The PHENIX Potential in the Search for the QCD Critical Point

Jeffery T. Mitchell - Workshop on the Critical Point and Onset of Deconfinement – Florence, Italy – 7/4/06Jeffery T. Mitchell - Workshop on the Critical Point and Onset of Deconfinement – Florence, Italy – 7/4/06 11

The PHENIX Potential in the The PHENIX Potential in the Search for the QCD Critical Point Search for the QCD Critical Point

Workshop on the Critical Point and the Onset of Workshop on the Critical Point and the Onset of Deconfinement – 7/4/06Deconfinement – 7/4/06

Jeffery T. Mitchell for the PHENIX CollaborationJeffery T. Mitchell for the PHENIX Collaboration(Brookhaven National Laboratory)(Brookhaven National Laboratory)

Outline• PHENIX Detector and Performance• Demonstrating Capabilities with Current Measurements• Contribution of Upgrades


Charged Particle Tracking:Drift ChamberPad ChamberTime Expansion Chamber/TRDCathode Strip Chambers (Mu Tracking)

Particle ID:Time of Flight Ring Imaging Cerenkov CounterTEC/TRDMuon ID (PDT’s)

The PHENIX Detector 2006The PHENIX Detector 2006

Calorimetry:Pb

Scintillator Pb Glass

Event Characterization:Beam-Beam CounterZero Degree CalorimeterShower Max DetectorForward Calorimeter


Current PHENIX DatasetsCurrent PHENIX Datasetsp+p d+Au Au+Au Cu+Cu

200 GeV

130 GeV

62.4 GeV

22.4 GeV

Run 1 - 3 Run 4 - 5 Run 6CuCu 200GeV 1.08 Billion Events 157TB on tapeCuCu 62.4GeV 630 Million Events 42TB on tapeCuCu 22GeV 48 Million Events 3TB on tapep-p 200GeV 6.8 Billion Events 286TB on tape ------------------------------ 488 TB on tape for Run 5

Advances in data logging and the implementation of “multi-event buffering” increased our Event rate dramatically in Runs 4 and 5


RHIC low-E FeasibilityRHIC low-E Feasibility No apparent show-stoppers for RHIC collisions No apparent show-stoppers for RHIC collisions

at Eat Ecmcm = 5-50 GeV/n = 5-50 GeV/n Only equal energiesOnly equal energies Unequal species possible only if minimum rigidity Unequal species possible only if minimum rigidity

> 200 T-m> 200 T-m Without cooling Without cooling long vertex distributionlong vertex distribution

Small set of specific energies (and species?) Small set of specific energies (and species?) should be a workshop deliverable for planning:should be a workshop deliverable for planning: 2.5,3.2,3.8,4.4… GeV/n total beam energy2.5,3.2,3.8,4.4… GeV/n total beam energy

Studies that should be done soon:Studies that should be done soon: A ~1 day study period at low total beam energy to A ~1 day study period at low total beam energy to

identify power supply, lifetime, tuning identify power supply, lifetime, tuning issues/limitationsissues/limitations

Low-current superconducting magnet Low-current superconducting magnet measurementsmeasurements

Pre-cooling in AGS Pre-cooling in AGS 10x luminosity ? 10x luminosity ? Electron beam cooling would make this a Electron beam cooling would make this a

fantastic facility: ~100x luminosity, small vertex fantastic facility: ~100x luminosity, small vertex distribution, long stores.distribution, long stores. Ex

pect

ed w

hole

ver

tex

min

bias

eve

nt r

ate

[Hz]

T. Roser, T. T. Roser, T. SatogataSatogata

RHIC Heavy Ion Collisions


Initial Machine ProjectionsInitial Machine ProjectionsModeMode Beam Beam

EnergyEnergy[GeV/u][GeV/u]

NNbunches bunches Ions/Ions/bunch bunch [[99]]

**[m][m]

EmittancEmittancee

[[m]m]

LLpeakpeak

[cm[cm-2-2ss-1-1]]

Au-Au Au-Au 2001-22001-2

9.89.8 5555 0.60.6 33 1515 8.08.0101022

44

Au-Au Au-Au 2003-42003-4

31.231.2 4545 1.01.0 33 15-3015-30 1.21.2101022

66

Au-AuAu-Au 9.89.8 5555 1.21.2 1010 15-4015-40 1.01.0101022

55

Au-AuAu-Au 2.52.5 5555 1.01.0 1010 15-3015-30 1.11.1101022

33

Au-AuAu-Au 2525 5555 1.21.2 33 15-4015-40 2.02.0101022

66

Assumes expected luminosity scaling as Assumes expected luminosity scaling as 33 below 9.8 GeV/u below 9.8 GeV/u */aperture and integrated luminosity tradeoffs must be studied*/aperture and integrated luminosity tradeoffs must be studied Projections do not include potential improvementsProjections do not include potential improvements

Electron and stochastic cooling (peak and integrated luminosity)Electron and stochastic cooling (peak and integrated luminosity) Lattice modifications to mitigate IBS (integrated luminosity)Lattice modifications to mitigate IBS (integrated luminosity) Total bunch intensity from vacuum improvements (peak luminosity)Total bunch intensity from vacuum improvements (peak luminosity)

T. Roser,T. Roser,T. SatogataT. Satogata


Centrality Determination: 62, 200 GeVCentrality Determination: 62, 200 GeV

0-5%

15-20%10-15%

0-5%

5-10%

peripheral central

b To ZDC

To BBC

Spectator

Participant

Multiplicity distribution

200 GeV

62 GeV


Centrality Determination: <25 GeVCentrality Determination: <25 GeV• At low beam energy, the BBC acceptance can cover spectator nucleons, affecting the linearity of the response.

• For 22.5 GeV Cu+Cu, pad chamber 1 is used for the centrality determination.

• Only 4 centrality bins (0-10%, 10-30%, 30-60%, and 60-88% are defined.

• Using PC1 can introduce autocorrelations into some measurements.

• A new centrality detector would be very useful for PHENIX at low energies.


Measurement: EMeasurement: ETT, Multiplicity, Multiplicity

“Classical” Shape: Peak, Valley, Edge. Top centrality classes are shown individually.

PHENIX preliminary PHENIX preliminary

BEHOLD THE LOW ENERGY PHENIX DATA…


Measurement: EMeasurement: ETT, Multiplicity, Multiplicity

Consistent behavior for ET and Nch Both increase with energy Both show a steady rise from peripheral to central collisions

PHENIX preliminary PHENIX preliminary

62.4 GeV PHENIX Preliminary


Measurement: <EMeasurement: <ETT>/<N>/<Nchch>>

The ratio <ET>/<Nch> increases by ~20% from 19.6 GeV to 200 GeV and stays the same between 200 GeV and 130 GeV

Consistent with the average particle momentum increase between those two energies.

The ratio <ET>/<Nch> is independent of centrality

Since trigger and centrality related uncertainties cancel out, the flatness of the curves is precise.

PHENIX preliminary


√√ssNNNN dependence dependence

Both ET and Nch show log-scaling. Works even better on Nch for Np = 350.

[The band on the right is a 2σ error] Extrapolation to LHC dNch/dη = (6.1±0.13)×(0.5Np).


Measurement: Measurement: Charged Hadron YieldsCharged Hadron Yields


Measurement: Measurement: Charged Hadron SpectraCharged Hadron SpectraBlast wave


Charged hadron identification in PHENIXCharged hadron identification in PHENIX

Time of FlightTime of Flight - - /K separation ~ 3 GeV/c/K separation ~ 3 GeV/c

- K/p separation ~ 5 GeV/c- K/p separation ~ 5 GeV/c

Electromagnetic CalorimeterElectromagnetic Calorimeter - - /K separation ~ 1 GeV/c/K separation ~ 1 GeV/c - K/p separation ~ 2 GeV/c- K/p separation ~ 2 GeV/c

PHENIX EmCal (PbSc)


Measurement: Measurement: ppTT spectra for pions spectra for pions

Filled symbols : +

Open symbols : -


Measurement: Measurement: ppTT spectra for kaons spectra for kaons

Filled symbols : K+

Open symbols : K-


Measurement: Measurement: ppTT spectra for protons spectra for protons

* No weak decay feed-down correction applied


Measurement: Measurement: ppTT spectra for antiprotons spectra for antiprotons

* No weak decay feed-down correction applied


Measurement: Measurement: --//++, K, K--/K/K++ vs. p vs. pTT


Measurement: p/Measurement: p/ Ratios Ratios

p/p/++ ratio ratio :: increasing as a function of increasing as a function of ssNNNN.. p/p/-- ratio ratio : decreasing as a function : decreasing as a function ssNNNN. .

Cu+Cu 22.5 GeV central data reaches the p+p values.Cu+Cu 22.5 GeV central data reaches the p+p values.


Measurement: pbar/p ratio vs. pMeasurement: pbar/p ratio vs. pTT


Measurement: RMeasurement: RAAAA for pions for pions

Error notations:- Error bars: statistical error for Cu+Cu spectra- Gray boxes:

1) sys. error for p+p reference.2) sys. error for Cu+Cu spectra.

- Lines: Ncoll error (1.)

• p+p reference: global fit of pion data at s ~23 GeV (D. d’Enterria).

• p+p reference: global fit of pion data at s ~62 GeV.• nucl-ex/ nucl-ex/0411049, D. d’Enterria.


Measurement: RMeasurement: RAAAA for kaons for kaons


Measurement: p,Measurement: p, R RAAAA


Measurement: Measurement: 00 p pTT Spectra SpectraNew Run4 Data Cu+Cu 200 GeV

2.2 B sampled

Au+Au 200 GeV Luminosity 241b-1

(sampled)1.5B events

New Run5 Data


Measurement: Measurement: 00 p pTT Spectra Spectra Go near SPS Go near SPS

EnergiesEnergies p+p data at 21.7 – p+p data at 21.7 –

23 GeV23 GeV Use of Use of

parameterization parameterization as referenceas reference

3 days of RHIC 3 days of RHIC Run5Run5 6.8M Events after 6.8M Events after

quality cutsquality cuts Centrality via PC1 Centrality via PC1

multiplicitymultiplicity

0


Measurement: Measurement: 00 R RAAAA

Similar Npart (WA98 : 132, PHENIX: 140)same behaviour


Measurement: Measurement: 00 R RAAAA

Cu+Cu @ 22.4 GeVconsistent with SPS(Note: different system size)

nucl-ex/0504001


Measurement: vMeasurement: v22

PHENIX preliminary

Transverse kinetic energy scaling works for a large selection of particles Supports the idea that all particles originate from a common flow field

See Roy Lacey’s talk200 GeV Au+Au


Measurement: vMeasurement: v22

Scaling holds over the whole range of KET

KET/n gives kinetic energy per quark, assuming that each quark carries equal fraction of kinetic energy of hadron

PHENIX preliminary

v K E nv K E nhT

pT2 2 /

Observation of scaling of v2 with quark kinetic energy could be used as input forrecombination models

See Roy Lacey’s talk200 GeV Au+Au


Let’s assume that the increased fluctuations are indicative of Let’s assume that the increased fluctuations are indicative of critical behavior. Then, it is expected that a) the system can be critical behavior. Then, it is expected that a) the system can be described by critical exponents, and b) all systems can be described by critical exponents, and b) all systems can be described by the same set of critical exponents. In the Grand described by the same set of critical exponents. In the Grand Canonical Ensemble:Canonical Ensemble:

The critical exponent for compressibility is represented by the The critical exponent for compressibility is represented by the symbol symbol and is described by and is described by

Replacing and solving for 1/kReplacing and solving for 1/kNBDNBD gives (A=constant, gives (A=constant, T=Temperature, V=volume)T=Temperature, V=volume)

Critical Exponent analysis of Critical Exponent analysis of centrality-dependent fluctuationscentrality-dependent fluctuations

TB

NBDk

VTk

k

11

2

)('

C

ccT

T

TTTA

kk

C

c

NBD TTT

VTAk

2

11


Measurement: Multiplicity Fluctuations Measurement: Multiplicity Fluctuations Critical Exponents?Critical Exponents?

TB kV

Tk

2

ppartNT

Comparison to NA49 measurements at SPS

energies. All scaled variance data have been corrected for

impact parameter fluctuations from their 5%

and 10% wide centrality bins and scaled to lie on the 200 GeV Au+Au curve. The fits use =1.2 (p=1/3); or =1.1

(p=0). The typical value is 1.2-1.3. The NA49 data amazingly

exhibit the same universal behavior!

0.2 < pT < 3.0 GeV/c

PHENIX Preliminary


Measurement: <pMeasurement: <pTT> Fluctuations> Fluctuations0.2 < pT < pT

maxS. Adler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 092301.

Highlights: Non-random fluctuations are observed. Non-monotonic centrality-dependence. Strong pT-dependence. pT fluctuations appear to be driven by

high pT particles. The shape can be explained using a PYTHIA-based simulation estimating the relative contribution of correlations due to jets.

However, simulations show that the sensitivity to temperature fluctuations is strongly multiplicity-dependent. PHENIX sensitivity takes a

large hit at low beam energies.


The Upgraded PHENIX DetectorThe Upgraded PHENIX Detector

SMD/ FCAL

FCAL

Detector RedundancyDetector Redundancy Fine Granularity, Mass ResolutionFine Granularity, Mass Resolution High Data RateHigh Data Rate Good Particle IDGood Particle ID Limited AcceptanceLimited Acceptance

Charged Particle Tracking:Drift ChamberPad ChamberTime Expansion Chamber/TRDCathode Strip Chambers(Mu Tracking)

Particle ID:Time of Flight Ring Imaging Cerenkov CounterTEC/TRDMuon ID (PDT’s)Aerogel Cerenkov Counter

Calorimetry:Pb ScintillatorPb Glass

Event Characterization:Multiplicity Vertex Detector (Si Strip,Pad)Beam-Beam CounterZero Degree Calorimeter/Shower Max DetectorForward Calorimeter

Charged Particle Tracking:Drift ChamberPad ChamberTime Expansion Chamber/TRDCathode Strip Chambers(Mu Tracking)Forward Muon Trigger DetectorSi Vertex Tracking Detector- Barrel (Pixel + Strips)Si Vertex Endcap (mini-strips)

Particle ID:Time of Flight Ring Imaging Cerenkov CounterTEC/TRDMuon ID (PDT’s)Aerogel Cerenkov Counter Multi-Gap Resistive Plate Chamber ToFHadron Blind Detector

Calorimetry:Pb ScintillatorPb GlassNose Cone CalorimeterMuon Piston Calorimeter

Event Characterization:Beam-Beam CounterZero Degree Calorimeter/Shower Max DetectorForward CalorimeterReaction Plane Detector

Data Acquisition:DAQ Upgrade

Run-3: Design Configuration!Run-3: Design Configuration!

Precision Precision vertex trackingvertex tracking

High rate triggerHigh rate trigger

PID (k,PID (k,,p) to 10 GeV,p) to 10 GeV

Rejection of Dalitz/Conv.Rejection of Dalitz/Conv.

// coverage to very fwd coverage to very fwd


Extended PID: AGEL + TOF-WExtended PID: AGEL + TOF-W ““An aerogel and time-of-flight system to provide complete An aerogel and time-of-flight system to provide complete

/K/p separation for momenta up to ~10 GeV/c.”/K/p separation for momenta up to ~10 GeV/c.” Project well underwayProject well underway

Aerogel completely installed Aerogel completely installed (first physics results now available)(first physics results now available)

TOF-W (‘Time-Of-Flight-West’) TOF-W (‘Time-Of-Flight-West’) Partial funding: J. Velkovska (Vanderbilt) OJIPartial funding: J. Velkovska (Vanderbilt) OJI Prototypes tested in Run-5Prototypes tested in Run-5 System to be installed in next shutdownSystem to be installed in next shutdown

+2 GeV/cn=1.018


Reaction Plane Reaction Plane Det (RxNP)Det (RxNP)

•Scintillator paddles with lead converter at 1<||<3

•Measure reaction plane•resolution better by factor 2

•Trigger counter for low energy running, where is reduced from beam energy

BBC RP resolution

RxNP resolution

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%


Hadron-Blind Detector (HBD)Hadron-Blind Detector (HBD) ““A hadron-blind detector to detect A hadron-blind detector to detect

electrons from near the vertex.”electrons from near the vertex.” Dalitz rejection via opening angle Dalitz rejection via opening angle

Identify electrons in field free regionIdentify electrons in field free region Veto electrons with partnerVeto electrons with partner

HBD: a novel detector concept: HBD: a novel detector concept: windowless CF4 Cherenkov detector windowless CF4 Cherenkov detector 50 cm radiator length50 cm radiator length CsI reflective photocathode CsI reflective photocathode Triple GEM with pad readoutTriple GEM with pad readout reverse bias reverse bias hadron blind hadron blind 2x1352x135 in in and | and || < 0.45| < 0.45

Construction 2005-2006, Installation Construction 2005-2006, Installation in 2006 (4-6 weeks from now)in 2006 (4-6 weeks from now) Funding provided by DOE, NSF, Funding provided by DOE, NSF,

Weizmann, Stony BrookWeizmann, Stony Brook R&D completedR&D completed

Cherenkov blobs

partner positronneeded for rejection

e+

e-

pair opening angle

e+ e -

e+ e -

S/B ~ 1/500

“combinatorial pairs”

total background

Irreducible charm bkgall signal

charm signal


Silicon TrackerSilicon Tracker ““A vertex detector to detect displaced vertices from the decay A vertex detector to detect displaced vertices from the decay

of mesons containing charm or bottom quarks.”of mesons containing charm or bottom quarks.” ~$3M committed by RIKEN~$3M committed by RIKEN MIE proposal submitted to DOE Aug-04:MIE proposal submitted to DOE Aug-04:

DOE Cost & Schedule review May, 2006DOE Cost & Schedule review May, 2006 Total Project Cost = $4.6MTotal Project Cost = $4.6M In President’s Budget for FY07 In President’s Budget for FY07 Very active ongoing R&D programVery active ongoing R&D program

Hybrid Pixel Detectors (50 m x 425 m) at R ~ 2.5 & 5 cmStrip Detectors (80 m x 3 cm) at R ~ 10 & 14 cm

||<1.2 ~ 2z±cm


Nosecone Calorimeter (NCC)Nosecone Calorimeter (NCC) ““A forward calorimeter to provide photon+jet studies over A forward calorimeter to provide photon+jet studies over

a wide kinematic range.”a wide kinematic range.” Forward physics with PHENIXForward physics with PHENIX

Large acceptance calorimeterLarge acceptance calorimeter EM calorimeter ~42 X/XEM calorimeter ~42 X/Xo o

hadronic section (1.6hadronic section (1.6)) Tungsten with Silicon readoutTungsten with Silicon readout

Extended physics reach with NCCExtended physics reach with NCC Extended A-A programExtended A-A program

high phigh pTT phenomena: phenomena: 00 and and -jet -jet χχcc → J/→ J/ + + (deconfinement)(deconfinement)

Small Small xx-physics in p(d)-A -physics in p(d)-A Polarized proton physicsPolarized proton physics

G(x) via G(x) via -jet-jet StatusStatus

Submitted to DOE for FY08 funding startSubmitted to DOE for FY08 funding start New expert groups join R&D New expert groups join R&D (Moscow State, Czech groups)(Moscow State, Czech groups) Construction FY08 – FY10Construction FY08 – FY10

W-silicon samplingcalorimeter

20 cm

0.9 < < 3.010 X

Acceptance of Central Arms

Densest highest spatial resolution

Constraint-space

40 cm from collision vertex

20 cm total depth


NCCNCC

MPCMPC

VTX & FVTX

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 rapidity

cove

rage

2

HBD

EMC

AL

EMC

AL

(i) 0 and direct with combination of all electromagnetic calorimeters(ii) heavy flavor with precision vertex tracking with silicon detectors

combine (i)&(ii) for jet tomography with -jet (iii) low mass dilepton measurements with HBD + PHENIX central arms

Future PHENIX Acceptance for Hard Probes Future PHENIX Acceptance for Hard Probes


2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Aerogel

RxNP

MPC

TOF.W

HBD

WTrigger

VTX-barrel

VTX-endcap

NCC

DAQ

R&D Phase Construction Phase Ready for Data

Upgrade Schedule ScenarioUpgrade Schedule Scenario


RHIC is capable of performing a low energy scan.RHIC is capable of performing a low energy scan. PHENIX is capable of producing high quality measurements now PHENIX is capable of producing high quality measurements now

and in the future on the wide variety of observables that could be and in the future on the wide variety of observables that could be needed to isolate the QCD critical point.needed to isolate the QCD critical point.

PHENIX would benefit from a centrality detector designed PHENIX would benefit from a centrality detector designed specifically for low energy running.specifically for low energy running.

However, to do cover all the bases, it would be nice to complete However, to do cover all the bases, it would be nice to complete the program with:the program with: Enough energy steps with sufficient statistics to map out any inflections Enough energy steps with sufficient statistics to map out any inflections

about the critical point.about the critical point. More than one species in order to investigate universal behavior and More than one species in order to investigate universal behavior and

critical exponents near the critical point.critical exponents near the critical point. Companion p+p and d+Au data at each energy in order to reduce any Companion p+p and d+Au data at each energy in order to reduce any

systematic errors in measuring baseline distributions – important for Rsystematic errors in measuring baseline distributions – important for RAAAA measurements.measurements.

Estimated time for a 3Estimated time for a 3 correlation function measurement: 18 correlation function measurement: 18 days at 20 GeVdays at 20 GeV

ConclusionsConclusions


aa


Thanks to those who contributed Thanks to those who contributed directly to this presentation…directly to this presentation…

Martin PurschkeMartin Purschke Alexander MilovAlexander Milov Tatsuya ChujoTatsuya Chujo Peter SteinbergPeter Steinberg Christian Klein-BosingChristian Klein-Bosing Christoph BaumannChristoph Baumann Henner BueschingHenner Buesching Hiroshi MasuiHiroshi Masui Michael IssahMichael Issah Todd SatogataTodd Satogata Mickey ChiuMickey Chiu … … and many moreand many more


Happy Independence Day (USA)Happy Independence Day (USA)

Good luck to Italy AND Germany tonight in the World Cup Semi!Good luck to Italy AND Germany tonight in the World Cup Semi!

Photos from Round 1:

Italy 1, USA 1


Auxiliary SlidesAuxiliary Slides


PHENIX Static Backup SlidePHENIX Static Backup Slide

Beam-Beam Counters: 64 Cherenkov Counters 3.1<|η|< 3.9 Δφ = 3600

σvertex= ~5mm (central) σt= ~100 ps

Pad Chamber Detectors: MWPC with binary pad readout 2.5m and 5.0m from the IP |η|< 0.35 Δφ = 900

σφ= 1.4mrad (3.5mm PC1) ση= 0.7×10-3 (1.7mm PC1) Double Hit Resolution ~4cm

Electromagnetic Calorimeter: Lead+Scintillator 18 X0 5.1m from the IP |η|< 0.38 Δφ = 900

σE= 8.1%/√E[GeV] ×2.1%


Illustration only

Recalculation between systems.Recalculation between systems.

In C.M.S.: At Mid-Rapidity: ET~mT

dET/dy ≈ 1.25 dET/dη In Lab:

dmT/dy ≈ 1.25 dET/dy dET/dy ≈ dET/dη

In C.M.S.: dNch/dy ≈ 1.25 dNch/dη

In Lab: dNch/dy ≈ 1.04 dNch/dη

Recalculation parameters are “rather” independent on energy A systematic error of 5% is assigned to any recalculated value


Good agreement between PHENIX measurements at 19.6 GeV and SPS measurements at 17.2 GeV in both measured values. SPS spread of the data is larger than RHIC, but the same averaging should be possible to reduce the systematic errors.

Comparison to other SPS results.Comparison to other SPS results.


Measurement: Multiplicity Fluctuations Measurement: Multiplicity Fluctuations Critical Critical Exponents?Exponents?

TB kV

Tk

2

ppartNT

Comparison to NA49 measurements at SPS

energies. The NA49 scaled variance data have been

corrected for impact parameter fluctuations from

their 10% wide centrality bins and scaled up by 20% to lie

on the 200 GeV Au+Au curve. The fits use =-1.2, p=1/3; or =-1.1, p=0. The NA49 data

amazingly exhibit the same universal behavior!

0.2 < pT < 3.0 GeV/c

PHENIX Preliminary


PHENIX Sensitivity: Modelling a fluctuationPHENIX Sensitivity: Modelling a fluctuation

),,( bppdpdN

tt

• The final inclusive distribution (fixed by observation) can be expressed as:

where T = 1/b is the inverse slope parameter of the distribution.

Goal: Produce a fluctuation that does not change the mean or variance of the final inclusive distribution.

• The distribution for the two component fluctuating sample can be taken as:

)2,2,()1()1,1,()( pbpqpbpqpf ttt

• Consider an event sample with two classes of events.

Define q = Nevents, class 1 / N events, total


PHENIX Upgrades Physics Capabilities PHENIX Upgrades Physics Capabilities

PHENIX upgrades designed for optimum physics output with RHIC II luminosity

PHENIX Upgrades Low xe+e- heavy jet quarkonia W G/ G

flavor tomography

hadron blind detector (HBD) X

vertex tracker (VTX) X X O O X O trigger O X

forward calorimeter (MPC) X

forward Vertex tracker (FVTX) X O O O O O

forward calorimeter (NCC) O O O O X

RHIC luminosity O O X X O O O

High T QCD Spin

X upgrade critical for successO upgrade significantly enhancements program

Documents

The PHENIX Potential in the Search for the QCD Critical Point