic and social sectors.

TRUST FUNDS AND GRANTS Donor governments and a broad

array of private and public institutions make deposits in trust funds that are housed at

the World Bank.

ANALYTIC & ADVISORY SERVICES

Poverty Assessments

Public Expenditure Reviews

Country Economic Reports

Sector Reports

Topics in Development

The Bank focuses on achievement of the

Millennium Development Goals that call for the

elimination of poverty and sustained development.

The goals provide us with targets and yardsticks for

measuring results.

Mission is to help developing countries and their people reach the goals by working

with our partners to alleviate poverty.

POOREST COUNTRIES

FRAIGLE STATES

ARAB WORLDS

MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES

SOLVING GLOBAL PUBLIC GOODS ISSUES

DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.

The WTO is run by its member governments. All major decisions are made by the

membership as a whole, either by ministers (who meet at least once every two years)

or by their ambassadors or delegates (who meet regularly in Geneva). Decisions are

normally taken by consensus.

The GATT was the only multilateral instrument governing international trade from 1948 until the WTO was

established in 1995.Despite attempts in the mid 1950s and 1960s to create some

form of institutional mechanism for international trade.

GATT & WTO ROUNDs

GENEVAANNECY

TORQUAYGENEVA IIDILLION

KENNEDYTOKYO

URUGUAY DOHA

Name Start Duration Countries Subjects covered Achievements

Geneva April 1947 7 months 23 Tariffs Signing of GATT, 45,000 tariff concessions affecting $10 billion of trade

Annecy April 1949 5 months 13 Tariffs Countries exchanged some 5,000 tariff concessions

Torquay September 1950 8 months 38 TariffsCountries exchanged some 8,700 tariff concessions, cutting the 1948 tariff

levels by 25%

Geneva II January 1956 5 months 26 Tariffs, admission of Japan $2.5 billion in tariff reductions

Dillon September 1960 11 months 26 Tariffs Tariff concessions worth $4.9 billion of world trade

Kennedy May-64 37 months 62 Tariffs, Anti-dumping Tariff concessions worth $40 billion of world trade

Tokyo September 1973 74 months 102Tariffs, non-tariff measures,

"framework" agreementsTariff reductions worth more than $300 billion dollars achieved

Uruguay September 1986 87 months 123

Tariffs, non-tariff measures, rules, services, intellectual

property, dispute settlement, textiles, agriculture, creation of

WTO, etc

The round led to the creation of WTO, and extended the range of trade negotiations, leading to major reductions in tariffs (about 40%) and agricultural subsidies, an agreement to allow full access for textiles

and clothing from developing countries, and an extension of intellectual property rights.

Doha November 2001   141

Tariffs, non-tariff measures, agriculture, labor standards, environment, competition,

investment, transparency, patents etc

The round is not yet concluded.

Non-DiscriminationIt has two major components

the most favored nation rule, and the national

treatment policy.

Reciprocity It reflects both a desire

to limit the scope of free-riding that may arise

because of the MFN rule, and a desire to obtain

better access to foreign markets.

Transparency

Binding and Enforceable Commitments

The tariff commitments made by WTO members in

a multilateral trade negotiation and on

accession are enumerated in a schedule (list) of

concessions.

Safety ValvesIn specific circumstances,

governments are able to restrict trade.

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