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• The PLL consists of a phase frequency detector (PFD), a charge pump, a low pass filter, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), and a divider (divide by 16). An LVDS receiver and a CML driver are used as the input and output interface. The divider consists of a CML divider (divide by 2), a CML to CMOS converter, and a CMOS divider (divide by 8).
• The LVDS receiver, the phase frequency detector (PFD), the charge pump, the pass filter, the CMOS divider, and the CML driver are shared with the 5 Gbps 16:1 serializer. For details of these design blocks please see the poster “A 16:1 serializer for data transmission at 5 Gbps ” presented by Dr. Datao Gong.
• The bandwidth of the low pass filter and the current of charge pump are programmable to suit different applications. The phase margin of the PLL is larger than 46°.
VCO Type LC-based VCO Ring-oscillator based VCO
Power Consumption Low High
Frequency High Low
Phase noise/jitter performance Good Bad
Radiation sensitivity Small Large
Tuning range Narrow Wide
Chip area Large Small
VCO
A NMOS or PMOS transistor with its source and drain tied together serves a varactor with monotonic C-V curve and large tuning range (Cmax/Cmin > 2).
The tuning range is 3.79 – 5.01 GHz at the typical corner and room temperature and varies less than 8% in all corners and temperature range.
The CML divider can work up to 5.1 GHz at all corners and from -40 °C to 85 °C.
Present Upgrade
Data rate per front-end board (FEB) (Gbps) 1.6 100
Power consumption per Gbps (mW) 1188 90
Cross-coupled transistors provides negative resistance, compensating the energy loss in the LC tank
• Operation frequency: 4 ~ 5 GHz for data rate 8 ~ 10 Gbps
• Random jitter < 1 ps (RMS)
• Power consumption < 100 mW
• High speed, low power, high quality inductors, no latch-up• The radiation tolerance of a commercial 0.25 µm SoS
CMOS technology has been evaluated in the previous study
PLL block diagram
1.4 mm x 1.7 mm
The PLL tracks the input frequency after 9 µs.
The jitter after 9 µs is less than 2 ps (peak-peak).
The phase noise of the VCO in the worst case
• Fabrication: submitted on August 3, 2009; Chip delivery: November 17, 2009
• Test: in lab test: December 15, 2009; Radiation test: February 15, 2010
• Plan: apply this LC-based PLL and design a multi-channel 16:1 serializer with each channel working around 10 Gbps in 2011
Tuning range (GHz) 3.8 – 5.1
Power consumption of core PLL (mW) 104
Area (mm2) 1.4 x 1.7
Random Jitter from VCO (RMS, ps) < 1
Deterministic jitter (peak-peak, ps) 2
Acquisition time (μs) 9
Conclusion
Introduction
Design
Performances
• Grant: US-ATLAS R&D program for the upgrade of the LHC and the US Department of Energy grant DE-FG02-04ER41299.
• Peter Clarke, Jay Clementson, Yi Kang, Francis M. Rotella, John Sung, and Gary Wu from Peregrine Semiconductor Corporation for technical assistance.
• Justin Ross at Southern Methodist University for setting up and maintaining the software environment.
• Jasoslav Ban, Mauro Citterio, Christine Hu, Sachin Junnarkar, Valentino Liberali, Paulo Rodrigues Simoes Moreira, Mitch Newcomer, Quan Sun, Fukun Tang, and Carla Vacchi for technical assistance and reviewing of this design.
Acknowledgments
On-chip spiral inductors with a peak frequency of 5.1 GHz. The Q factor is simulated to be 21.2 at 5 GHz.
Reference current sourceStart-up circuit
Decoupling capacitors are used to improve the noise performance
Silicon-on-Sapphire (SoS) CMOS technology Design GoalsApplication Background: ATLAS Liquid Argon
Calorimeter Optical Link Upgrade
The Design of a Low-Power High-Speed Phase Locked Loop
PLL Layout
CML Divider
Acquisition Time Deterministic Jitter Random Jitter
Simulated results of the PLL Status and Plan
Tiankuan Liu1, Datao Gong1, Suen Hou2, Zhihua Liang1, Chonghan Liu1, Da-Shung Su2, Ping-Kun Teng2, Annie C. Xiang1, Jingbo Ye1
1 Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX 75275, U.S.A.2 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nangang 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
The random jitter due to the VCO’s phase noise, the dominant noise source, is less than 1 ps (RMS) from 10 kHz to 100 MHz.
