The Plan of Taipei Water

to Battle against Natural Hazards

Yang-Long WuCommissioner of Taipei Water Department

2

The profile of TWD

Area 434 km2

Population 3.94 million

Percentage of

population served99.6%

Household1.64 million

Households

Water treatment

capacity3.7 million CMD

Water mains 3,920 km

Service pipe 2,539 km

Distribution

basin

123

Capacity 418

thousand tons

Booster station 60

TWD: Taipei Water Department

About Taipei Water Department

The temperature of ocean surface is increasing rapidly

Data resource: Wang

Chung-HeVariation of ocean

surface temperature

Taiwan

Japan

Climate Change

Extreme climatic events become more serious.

年 Typhoon Turbidity(NTU)

96 聖帕 2,040

97辛樂克 3,068

薔蜜 10,500

98 莫拉克 4,972

99 凡那比 9,138

100 南瑪都 1,299

101 蘇拉 12,000

102 蘇力 9,027

102 潭美 3,360

4

Heavy rainfall

events cause high

turbidity

Frequency of severe rainfall is increasing.

Events of rainfall excess 100mm/hr

Data resource: Dr. Wang Chung-He

5

Flood

6

Drought

In 2010 and 2011, there were more

than 20 earthquakes over

magnitude of 7 all over the world.

It’s a brand new record which

anticipates the active tectonics on

earth.

Earthquake

Earthquakes will damage water supply facilities

Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999, which damaged Shi-Keng Dam , Feng-

Yuan Water purification plant and some transmission mains, caused a

water outage for 2.2 million people.

長興+南港分區

安康分區

士林北投分區

新店分區中和永和分區

內湖分區

大同分區

公館分區

三重分區

民生分區

液化

0.25 to 0.3

0.2 to 0.25

0.1 to 0.15

0.05 to 0.1

0.01 to 0.05

0.005 to 0.01

0.001 to 0.005

0 to 0.001

土壤液化機率

山腳斷層長興+南港分區

安康分區

士林北投分區

新店分區中和永和分區

內湖分區

大同分區

公館分區

三重分區

民生分區

液化

0.25 to 0.3

0.2 to 0.25

0.1 to 0.15

0.05 to 0.1

0.01 to 0.05

0.005 to 0.01

0.001 to 0.005

0 to 0.001

土壤液化機率

山腳斷層

Potential disaster evaluation

overlay mapping on

water supply systemsSteel pipe damaged in Chi-Chi Earthquake 8

Invest $USD 1.4 billion from 2006 to 2025 to set up five protection

layers.

Increasing efficiency of water resource.

Enhance water supply system .

9

Level 2

Implement household waterConservationDecrease 16% of using water

Decrease leakage under 10%

Level 1

Increase efficiency ofwater purificationBack-up rate to 50%

Level 3

Build back-up system for 11 supply zones

Dual system for water supply

Level 4

Drought

Storm rain

Earthquake

Accident

Establish emergency water supply system and take aseismic measure

Level 5

Strategy – Five layers of protection

Long-term Network Management Plan(2006-2025)

1st stage（2006-2012） $USD 250 million

2nd stage（2012-2016） $USD 210 million

3rd & 4th stage（2016-2025） $USD 330 million

I. Reducing Leakage of Pipe Network

10

Replacement rate

suggested by IWA:

1.5％/year

%

166.5 165.7 167.5174.0

139.7

99.3

68.7

144.1150.4

152.4162.3 162.0

2.61 2.69 2.68

2.27

2.70 2.72

1.111.60

2.33 2.43 2.462.62

0

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13year

KM

0

Yearly replacement length

Yearly replacement rate

CONT’D

11

1st stage（2006-2012） decreasing 9.11% of leakage

2nd stage（2012-2016） The leakage rate in 2014 is 16.6%

3rd & 4th stage（2016-2025）Goal: Reducing leakage to 10%

Leakage rate

Distributed water

2010IWA PIA

Winner of east AsiaGlobal Honor Award

12

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

MALAWI

UGANDA

BURKINA FASO

MOROCCO

BRAZIL

ISRAEL

BULGARIA

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

SWITZERLAND

DENMARK

ROMANIA

UNITED KINGDOM

GERMANY

NORTHERN IRELAND

SLOVAKIA

CHILE

PORTUGAL

ARMENIA

HUNGARY

POLAND

BELGIUM

GABON

JAPAN

CANADA

CYPRUS

AUSTRALIA

NEW ZEALAND

AUSTIRA

LITHUANIA

FINLAND

NETHERLANDS

SPAIN

NORWAY

SWEDEN

ITALY

AMERICA

SINGAPORE

IRAN

MACAO

SOUTH KOREA

HONG KONG

MAURITIUS

ARGENTINA

TAIWAN

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%平均水費支出 水費占GDP比

Source： 2012 IWA World Congress Busan.

Japan:US$330 (1.2%)Taiwan:US$61. (0.16%)

Unit：US.$

Drinking water charge

for 200m3/yr

Drinking water charge

÷ GDP 2011 per capita

Water tariff

II. Promoting Household Conservation

13

• Target：Household water usage reduced from 263 lpcd(2007) to 218

lpcd(2015) and to 210 lpcd (2025)

•Result：220 lpcd in 2013, and 218.5 lpcd in 2014

262 264 263

243

227225 220

218216 214

212 210

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114

liter/pr/d

Water-saving measures in the

past failed in generating

continuous effects

The first extensive water saving plan can

generate continuous effects.

Household water usage

reduced by 18%

2012IWA PIA

Winner of East Asia

Global Honor Award

1.Construct

back-up raw

water pipe.

2. Raise water

purification

capacity.

3. Strengthen

backup pipes and

booster stations in

the network.

4.Establish city

emergency water

supporting

system.

Layer 3,4,5- Improving the supply system

concept illustration of Taipei water

13% 34% 40% 56%

06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19

Improvement

of Chang-xin15

5th facility

of Zhi-tan

III. Improvement of Water Purification Efficiency

1.Able to deal with the sudden raising of raw water turbidity

2.Increase the water treatment back-up capacity

Invest $USD 131 million from 2008 to 2019

Against

Storm rain

颱風時原水濁度飆升

Water purification

15

6th facility

of Zhi-tanImprovement

of Zhi-tan

Million CMD

Result Performance:raw water → clean water

7,803NTU → 0.08NTU

in Typhoon Soulik in 2013 .Increase of capacity of water purification equipment

Period of This Plan

Average water consumed: 2.3 M CMD

13% 56%

Goal: Dual supply system for 11 water supply zones

Budget: US$ 534million

Period: 2007~ 2015

Boosting

station

A

A district

Usually Boosting

station

B

B district

Fault

Urgent

IV. Dual System for Each Water Supply Zone

Against

Earthquake

100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%100%

36% 36% 36% 36% 36% 36% 36%55% 55%

64% 73% 91%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Dual System Accomplished in 11 Water Supply Zones

%

Period of This Plan

Result

increase seismic resistance ability of important structures

Reason: continue water supplying after earthquakes

Budget: US$ 1.02 million

Period: 2007~ 2014

1.

V. Establish Emergency Water Supply System and

Take Aseismatic Measures

Distribution of Water Supporting Stations

2. Establishing 46 Emergency Water Supporting Stations

Goal: Provide each citizen 3 liter of life-

supporting water daily for 28 days

Reason: To have enough time to repair the

damaged facilities if needed.

Budget: US$ 4.94 million

Period: 2007~ 2013

21

Improvement of Water

Purification Efficiency

Back-up rate to 56%

Dual System for Each Water

Supply Zone

100% of dual system

Establish Emergency Water Supply

System and Take Aseismatic Measures

46 Emergency Water Supporting stations

Layer 5

2014 IWA PIA Winner of East Asia

Layer 4Layer 3

22

• Location on the seismic area and the world climate change

that we can not avoid, But we can do our best to strengthen

the water system and do well prepared to face the coming

hazards.

• In response to the challenges, We help the people decrease

the day water demand and improving the old facilities,

establishing supporting and backup system. The

infrastructure is not redundant, during the normal time, we

support more water to the neighboring entity.

• Different environments face different disasters, we suggest

focusing on the most critical threats and engaging in the

proper solutions.

Conclusion

肆、結語

23

一.大台北供水的穩定有賴於，劃定水源特定區，確保了水質水量，

各機關協力與居民合作，管制開發行為與減少污染，讓水庫與

集水區能永續供水。(翡管局、水源特定區管理局、農委會林務

局、新北市環保局、台北自來水處)

二.感謝市民配合自來水管線汰換與節約用水，一年節省水量1.5億

噸，幾乎0.4座翡翠水庫的蓄水量，以能調適少雨旱象，並充分

支援板新與桃園地區用水。

三.防災重於救災 離災優於防災

。

Thank You for Your

Attention

Taipei Water Department

24