Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Peter Martyr LibraryVolume Nine
Commentary on Aristotle’s
Nicomachean Ethics
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page i Friday, February 17, 2006 10:53 AM
Habent sua fata libelli
E
DITORS
OF
THE
P
ETER
M
ARTYR
L
IBRARY
, S
ERIES
O
NE
G
ENERAL
E
DITORS
John Patrick Donnelly, S.J., Frank A James III, Joseph C. McLelland
E
DITORIAL
C
OMMITTEE
W. J. Torrance Kirby, William J. Klempa
E
DITORIAL
B
OARD
I
RENA
B
ACKUS
Institut d’histoire de la RéformationUniversité de Genève
P
ETER
S. B
IETENHOLZ
University of Saskatchewan
F
RITZ
B
ÜSSER
Institut für SchweizerReformationsgeschichte, Zurich
E
MIDIO
C
AMPI
Institut für SchweizerReformationsgeschichte, Zurich
R
ICHARD
C. G
AMBLE
Reformed Theological Seminary
T
IMOTHY
G
EORGE
Beeson Divinity School
R
OBERT
M. K
INGDON
Institute for Research in the HumanitiesUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison
D
IARMAID
M
AC
C
ULLOUGH
St. Cross College, Oxford University
A
LISTER
E. M
C
G
RATH
Wycliffe Hall, Oxford University
J
OHN
M
C
I
NTYRE
University of Edinburgh
M
ICHAEL
P
ERCIVAL
-M
AXWELL
McGill University, Montreal
H. W
AYNE
P
IPKIN
Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries
J
ILL
R
AITT
University of Missouri, Columbia
R
OBERT
V. S
CHNUCKER
University of Northern Iowa
D
AN
S
HUTE
The Presbyterian College, Montreal
J
OHN
T
EDESCHI
University of Wisconsin–Madison
T
HOMAS
F. T
ORRANCE
University of Edinburgh
J
OHN
V
ISSERS
The Presbyterian College, Montreal
C
ESARE
V
ASOLI
Università de Firenze
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page ii Friday, February 17, 2006 10:53 AM
COMMENTARY ON
The Peter Martyr LibraryVolume Nine
Peter Martyr VermigliEdited by
Emidio Campi and Joseph C. McLellandwith introduction and annotations by Joseph C. McLelland
Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics
VOLUME LXXIIISIXTEENTH CENTURY ESSAYS & STUDIES
KIRKSVILLE, MISSOURI USA ◆ 2006
Title Page
Copyright 2006 by Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri All rights reserved. Published 2006.Peter Martyr Library Series and Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies Seriestsup.truman.edu
Cover and title page design: Teresa WheelerType: Adobe Minion, copyright Adobe Systems Inc.Printed by Thomson-Shore, Dexter, Michigan USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Vermigli, Pietro Martire, 1499–1562. [In primum, secundum et tertii libri Ethicorum Aristotelis ad Nicomachum. English] Commentary on Aristotle’s Nicomachean ethics / Peter Martyr Vermigli ; edited by Emidio
Campi and Joseph C. McLelland.p. cm. — (The Peter Martyr library ; ser. 1, v. 9) (Sixteenth century essays & studies ; v. 73)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN-13: 978-1-931112-55-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-931112-55-X (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Aristotle. Nicomachean ethics. Book 1–3. 2. Ethics. I. Campi, Emidio. II. McLelland, Joseph C. III. Title. IV. Series.
BR350.V37 2006 [B430] 270.6'092 s—dc22 [171/
2006001487
No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means without written permission from the publisher.
The paper in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.
∞
PML9_NicoEth_Prelim Page iv Wednesday, February 22, 2006 12:54 PM
C
ONTENTS
General Editor’s Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viiEditors’ Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiiIntroduction by Joseph C. McLelland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixText and Translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
C
OMMENTARY
ON
A
RISTOTLE
’
S
N
ICOMACHEAN
E
THICS
Dedication by Giulio Santerenziano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Introduction by Peter Martyr Vermigli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Book 1: Happiness
Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
Book 2: VirtueChapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page v Friday, February 17, 2006 11:39 AM
Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
Book 3: WillChapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
Appendix: Works of Peter Martyr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413Index of Scripture References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416Index of Classical and Medieval References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
PML9_Contents Page vi Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
vii
G
ENERAL
E
DITOR
’
S
P
REFACE
The Peter Martyr Library presents a series of annotated translations from Latininto English of the writings of Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562). Previous vol-umes featured a variety of works: dogmatic, polemical, and biographical. Only onewas a biblical commentary, although exegesis was Vermigli’s chief role as lecturerin three centers of Reform: Strasbourg, Oxford, and Zurich. The present volume isa translation of his only nonbiblical commentary, his Strasbourg lectures on Aris-totle’s
Nicomachean Ethics
. As such, it presented new challenges both in subjectmatter and vocabulary for the translators and editors. Much more than in the pre-vious volumes, this was a team effort: eleven scholars on two continents workedon it in various ways.
This volume makes available a significant work of Vermigli’s, displaying bothhis usual thoroughness and another dimension of his erudition. It also confirmssomething often overlooked, that the study and influence of Aristotle in universityeducation did not go into sharp decline with the age of Erasmus and Luther. Itoffers our readers valuable information about Vermigli’s own attitude to the rela-tion between nature and grace, as well as the way philosophy was handled by aleading Reformer. Our series aims at providing the basic and essential tools toshow the worth of this neglected scholar. Therefore, we hope this latest volume, asolid work reflecting a dimension of Reformed theology little recognized amongus, will serve to stimulate further research on the nature of Reformed Aristotelian-ism, as well as Vermigli’s own kind of philosophical theology.
John Patrick Donnelly, S.J.
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page vii Friday, February 17, 2006 10:53 AM
viii
E
DITORS
’ P
REFACE
Peter Martyr Vermigli was a biblical exegete, but also an Aristotelian in philoso-phy, so his commentary on the philosopher’s moral treatise holds special signifi-cance among his writings. It provides crucial evidence of two aspects of histhought. One is his commitment to the “practical Aristotle” familiar from his stu-dent days in Padua. Indeed, his knowledge of the philosopher is noteworthy: inthis book he quotes from almost every work of Aristotle, from
Categories
to
Poet-ics
. The other is the evidence on view concerning the question—still moot—of“Reformed Scholasticism.” This work suggests that this was no rigid system or sac-rifice of scripture to philosophy. The nature of Scholasticism in both Roman andReformed traditions should rather be understood as a pedagogical mode of orga-nizing doctrine in behalf of clarity and interior logic.
This volume represents the collaboration of a scholarly team. Leszek Wysockiand Joseph McLelland of McGill University began a collaborative effort someyears ago to translate the introduction and the first six chapters. Kenneth Austin(St. Andrews, Scotland) completed book 1. Stephen M. Beall, associate professorof classics at Marquette University, translated the remainder (the commentarybreaks off at book 3.2). J. P. Donnelly (Marquette University) provided a transla-tion of the dedication. The task of collating these translations was taken up byRoland Diethelm, then Emidio Campi’s assistant in the
schola Tigurina,
with helpfrom Luca Baschera, Esther Schweizer, and philologist Philipp Wälchli. J. P. Don-nelly and Michael Silverthorne (formerly head of classics at McGill) read thewhole for accuracy of translation. Emidio Campi’s ill health forced him to handover the final editing, including the introduction and footnotes, to Joseph McLel-land; this process occasioned the delay in publication. Thus we have an interna-tional cooperative effort, linking Europe and North America in a significantcontribution to scholarly research in early modern Europe. Its inclusion in thePeter Martyr Library is of great importance in approaching our Reformer in theproper light as both commentator and philosophical theologian.
Emidio Campi, ZurichJoseph C. McLelland, MontrealNovember 2005
PML9_EditPref Page viii Tuesday, February 21, 2006 10:46 AM
ix
I
NTRODUCTION
J
OSEPH
C. M
C
L
ELLAND
A P
ERIPATETIC
R
EFORMERPeter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) was Aristotelian by both training and disposi-tion. After his novitiate (1514–18) as an Augustinian canon at Fiesole in Italy, hespent eight years at the University of Padua studying philosophy and theology. Histheological studies concentrated on Thomas Aquinas and Gregory of Rimini, intro-ducing the young scholar to Thomism and late medieval Augustinianism. Padua’sschool of philosophy, made famous through the Italian philosopher Pomponazziwho taught there a generation before, built the foundation of Vermigli’s lifelongdedication to Aristotelianism.
1
When Vermigli studied there, Padua was famous forits studies in Aristotle; this provided Vermigli with a context for his theology, whichcould be described as “man in an Aristotelian world.”
2
At that time, Padua wasalready notorious for its tendency to Averroism, which implied a double truthdividing philosophy and theology, and its daring speculations on the human soul.
The University of Padua’s brilliant array of philosophers included Juan de Mon-tesdoch, who specialized in Aristotle’s
De anima;
Branda Porro, who used Vermiglias his favorite foil in debate; and Marcantonio de’ Passeri, called Genua, who domi-nated the school. Genua’s support of Averroism—still concentrating on
De anima
—was important in going back from Averroës to the Greek commentator Simplicius,thus breaking the monopoly of Averroism in the study of Aristotle.
3
From Genua,Vermigli learned to mistrust the Latin translations of Aristotle, studying Greek sohe could read the Philosopher in the original. Beginning with Boethius (ca. 480–524
CE
), scholars were preoccupied with Aristotle’s logical works, gathered in thecollection known as
Organon,
rather than with his metaphysics and ethics. Numer-ous medieval Latin translations became available based on Graeco-Arabic editions
1
See Philip McNair,
Peter Martyr in Italy
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1967), 86–115; and Heiko A.Oberman and Frank A. James, eds.
Via Augustini: Augustine in the Later Middle Ages, Renaissance, andReformation
(Leiden: Brill, 1991).
2
John Patrick Donnelly,
Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli’s Doctrine of Man and Grace
(Leiden: Brill, 1976), 15, 53. Aristotle (394–22
BCE
), Greek philosopher; born at Stagira in Macedonia;became Plato’s pupil in 365; after Plato’s death in 347, was associated with Theophrastus in Lesbos, col-lecting biological data; tutored Alexander the Great in Macedonia; on returning to Athens, taught inthe Lyceum, where the walking places (
peripatoi
) gave his followers the name “Peripatetics.”
3
Vermigli mentions Simplicius (a sixth-century Neoplatonic commentator on Aristotle) onlyonce in his commentary on
Ethica Nicomachea:
“Simplicius non parum Platoni addictus in multislocis ait” [150]. See Donnelly,
Calvinism and Scholasticism,
21.
PML9_Intro_JCMcL Page ix Tuesday, February 21, 2006 10:48 AM
x C
OMMENTARY
ON
A
RISTOTLE
’
S
N
ICOMACHEAN
E
THICS
as well as some directly from the original Greek. The latter included the noteworthytranslations of William of Auvergne and William of Moerbeke in the thirteenth cen-tury.
4
The preoccupation with logic or dialectic persisted until Renaissance human-ism revived interest in cosmology and ontology, including Aristotle’s anthropology.Thus at Padua, the study of Aristotle emphasizes “the unity of the agent intellect andthe immortality of the soul” rather than moral questions.
5
Vermigli’s career while still in Italy (until 1542) saw his rise in the Augustin-ian order through the ranks of preacher and lecturer, abbot of St. Pietro ad Aramin Naples (1537–40), visitor and finally prior of S. Frediano in Lucca (1541–42).Besides the honor of enjoying quasi-episcopal authority over half the city, his briefterm in Lucca allowed him to gather a prestigious group of teachers for his Acad-emy, which Philip McNair has called “the first and last reformed theological col-lege in pre-Tridentine Italy—a miniature but brilliant university with Martyr as itsRector.”
6
As an evangelical Catholic during this period, Vermigli honed his exegeticalskills, using both Hebrew and Greek, through biblical sermons and lectures, with-out dampening his philosophical bent. By 1541 he was clearly Protestant and amarked man. Leaving Lucca one step ahead of the Inquisition in August 1542, hemade his way north in company with Bernardino Ochino, the famous Capuchinpreacher and vicar-general. Vermigli sought a teaching position in Zurich wherenone was available, but at last was called by Martin Bucer to the College of St.Thomas in Strasbourg. Here he lectured on the Old Testament, until in 1548 hejoined others who heeded Archbishop Thomas Cranmer’s appeal for continentaldivines to assist the new reformation in England. As regius professor of divinity atOxford, he lectured on 1 Corinthians and Romans, participated in the eucharisticcontroversies surrounding the revision of the prayer book, notably the OxfordDisputation of 1549, and was engaged in the reform of ecclesiastical laws whenforced to leave England by the death of Edward VI and accession of Mary Tudor.
The practice of commenting on Aristotle to complement biblical lectures wascommon in Reformed seminaries in the sixteenth century. When Vermigli returnedto Strasbourg in October 1553, he took up the custom of lecturing on Aristotlebegun by John Sturm and Martin Bucer, selecting
Ethica nicomachea,
while hisfriend and disciple Girolamo Zanchi lectured in alternate weeks on Aristotle’s
Phy-sica
.
7
The lectures on Aristotle were cut short after only two and a half years by thedivisive quarrel between Lutheran and Reformed scholars over subscription to the
4
A list of publications by university centers is found in Charles Schmitt and Quentin Skinner, eds.,
The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 325.
5
Donnelly,
Calvinism and Scholasticism,
16. On Pomponazzi, see Dominick A. Iorio,
The Aristo-telians of Renaissance Italy: A Philosophical Exposition
(Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 1991), 114–33.
6
McNair,
Peter Martyr in Italy
, 221.
7
Josiah Simler, Vermigli’s first biographer, states that Zanchi “undertook to interpret Aristotle’sXXX
PML9_Intro_JCMcL Page x Tuesday, February 21, 2006 10:48 AM
I
NTRODUCTION
xi
Augsburg Confession. In July 1556, Vermigli moved to Zurich to spend the happyremainder of his life, lecturing on the books of Samuel and Kings until his death in1562. Peter Martyr Vermigli was thus a Peripatetic in both senses of the word—afollower of Aristotle and a wandering scholar.
In Zurich, Konrad Gesner was already teaching philosophy, leaving Vermiglifree to concentrate on the Old Testament. Vermigli’s lecture notes on Aristotle,some in his own hand and some in a student’s, remained unrevised at his death. Hiscolleagues resolved to have them published, engaging Guilio Santerenziano as edi-tor and the local Froschauer press as publisher. With the unfinished manuscriptbeing 436 pages long, one can only imagine its length had Vermigli completed thecommentary through book 10. It is indeed a detailed and verbose commentary,sometimes to the point of exhausting both subject and reader. In this it resemblesthe commentary of Thomas Aquinas, similarly detailed and faithful to the text.Neither one is strongly critical of Aristotle, although Vermigli concludes eachchapter by appealing to scripture as the ultimate criterion for truth and showingwhere Aristotle’s views do not agree.
V
ERMIGLI
’
S
SOURCESVermigli’s work belongs to the tiny group of sixteenth-century Protestant theolo-gians who wrote a commentary on Aristotle’s Ethica nicomachea. Five were pub-lished before his Strasbourg lecture series was given in 1553 through 1556. PhilipMelanchthon (1497–1560) published a pair of volumes: In Ethica Aristotelis com-mentaries (Books I–II) was published in Wittenberg in 1529, and In I, II, III et VEthicorum commentarii was published in Wittenberg in 1530. Both of Melanch-thon’s works are more paraphrase than commentary. Two works were published inBasel: In Libra Ethicorum by Otto Werdmuller (1545) and In X Libros Ethicorumcommentarius by Jacobus Schegkius (1550). Werdmuller was professor of philoso-phy in Zurich (1541–52). Andreas Hyperius (1511–64) published Ad X Libros Ethi-corum scholia in 1553 in Marburg; in 1598, he republished Vermigli’s commentaryalong with his own on the rest of Aristotle’s text as Meditationes Ethicae (Lich:Nicholas Erbenius). Vermigli does not refer to any of these authors in his own work.
These scholars were able to use the Aldine editio princeps of Aristotle’s com-plete works printed in Venice between 1494 and 1498. In 1497, Jacques Lefèvred’Etaples (1450–1536) published his influential edition of Aristotle’s Ethics. Ver-migli’s own copy of the Erasmus edition in Greek (Aristotelis…Opera…omnia.Basel: J. Bebel, 1531), now in the library of the University of Geneva, containsmarginalia in two hands, one presumably of Benedetto Cusanus, Vermigli’s fellow
7
books on natural philosophy.” See “Simler’s Life of Martyr,” in Life, Letters, and Sermons, ed. J. P. Don-nelly, Peter Martyr Library 5 (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 1999), 42. But Santeren-ziano, in his preface to Vermigli’s commentary on Aristotle (A3v), says that Zanchi taught Aristotle’sPhysica.
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page xi Friday, February 17, 2006 10:53 AM
xii COMMENTARY ON ARISTOTLE’S NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
student and close friend in Padua with whom he purchased the book.8 Vermigli’sown comments are more frequent in later chapters than in the first three on whichhe wrote his commentary. He may well have used the Greek edition (without notesor translation) prepared by John Sturm as a textbook for the Strasbourg Academy.9
We noted that at Padua, Vermigli had come to distrust the Aristoteles Latinusof medieval tradition, which did not include ethical works. By the twelfth century,all of Aristotle’s works had been recovered and Alexander of Hales (an Englishtheologian and philosopher) was able to use most of the Aristotelian corpus. Withboth the Aldine editio princeps and Lefèvre d’Etaples’s edition, Vermigli had thenecessary tools for studying the original texts.10 He acquired the Erasmus editionof the Opera Omnia while in Italy (and had it with him at Oxford), as well as thecommentary of Iacobus Strebaeus on the first three books of Nicomachean Ethics,the same passages he covered in his Strasbourg lectures.11 Jill Kraye states, “TheScholastic Aristotle commentary was part of the legacy bequeathed to the Renais-sance by the Middle Ages,” and was either “literal” or consisting of quaestioneswith arguments pro and con, leading to solutio (the Greek terms are aporiai andluseis).12 Both types were adopted; Vermigli follows the former style, while incor-porating elements of the latter.13
Vermigli’s chief resource for his commentary on the first book of Aristotle’sNicomachean Ethics was the Byzantine philosopher-theologian Eustratius, metro-politan of Nicaea (ca. 1050–ca. 1120), whose defense of Platonic ideas and Aristo-telian logic provoked the monks and brought about his condemnation by theSynod of Constantinople in 1117. His commentary is noteworthy for its frequentreference to scripture and for “concentrating on the meaning of individual wordsand expressions and ignoring larger issues raised by the text.”14 His In Ethica
8See Donnelly, Calvinism and Scholasticism, 211.9See Charles Schmitt, Aristotle and the Renaissance (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1983), 38–39.10On the Aristoteles Latinus and the Renaissance editions of Aristotle, see Schmitt and Skinner,
Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, 203, 773–76. Also in circulation was the Liber de Causisor Liber bonitas purae, extracts from the Elements of Theology of Proclus. Jill Kraye notes that Lefèvred’Etaples broke the Scholastic tradition in commenting with his humanistic work: “Renaissance Com-mentaries on the Nicomachean Ethics,” in Classical Traditions in Renaissance Philosophy (Burlington,VT: Ashgate, 2002), 6:104–6.
11Iacobus Strebaeus, In tres priores libros Aristotelis HΘIKWN NIKOMAXEIWN commentaria(Paris: Viscosan, 1549). Donnelly (Calvinism and Scholasticism, 211, 216) notes that the Opera containreferences to “Martyr’s dearest monastic friend, Benedetto Cusanus de Vercelli, who died at Naples in1540.” He also states, “That Martyr took the trouble to have these books shipped [to England] indi-cates that he by no means saw his conversion to Protestantism as a rejection of philosophy.”
12Kraye, “Renaissance Commentaries,” in Classical Traditions, 116. See also Kraye, “Aristotle,Nicomachus and the Nicomachean Ethics,” in Classical Traditions, 155–80.
13Kraye, “Renaissance Commentaries,” 107–9. Unfortunately, Kraye thinks Santerenziano wasVermigli’s son and locates the lecture series in the “philosophical faculty” rather than his College of St.Thomas (106).
14Donnelly, Calvinism and Scholasticism, 59. He notes that Vermigli cites Eustratius forty-sixXXXX
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page xii Friday, February 17, 2006 10:53 AM
xxxi
TEXT AND TRANSLATION
The text used for this translation is the first edition, In primum, secundum et tertiilibri Ethicorum Aristotelis ad Nicomachum, Clariss. & doctiss. Viri D. PETRI MAR-TYRIS Vermilij, Florentini, Sacrarum literarum in Schola Tigurina Professoris,Commentarius doctissimus, published in August 1563 by Christoph Froschauer ofZurich. This edition consists of 436 pages and measures approximately 14.5 cm by22.5 cm. The gatherings are a4 A–Z, Aa–Zz, AA–OO4. The 1563 edition includesa prefatory letter from Giulio Santerenziano, Vermigli’s famulus and student, toEdwin Sandys, bishop of Worcester (a2–4), and an index of “Rerum et Verborum”(II3–OO4). The preface by Santerenziano states that the written lectures are basedpartly on Vermigli’s notes and partly on those of his hearers. Difficulties in thetext no doubt relate in part to this provenance.
After Vermigli’s death in 1562, his Zurich colleagues decided to publish theunfinished work; at his departure from Strasbourg, he had reached only book 3,chapter 2. To edit the work, they chose Santerenziano, who was later employed asprinter’s devil by Froschauer. The second edition, published by Froschauer in1582, deviated from the first edition only in minor grammatical terms, as indi-cated in the translation. Nicholas Erbenius of Lich published a third edition in1598, titled Meditationes Ethicae sive Aristotelis Ethicorum NIKOMAXEIWN expli-catio per D. Petrum Martyrem Vermilium…et D. Andream Hyperium. The thirdedition consists of 598 pages, with Vermigli’s text appearing on pages 1 through337 followed by sections from the commentary of Andreas Hyperius (1511–64).There is evidence that another edition of the Vermigli/Hyperius commentary waspublished at Lich in 1602.1
Peter Martyr used the Greek text of Ethica nicomachea edited by Erasmus,Aristotelis…Opera…Omnia, Per Des. Erasmum (Rotterdam and Basel J. Bebel:1531), which corresponds well with the 1894 Greek edition by Ingram Bywater(Aristotle’s Ethica Nicomachea [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1894]),2 generallyaccepted as the most accurate Greek edition of Aristotle. Vermigli also possesseda copy of Iacobus Strebaeus, In tres priores libros Aristotelis HQIKWN NIKOMAX-EIWN commentaria (Paris: Vascosan, 1549), but does not quote from it. In book 1,Vermigli quotes frequently from Eustratius’s commentary on Aristotle, Enarratioin Primum Aristotelis Moralium ad Nicomachum. It seems likely that he owned the
1See J. P. Donnelly, Robert M. Kingdon, with Marvin W. Anderson, A Bibliography of the Writ-ings of Peter Martyr Vermigli (Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Publishers, 1990), 56–61, for detailsand locations.
2See also Donnelly, Calvinism and Scholasticism, 211.
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page xxxi Friday, February 17, 2006 10:53 AM
xxxii COMMENTARY ON ARISTOTLE’S NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
copy now in the Geneva Library that is part of In Ethica Nicomachea commen-taria, Aldine edition (Venice, 1536).
The editors have compared Vermigli’s text of Aristotle with Bywater’s editionas well as with the critical edition of John Burnet (The Ethics of Aristotle, editedwith an introduction and notes [London: Methuen & Co., 1904]). Burnet’s trans-lation was also checked against the standard English translation (based on Bywa-ter’s Greek edition) by David Ross, The Nicomachean Ethics, revised by J. L.Ackrill and J. O. Urmson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), which wasreprinted in Basic Works of Aristotle, edited by Richard McKeon (New York: Ran-dom House, 1966).
Three sections of this translation have already been published. Vermigli’sintroduction appeared as “Philosophy and Theology” in Philosophical Works (ed.McLelland, 6–17). Chapter 1.4 was published under the title “Human Happiness”and 2.4 under the title “Moral Virtue” in The Peter Martyr Reader (ed. Donnelly,93–105, 207–19). The 1576 anthology of Vermigli’s scholia, Loci communes …(London: R. Masson, 1576), did not use any passages from Vermigli’s commen-tary, but Anthony Marten used selections in his expanded translation of this worktitled Common Places (London, 1583). Vermigli’s commentary 1.9.235–36 and1.10.239–56 appear in Common Places 1.15 and his introduction in 2.3.5–11, withsome twelve shorter passages in other sections.
The translation begins with Santerenziano’s dedication, followed by Vermigli’sintroduction. The text of the commentary consists of a passage from Aristotle(which Vermigli had translated into Latin) followed by Vermigli’s discussion of thepassage. Following each passage from Aristotle, the editors have inserted the sec-tion and line numbers used in modern editions of his works. Numbers in bracketsappearing in the text indicate the page number in the original edition of Vermigli’scommentary. Glosses of the original Latin or Greek have been placed in brackets.In making the translation, the editors attempted to retain Vermigli’s writing styleas much as possible, while adapting sentence structure and punctuation for themodern reader.
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page xxxii Friday, February 17, 2006 10:53 AM
416
I
NDEX
OF
S
CRIPTURE
R
EFERENCES
Genesis1:14–17 ................................................... 261:26........................................................ 2832:2 ............................................................ 264:9 .......................................................... 2568:21........................................................ 3249:20–21 ................................................. 39812:10–16 ............................................... 37717:6 ........................................................ 23019:8 ........................................................ 37720:5 ........................................................ 39921:9–10 ................................................. 40028:13...................................................... 25729:24–25 ............................................... 39841:1–4.................................................... 330
Exodus20:5–6.................................................... 25620:12..............................................118, 17820:17...................................................... 40033:9 .......................................................... 2233:18...................................................... 23036:1 .......................................................... 10
Numbers22:21–35 ............................................... 39625:7–8.................................................... 40035:18...................................................... 396
Deuteronomy6:5 ..................................................284, 3166:13........................................................ 31611:19...................................................... 17819:5 ........................................................ 37528:47...................................................... 323
1 Samuel1:13........................................................ 3829:2 .......................................................... 21414:27–30 ............................................... 39817:42...................................................... 21421:13...................................................... 397
2 Samuel3:32........................................................ 40015:9 ........................................................ 39915:24–26 ............................................... 31718:33...................................................... 40024 ........................................................... 327
1 Kings2:5...........................................................40010:23 ......................................................21521:1–16 ....................................................5321–22 .....................................................39922:34 ......................................................400
2 Kings2:23–24 ..................................................1182:24.........................................................4005:20.........................................................12025:1.........................................................327
2 Chronicles, 9:22 ....................................215Job
1:1–2:10 .................................................2301:12.........................................................24517:5.........................................................17942:10–17................................................230
Psalms4:4...........................................................39911:9.........................................................39612:8...........................................................4015:4.........................................................11816:11 ......................................................23127:4...........................................................4032:1.........................................................28332:1–2 ..................................... 79, 112, 19732:9.........................................................11049:12 ......................................................10954:6.........................................................35064:2.........................................................26369:9.........................................................40073:28 ........................................................2289:36 ......................................................21597............................................................20798............................................................207119:1 ......................................................197128:1 ......................................................197128:3 ......................................................215144:15 ....................................................129
Proverbs4:27.........................................................3497:22.........................................................39917:16 ......................................................21621:15 ............................................. 207, 32322:6.........................................................29729:2.........................................................110
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page 416 Friday, February 17, 2006 11:38 AM
I
NDEX
OF
S
CRIPTURE
R
EFERENCES
417
Ecclesiastes1:2 ....................................................40, 3711:14........................................................ 3717:3 .......................................................... 3647:9 .......................................................... 36412:13........................................................ 4019:19...................................................... 216
Isaiah1:3 .......................................................... 4006:9–10.................................................... 3997:13........................................................ 10911:2 ........................................................ 28448:22...................................................... 36456 ........................................................... 21657:21...................................................... 364
Jeremiah8:7 .......................................................... 40017:9 ........................................................ 285
Jeremiah (Vulgate), 5:8 ........................... 109Lamentations, 3:27.................................. 350Ezekiel, 14:9 ............................................. 399Daniel, 4:4–5............................................ 330Hosea, 4:9 ................................................. 110Wisdom of Solomon, 8:21...................... 296Judith, 12 .................................................. 377Matthew
1:1–7...................................................... 2151:26........................................................ 3982:3 .......................................................... 1105:3 .......................................................... 2515:10................................................130, 3975:16........................................................ 1225:20–48 ................................................. 3715:22................................................399–4005:28........................................................ 3245:44........................................................ 2565:48........................................................ 3506:2 .......................................................... 1206:10........................................................ 1186:24........................................................ 3647:6 ............................................................ 727:13........................................................ 1097:21–27 ................................................. 3057:24–25 ................................................. 3319:36.......................................................... 4110:22...................................................... 35010:28...................................................... 39810:30...................................................... 23110:38...................................................... 39711:5 .......................................................... 2611:28...................................................... 231
Matthew (
continued
)13:13 ......................................................39913:57 ......................................................12116:22–23................................................37218:9...........................................................2619:12 ......................................................39619:14 ......................................................23119:21 ......................................................21619:22 ............................................. 134, 32319:29 ......................................................21623:8–10 ..................................................12124:13 ......................................................35025:14–30................................................20625:34–46................................................11926:24 ........................................................26
Mark8:36.........................................................39810:21 ......................................................21610:30 ......................................................21612:25 ......................................................11012:41–44................................................25114:38 ......................................................398
Luke4:23–38 ..................................................2157:24.........................................................3508:6...........................................................3318:7...........................................................3248:13.........................................................3318:14.........................................................32410:21 ........................................................2612:33 ......................................................21614:27 ......................................................39715:10 ......................................................25716:9.........................................................13416:27–28................................................25617:33 ......................................................39721:3–4 ....................................................34921:34 ......................................................39922:33–34................................................37223:34 ......................................................39890:23 ......................................................397
John2:17.........................................................4003:5...........................................................2863:27.........................................................2866:26.........................................................3316:45.........................................................2868:34.........................................................10910:27–28................................................23112:25 ......................................................39712:35 ......................................................39917:3.......................................................9, 4018:14 ......................................................330
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page 417 Friday, February 17, 2006 11:38 AM
418 C
OMMENTARY
ON
A
RISTOTLE
’
S NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
Acts2:37........................................................ 3983:17........................................................ 3985:29........................................................ 3975:41................................................317, 3237:59........................................................ 3988:9 ..................................................120, 40015:25–26 ............................................... 20716:3 ........................................................ 30616:7–10 ................................................... 7217:23...................................................... 30617:28........................................................ 8726:14........................................................ 8729:35........................................................ 87
Romans1:20........................................................ 1421:21........................................................ 3992:13........................................................ 3313:8 .......................................................... 3973:28........................................................ 3494:7–8................................................79, 1124:16........................................................ 1215:3–5...................................................... 2515:12........................................................ 3197:8–11.................................................... 2867:14–23 ................................................. 3367:18..................................................26, 3987:23........................................................ 2847:24........................................................ 4008:2 ............................................................ 928:6–7...................................................... 2868:9 .......................................................... 2868:14................................................286, 3368:16........................................................ 2508:18........................................................ 1308:30.......................................................... 928:35........................................................ 2518:38........................................................ 2519:4–5...................................................... 21612:2 ........................................................ 33012:3 ................................................306, 34912:4–5.................................................... 34912:8 ........................................................ 32312:10...................................................... 11712:13...................................................... 180
1 Corinthians1:26........................................................ 2161:26–27 ................................................... 262:14........................................................ 2863:2 .......................................................... 3063:19........................................................ 3314:7 .......................................................... 2967:9 .......................................................... 284
1 Corinthians (continued)7:27...........................................................478:1.................................................. 223, 3318:14...........................................................479:24–27 ..................................................20510:24 ......................................................17811:28 ......................................................25013:7.........................................................34913:8...........................................................7913:12 ............................................... 79, 30614:38 ......................................................39915:19 ......................................................13015:33 ........................................................87
2 Corinthians6:10.........................................................3238:13–14 ......................................... 180, 3059:7.................................................. 323, 35011:29 ......................................................256
Galatians2:3...........................................................3065:6...........................................................3315:17.........................................................2845:22.........................................................323
Ephesians4:14.........................................................3504;17.........................................................3994:26.........................................................3995:3...........................................................3505:5...........................................................3505:17.........................................................3315:18.........................................................3996:1–4 ............................................. 297, 324
Philippians1:18.........................................................3231:23...........................................................782:13................................................ 231, 3982:29.........................................................1173:2.............................................................723:12–14 ..................................................3504:4.................................................. 207, 3234:12.........................................................2514:13.........................................................398
Colossians1:24.........................................................3232:8..................................................... xxi, 133:20–21 ......................................... 297, 324
1 Thessalonians, 4:13...............................3492 Thessalonians, 1:10–11 ........................3991 Timothy
4:12.........................................................1185:3...........................................................1175:8...........................................................179
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page 418 Friday, February 17, 2006 11:38 AM
INDEX OF SCRIPTURE REFERENCES 419
1 Timothy (continued)5:17........................................................ 1176:9–10.................................................... 1346:17–19 ................................................. 371
2 Timothy1:6 ..................................................129, 2051:12........................................................ 2502:5 .......................................................... 2053:4 .......................................................... 324
Titus1:12.......................................................... 872:13........................................................ 349
Hebrews1:14...........................................................2610:26–27................................................39711:1–40 ..................................................34911:3.........................................................14212:6.........................................................32413:4.........................................................179
1 Peter2:17.........................................................1174:13.........................................................323
2 Peter, 2:19...............................................109Revelation
3:15–16 ..................................................37121:4.........................................................130
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page 419 Friday, February 17, 2006 11:38 AM
420
INDEX OF CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL REFERENCES
English titles are provided for many better-known works. Abbreviations of spurious works are bracketed.
Aeschylus, Oresteia ........254n, 286, 389–90Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great)
Metaph. (Metaphysica) 1.5 ..... 149n, 150, 389
Op. om. (Opera omnia) 16.1... 149n, 150nSumma de creaturis ...........................149n
AnonymousHist. Aug. 17 .........................................98nMag. mor. (Magna moralia) ................. 40
Aquinas, ThomasCommentary
1.6 ....................................................152n1.6.80...............................................151n1.7.87...............................................162n1.10.126...........................................184n1.12.143.............................................55n1.19.229...........................................269n2.1.247.............................................288n2.1.249.............................................288n2.3.269.............................................308n2.6.314.............................................339n2.6.317–18 ......................................339n3.1.382.............................................373n3.1.387.............................................384n3.2.395.............................................381n3.5.444.............................................254n5.2.909.............................................201n
Summa contra gentiles 1.14.14–16 ...152nSumma theol. (Summa theologica) .....9n,
43n, 152nAristophanes, Nub. (Nubes; Clouds) ..... 206Aristotle
An. pos. (Analytica posteriora; Posterior Analytics)....................11n
1.1.71a5–8.........................................84n1.1.71a27–71b9................................ 1501.1.71b–72a ......................................82n1.2 ..................................... 42, 239n, 3521.2.19–20 ........................................191n1.2.71b26–27 ..................................408n1.2.71b30 ............................................ 23
Aristotle (continued)An. pos. (continued)1.2.72a17–19.................................. 408n1.3.........................................................791.3.72b25–26............................90, 182n1.4.................................................... 265n1.4.25–32 ...........................................1371.5.......................................................3451.6.75a18–38.....................................1471.13.78b4–6.................................... 192n1.22.83a19–23...................................1541.26.....................................................1522.2.................................................... 195n2.7.................................83n, 183n, 332n2.8.93a................................................1392.11.......................................................792.13.97a7–11.....................................1902.13.97a26 ........................... 186n, 338n2.14–15 ........................................... 193n2.19.99b35...................................... 370n25–26 ...................................................7971b9–12.................................................771b29–30........................................ 267n84b .......................................................51
An. pr. (Analytica priora; Prior Analytics)................................. xxviii
1.1–3.24a1–3.......................................751.4.................................................... 393n1.5......................................... 159n, 404n1.5.26b34–27a3.................................4081.5.27b34–40.................................. 113n1.7.........................................................801.23.................................................. 332n1.23.41a17–20................................ 370n1.24.................................................. 265n1.24.41b6–7.......................................2061.25.86a1 .......................................... 90n1.33.................................................. 408n2.3.24................................................. 90n2.16.64b32........................... 373n, 395n2.20.66b12...................................... 370n2.23.................................................. 207n
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page 420 Friday, February 17, 2006 11:38 AM
INDEX OF CLASSICAL & MEDIEVAL REFERENCES 421
Aristotle (continued)De an. (De anima; Soul)
1 .......................................................269n1.1.402a10–11 ................................268n1.2 ....................................................135n1.5.411b5–14 ..................................170n1.23 .................................................... 1462.1.13–21 ........................................185n2.1.15–16 ........................................184n2.2 ....................................................275n2.3 ......................................... 276n, 396n2.3–4................................................270n2.3.414b5 ........................................403n2.4 ......................................... 272n, 282n2.4.415b2–5 ........................................ 312.4.415b10–12.................................. 1762.4.415b20–22.................................... 312.10 ......................................... 354, 394n3.1.433a9–21 ..................................304n3.3.428a20–24 ................................150n3.3.428b29–429a8............................ 2283.4 ..............................................186, 3203.7 ....................................................212n3.7.431a16.......................................275n3.10 ..................................................102n
Cael. (De caelo; Heavens)1.7.214b34 ......................................218n268a ..................................................... 21270a13–18 ......................................304n
Cat. (Categoriae; Categories)1.1 ........................................... 152, 183n1.4 ....................................................156n5 .......................................................332n8 .......................................................333n8.8b27–29 .......................................247n8.9a ..................................................333n12.14a29–35 ...................................151n
Div. somn. (De divinatio per somnum; Prophesying by Dreams)............................ 275n, 284
Eth. eud. (Ethica eudemia; Eudemian Ethics)....................... xv, 211n, 288n
2.20–21............................................351n2.73 ...................................................... 4016 .....................................................234n36 .....................................................351n1228b................................................. 353
Gen. corr. (De generatione et corruptione; Generation and Corruption)
2.3 ....................................................304n2.9 ....................................................304n2.11.338b10 ........................................ 31
Aristotle (continued)Hist. an. (Historia animalium; History
of Animals) ....................................xv6.23.577a22–28...................................398.1.................................................... 394n8.2–30 ..................................................68
Int. (De interpretatione; Interpretation).................... xv, 184n
10.20a31–35................................... 370nMag. mor. (Magna moralia)......... xv, 12n
1187b37 ...............................................40Metaph. (Metaphysica; Metaphysics)
1.1.981a5 ...............................................91.2.................................................... 195n1.2.982b6–10.......................................371.2.982b30...................................... 241n1.5.986a22–23................................ 161n1.6–7 ............................................... 135n1.9.991b10–11 ............................... 145n1.14.................................................. 334n1.30.................................................. 333n3.2.................................................... 240n4.2.......................................................1694.4.........................................................434.6...................................................... 80n5.1...................................................... 82n5.2...................................................... 82n5.5–6 ............................................... 304n5.8.14.15 ......................................... 153n5.8.15..................................................1545.10.................................................. 405n5.10.1018a25–37...............................3855.11.................................................. 152n5.12..........................................143, 258n5.13.30 .................................................575.14.............................102n, 154n, 156n5.15.................................................. 346n5.15.1021a15 .......................................435.19.................................................. 125n5.27.................................................. 405n5.29.....................................................1476.1.1025b25...........................................86.1.1026a18–20.....................................77.1–4 ....................................................517.1.1028a10–15.............................. 153n7.9.1034a8–22................................ 304n7.12.................................................. 186n7.1028a31–b2................................. 182n9.1.............................................. 143, 18510.2.1061a6–7................................ 163n10.4.................................................. 301n10.4.1055a8–9................................ 309n10.7.................................................. 294n
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page 421 Friday, February 17, 2006 11:38 AM
422 COMMENTARY ON ARISTOTLE’S NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
Aristotle (continued)Metaph. (continued)
11.3 ..................................................168n12.1.1069a30–37............................161n12.5 .................................................... 16912.6–7n ............................................. 22012.7.1072b20 ..................................220n12.91074b33–36.............................142n12.91075b11 ...................................142n13.4 .................................................... 169986a22–30 ........................................ 1611028b21–24 ...................................... 1611072b30–73a2.................................. 161
Organon ..............................................184nPart. an. (De partibus animalum)2–4. 68Phys. (Physica; Physics)
1.1.184a1–24 ....................................89n1.1.184a17–19 ................................290n1.1.184a17–21 .................................... 741.1.184a18.........................................82n1.1.184a22–24 ..................................90n1.1.184b11–13.................................... 901.2.184b15–24.................................... 911.7.189a31–32 ..................................91n1.9.192a22–23 .................................... 232.3 .......................................................... 72.3.19416–195a3 ............................145n2.4 ........................................................ 232.5.197a10........................................... 372.8 ...................................................... 263
Poet. (Poetica; Poetics) 1454a5 .........390nPol. (Politica; Politics)
1.2 ....................................................180n1.2ff....................................................12n3.7 ........................................... 52n, 293n5.10 ..................................................129n7.1.1323a20–21 ................................50n
Rhet. (Rhetorica; Rhetoric)1.1 ......................................................58n1.2.1356b29–30................................ 1721.3 ......................................................58n1.5.1360b14 ....................................264n1.5.1360b21–24................................ 2671.5.1361a27–39 ................................ 1141.5.1361a35–39 ..............................258n1.6 ....................................................229n1.6.1363a5–6 ..................................246n1.6.1363a15–17 ..............................241n1.7 ..............................................363, 3671.7.1363a35......................................... 261.7.1363b14 ........................................ 251.8 ....................................................293n
Aristotle (continued)Rhet. (continued)
1.9.1367a1–2.................................. 232n1.9.1367b27–28 ............................. 258n1.9.1367b32.................................... 258n1.9.1367b34.................................... 261n1.14.....................................................3781.14a................................................ 406n2....................................................... 314n2.2......................................... 321n, 395n2.6.................................................... 359n2.13.................................................. 369n2.18–26.1391b–1403a................... 258n2.20..........................................58n, 129n3.7.......................................................2453.11.6–7 .......................................... 242n1361a27 .......................................... 258n1363b17–19.................................... 180n
Somn. (De somniis; Dreams)1.2.460b2–4.................................... 275n1.459a1–13 ........................................1253....................................................... 273n3.460b28–31................................... 275n3.461a3–23 ........................................125
Top. (Topica; Topics)1.5.................................................... 362n1.9.......................................................1541.11.104b29–34 ............................. 124n1.15.106b34–38 ..................................301.15.107a18–23.............................. 289n1.15.107b7–13 ....................................336.6...........................................................8119a.30 ........................................... 163n126a4............................................... 258n
[pseudo-]Aristotle, Oeconomica ..............30Augustine
Civ. (De civitate Dei; City of God)2.20.1................................................. 98n2.24.................................................... 53n3.28.................................................... 53n4.10.....................................................1385.12.1..................................................1155.12.4–6 .......................................... 127n19.1.1....................................................7731.6.2....................................................25
C. Jul. (Contra Julianum; Against Julian)4.14............................................ 106, 1086............................................................76
Div. quaest. LXXXIII (De diversis quaestionibus LXXXIII; Eighty-three Different Questions) 30......................55n, 140
PML9_Aristotle_2006 Page 422 Friday, February 17, 2006 11:38 AM
I
NDEX
OF
C
LASSICAL
& M
EDIEVAL
R
EFERENCES
423
Augustine (
continued
)
Solil.
(
Soliloquiorum libri II
;
Soliloquies
)1.10.17............................................... 1181.14.24............................................... 119
Aulus Gellius,
Noctes Atticae
20.5.2 ....270nAverroës (Ibn Rushd),
In meta.
(
In Metaphysica
) ................................... 142
Boethius,
Philos. cons.
(
Philosophiae consolatio
) 3.9.6.8 .................... 139–40
Cato,
Agr.
(
De agricultura
;
Agriculture
)...................................... 340Cicero
Acad.
(
Academicae quaestioines
)1.5 ........................................................ 102.5.15.............................................xxi(n)2.10.31.............................................194n
Clu.
(
Pro cluentia
) 84 ........................... 87
Epig.
(
Epigrammata
) ...........................97n
Fin.
(
De finibus bonorum et malorum
) ............................22, 201n1.12 .................................................... 2442.3.7 ................................................... 1002.4.13................................................. 1002.14.45...............................................51n2.27 .................................................... 1882.87–90.............................................. 2375.5.12................................................. 269
Inv. (De inventione rhetorica)
1.13.1758n
Leg.
(
De legibus
)1.45 ................................................xxi(n)1.55 ....................................................87n
Mor.
(
Pro Morena
) 76 ........................ 355
Nat. d.
(
De natura deorum
)1.10 ........................................................ 42.59 ..................................................194n3.81 ..................................................381n
Off.
(
De officiis
;
On Duty
)...... xxi, xxii(n)
De or.
(
De oratore
)2.10–11............................................258n2.39 .................................................... 388162 ..................................................... 388
Parad.
(
Paradoxa Stoicorum
) 3.50..... 124
Part. or.
(
Partitiones oratoriae
;
Parts of Oratory
) 3.1.............................. 18
Resp.
1.28.44.............................................129n2.49 ..................................................327n
Sen. (De senectute; On Old Age)
.....127n, 341n
Top.
(
Topica
) 21.79–80........................ 124
Cicero (
continued
)
Tusc.
(
Tusculanae dispuationes
) .............71.2.4....................................................1171.35.85 ...............................................2282.5.2......................................................162.13.................................................... 53n2.22.................................................. 381n2.25.................................................... 67n3.16.................................................... 53n4.6.12............................................... 407n4.12.....................................................3565.1.2....................................................1275.3.8........................................................85.23.67 .................................................515.35.101 ...............................................9819........................................................356
Clement of Alexandria,
Strom.
(
Stromata
;
Miscellanies
)............... 149nColumella,
De re rustica
............................87
Diogenes Laertius
Letter to Menarcus
28–30................. 128n
Life of Pyrrho
9.61 ............................... 51n
Lives
(
Lives of Eminent Philosophers
)1.4.75............................................... 196n1.4.77..................................................2001.4.79............................................... 301n1.5.................................................... 201n1.14.................................................. 129n4.1.1................................................. 162n4.3.17................................................. 62n5.2.45............................................... 224n5.26.....................................................1317.25.......................................................879.10.................................................. 381n10....................................................... 52n
Dionysius the Aeropagite
De divinis nominibus
........................ 137n
De ecclesiasticae hierarchia
(
Ecclesiastical Hierarchies
)...... 137n
Theologica mystica
(
The Mystical Theology
) 5..................................157Discorides,
De materia dedica
3.8–9 .....238
Epictetus
Ench. (Enchiridion
) 1.1.7–9 ................218
Frag.
32 ............................................... 200nEpicurus
Frag. 17..................................................107
Letter to Menoeceus
...............76n, 97, 128
PML9_Class Index Page 423 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:27 PM
424 C
OMMENTARY
ON
A
RISTOTLE
’
S
N
ICOMACHEAN
E
THICS
Euclid,
Elements
1 ............................................................. 1941.10........................................................ 1911.15......................................................271n3.3 .......................................................... 365
Euripides
Alcmaeon
............................................381n
Hipp.
(
Hippolytus
) .................... 254n, 289
Med.
(
Medea
) ....................................254n1228................................................... 200
Rhes.
(
Rhesus
) ....................................380n
Tro.
(
Troades
;
Daughters of Troy
) 1.510 ..........................................112n
Eustratius,
Enarratio
(
Enarratio in Primum Aristotelis Moralium ad Nicomachum
), ed. Heylbut1 ................................................. xxxi–xxxii7 ............................................................... 189 ............................................................... 2814 ........................................................... 13217 ............................................................. 4619 .......................................................50–5120–21....................................................... 5325 ............................................................. 6228 ............................................................. 3729 ............................................................. 7530 ............................................................. 7733 ............................................................. 8834 ............................................................. 9535 ........................................................... 11038 ............................................................. 2839 ........................................................... 13643 ........................................................... 15144 .....................................................154–5548–49..................................................... 16050 ........................................................... 16153 ........................................................... 16554 ........................................................... 16664 ........................................................... 17870 .....................................................46, 18671 ........................................................... 18876 ........................................................... 19379 ........................................................... 20180 ........................................................... 20282 ........................................................... 20886 .....................................................214–1587 ........................................................... 22091–92..................................................... 22994 .........................................................236n95 ........................................................... 238101......................................................... 249109......................................................... 265112......................................................... 269
Eustratius,
Enarratio
(
continued
)116..........................................................278134..........................................................348140..........................................................370
Flavius Arrianus,
Discourses of Epictetus
........................................ 200n
Gaius,
Inst.
(
Institutiones
) 138..................24Galen
De causis symptomatum
................. 103–4
Mat. med. (De materia medica
)..........189
Microtechne
...........................................189
De nat. fac. (De naturalibus facultatibus
) 2.8 .... 108n, 157n, 334
Periton Hippokratus kai Platonos
9.5.13 ........................... 19n
De propriorum animi cujusque affectum dignotione et curiatone
........................................69
De sem.
(
De semine
) 2 .........................106
De usu partium
(
De usu partium corporis humani
) ......... 39, 224, 333Gellius,
Noctes Atticae
15.16.....................53Gregory of Nazianzus,
Or. Bas. (Oratio in laudem Basilii)
20.12 ......................9Gregory the Great,
Hom. in Luc.
(
Homiliae in Lucam
) 15............... 137n
Heraclitus, Frag. 51............................... 392nHermes Trismegistos.
See
Clement of Alexandria
Herodotus,
Hist.
(
Historiae
;
Histories
)1.29–34 ............................................... 232n1.32........................................................ 74n3.153–60............................................. 380n
Hesiod,
Op.
(
Opera et dies; Works and Days
)293–96 .....................................................86394–96 .....................................................86825............................................................25
Hippocrates
Aph.
(
Aphorismata
;
Aphorisms
) 1.... 159n
Humors
4............................................ 315nHomer
Il.
(
Ilias
;
Iliad
) .................................... 229n1.148–70 ............................................3822.212–76 ........................................... 69n3.108.....................................................633.154–70 ............................................369
PML9_Class Index Page 424 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 1:17 PM
I
NDEX
OF
C
LASSICAL
& M
EDIEVAL
R
EFERENCES
425
Homer (
continued
)
Il.
(
continued
)10.312–481 .....................................380n18.109................................................ 39523.171..............................................236n24.550..................................... 229n, 230
Od.
(
Odyssea
;
Odyssey
)2.121.................................................. 1114.235–64 ........................................... 38012.219–20 .......................................366n
Horace
Ars poetica
.............................................. 63
Ep.
(
Epistulae
;
Epistles
)1.2.27................................................... 951.17.23................................................. 992.2.214–15 .......................................... 97
Justin,
2 Apol.
(
Apologia ii
;
Second Apology
) 1.7.3..................................97n
Lactantius,
Inst.
(
Divinarum institutionum
;
The Divine Institutes
) 2.11 ...............................230nLivy
Ab urbe condita
...................52n, 87, 377n
Periochae 4.8 ......................................327nLucretius, De rerum natura........................ 7
Menander, Dysk. (Dyskolus) 2.275–80 ........................................202n
Ovid, Metam. (Metamorphoses)3.235...................................................... 2337.20-21 ................................................285n7.21........................................................ 315
PindarOl. (Olympionikai; Olympian
Odes) 1.1–2................................. 202Pyth. (Pythionika; Pythian Odes) ........ 63
PlatoApol. (Apologia; Apology of
Socrates) 20A–C .............................................393n21E–22B............................................ 358
Crat. (Cratylus)401D.................................................. 145403C .................................................. 393412A ................................................408n420B ................................................408n439 ....................................................... 23
Plato (continued)Crito 48A–C....................................... 111n[Def.] (Definitiones; Definitions) ...... 77n,
408nEuthyd. (Euthydemus) 279A–B ....... 199nGorg. (Gorgias) ............................... xxv(n)
493B .....................................................64506D ..................................................201507A................................................ 276n
Leg. (Leges; Laws)2.653A–D ....................................... 309n4.419.....................................................435.726–28 ............................................1995.743E ................................................1999.863B–E ........................................ 382b9.863D ...............................................3859.865................................................ 375n9.867B............................................. 392n10.885B........................................... 265n
Lysis....................................................... 23nMenex. (Menexenus) 238C ...................97Meno
71A.................................................. 218n77C–78C ...........................................38881C–82A ...........................................14989A.....................................................385
Parm. (Parmenides) 129–30 ............ 135nPhaed. (Phaedo)
59b .......................................................9960D.................................................. 393n61....................................................... 11n64B .........................................................864C.....................................................10065–66D ........................................... 150n73E–79C......................................... 150n77A–E ................................................23398D.....................................................10099D.................................................. 366n100C–E........................................... 145n207................................................... 268n246................................................... 320n248D ..................................................100266B ................................................ 308n
Phileb. (Philebus)14C.................................................. 362n20C.................................................. 174n48E .................................................. 199n60B–D................................................101
Pol. (Politicus), 303E ..............................44Resp. (Respublica; Republic) .......... xxv(n)
2.377B–E ........................................ 261n2.378.....................................................433.398A .................................................43
PML9_Class Index Page 425 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:27 PM
426 COMMENTARY ON ARISTOTLE’S NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
Plato (continued)Resp. (continued)
3.401C–402A ................................... 3243.401E .............................................309n3.429B ............................................... 3124.430E .............................................276n4.431A............................................... 2774.438E–441B .................................... 3204.441................................................272n5.466E .............................................196n6.507B ............................................... 1406.508E .............................................149n7.484–85 ............................................... 77.484–85, 500C .................................... 77.507B ............................................... 1607.514A–517C.................................... 1499.867B ............................................... 39210.608C–609C ................................. 233335B ................................................338n353B ................................................338n440C–D.............................................61n476C .................................................. 275500C ...................................................... 7511B ..............................................79–80519C .................................................... 41539E.................................................290n581C ..................................................93n621A ................................................290n
Soph. (Sophista; Sophist)251A–254B .....................................362n253 ....................................................... 10
Symp. (Symposium)189C–193D ....................................252n203B .................................................... 76210B–E................................................ 16
Theat. (Theaetetus)152E................................................... 145176B ............................................8, 136n209A–C...........................................149n
Tim. (Timaeus)28A ..................................................408n28C .................................................... 13629B–C ................................................. 5030B....................................................... 1035 .....................................................272n47B..................................................... 22151 .....................................................150n51E...................................................408n69D–E ............................................... 31572C ..................................................271n86E–87B..........................................273n90D........................................................ 8
Pliny the Elder, Nat. (Naturalis historia; Natural History) ............ 341n
5.1.5–10 .............................................. 224n8.1–11 ....................................................2288.33.........................................................237
Plutarch[De liberis educandis] ...........................69Crassus 1............................................... 53nLives: Lycurgus ................................... 214nMor. (Moralia) ..................................... 69nDe profectu morum .....................69n, 101Sulla 82–79........................................... 53nThem. (Themistocles) ........................ 383n
Proclus, Elements of Theology ................. xii
Quintilian, Inst. (Institutio oratia)2.12.9 .......................................................333.2.3........................................................115
SenecaEp. (Epistulae morales)
7.73.12 ............................................ 128n102.19 ................................................115118.9.....................................................19124.13 ..................................................19
Lucil. (Ad Lucilium) 79........................126Nat. (Naturales quaestiones) 1.12.... 128n
Simonides of Cheos, Frag. 5 ................ 241nSophocles, Oed. tyr. (Oedipus
tyrannus) ..........................................386Strato, De audibilis ............................ 10, 146Suetonius
Aug. (Divus Augustus) 65................. 214nCal. (Gaius Caligula) 4 ..................... 214nTib. (Tiberius) 19 ..................................386
Suidas, Lexicon ........................................ 12n
TerenceAndr. (Andria) ................................... 404nEun. (Eunuchus) ........................209, 357n
Theophrastus, Caus. plant. (De causis plantarum) 1...................... 224n
Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings ........................ 341n
Virgil, Aen. (Aeneid)1.343–52............................................... 52n2..............................................................2303.22........................................................ 52n6.743 ......................................................368
PML9_Class Index Page 426 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:27 PM
427
S
UBJECT
I
NDEX
Names in
SMALL
CAPS
are found in Index of Classical and Medieval References (p. 420)
Abelard, Peter, 138naccident, 57, 147–48, 154–55Achilles, 111, 236action (
practikon
,
praxis
), xiv, 24as an end, 19, 30, 34, 204and choice, 401–2and circumstances, 310–11, 370, 389–90compulsory, 375–77, 383–84deduced from consequences, 395distinguished from
choice, 401;
poiesus
, 29; practice, 27; state of mind, 204; virtue, 125, 294–95
done in: anger, 392; ignorance, 385–88excusable/inexcusable, 399–400and function, 183genus and species of, 294, 351–56and happiness, 233, 238, 329and ignorance, 388–89and the mean, 376–77measured by pain/pleasure, 313mixed motives, 378–79for pleasure vs. for utility, 384praise and blame for, 379–80and predestination, 384nrewards for, 205and right reason, 299–300and unknowing agents, 385–86and virtue, 295, 298–306virtuous, 239, 325, 327–29voluntary/involuntary acts, 373–74,
383–84, 390–92activity (
ho praxis
), 38, 183, 233Aeolus (king of Thessaly), 320A
ESCHYLUS
Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus), xiv, 138n, 149.
See also
Index of Classical References
Alcemaeon (lost play), 381Aldine Press, xiAlexander of Hales, xiiAlexander of Macedon, 11, 63, 98, 119Alpheus River, 205ambition (
philotimia
), contrasted with self-respect, 356
Ammonius Hermiae, 150analogies/figures of speech
agriculture, 70archery, 41, 344artists, 50–51the arts, 325cause and effect, 224, 346the cave, xviii, xx, 149chameleons, 237–38circle, 365–66comedy, 63conflict, 208ethics and medicine, 300, 309exercise and food, 301–2food for athletes, 340forms of, 168–69foursquare, 242grammar, 325–26Greek tragedies, 254–55greenness, 77honor as shadow of virtue, 116–17jettisoning cargo, 376, 378medicine/opposites, 309number four, 142painting, 189–90passion/washing out stains, 312rocks/gems, 71stones, 248, 289, 291, 295, 347summer, 187two-dimensional shapes, 270–71, 346,
365–66two-way racetrack, xviii, 80–81urine/health, 152whiteness, 161, 166–67
analogyas categories of relativity, 154–55clarification of, 313defined, 152–53forms of, 168
Anaxarchus of Abdera, 381Andronicus of Rhodes, 269angels, 31anger
bodily seat of, 315–16as complex passion, 315, 321
PML9_Index Page 427 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
428 C
OMMENTARY
ON
A
RISTOTLE
’
S
N
ICOMACHEAN
E
THICS
anger (
continued
)contrasted with pleasure, 313–24defined causally, 333extent of, 370and madness, 392–93and the mean, 356–57and revenge, 321and voluntary/involuntary actions, 392,
394–95animals
devoid of choice, 402imperfections of, 38–40as lustful, 96no capacity for happiness, 227–28sense-perception of, 370nas sentient creatures, 184and the will, 393–94
Antisthenes, 216Apollo, 265appetite, 395, 403A
QUINAS
, T
HOMAS
archetypes.
See
Idea/Ideasargumentation.
See also
causalityfrom cause to effect, 90–91circularity of, 81dialectic, 138–39, 157from effect to cause, 79–80, 82, 94n, 192,
307
a fortiori
, 366induction, 193–94, 207from minor proposition to major, 267from principles, 79, 82–84and syllogism, 370n
Argyropoulos, Johannes, xv, 21, 234Aristippus of Cyrene, 98–99, 134A
RISTOPHANES
Aristotelianismdistinguished from Christianity, 197–98,
230–31at Padua, ixReformation views of, xxvi–xxxand scripture (
See under
scripture)theory of Forms, 135–39
Aristotle.
See also
Index of Classical References
accepted by theologians, 3on analogy, 152biographical information, 11on causes of virtues, 290on
eudaimonia
, xxiii–xxvi, xxiv(n), 12non Idea, 148methodology of, 74, 82on philosophy, 11
on Plato/Platonism, 77, 136, 148, 150–51, 160, 162, 165
on pleasure, 102–10on solitude, 179, 240–41use of commonplaces, 33on wisdom (
sophia
and
phronesis
), xxviwritings of, 269–70
art/artsconcept of, 326defined, 9–10, 18hierarchy among, 34, 49–51as imitation of nature, 91improved over time, 190language of ethics and politics, 50–51and the mean, 342and science, 23–24similarity to virtue, 293–94tending toward good, 171useless and pernicious kinds, 43and virtue, 329
Asclepius (god of medicine), 268astrologers, on ideas, 138astronomy, subordinate to geography, 45athletic coach (
aliptes
), 341Augsburg Confession, xiA
UGUSTINE
A
ULUS
G
ELIUS
A
VERROËS
, 304Averroism, ix, 83.
See also
PeripateticsAvicenna (Ibn Sin
¯
a), 304
Basil, 318beauty, physical, 213–14, 369being, and goodness, 153Bessarion (cardinal), 21Beza, Theodore, xxviBible.
See
scriptureblessedness (
makarios
), 246.
See also
happiness (
eudaimonia
)bodily functions, and passions, 315–16B
OETHIUS
brain, as seat of judgment/reason, 315–16bribes, 368Bruni, Leonardo (Aretino), xv, 20Bucer, Martin, x, xxixBullinger, Heinrich, xxix
Callipho, 201Calvinism, xxixCalypso, 366–67Cantimori, Delio, xxvicategories (
predicamenta
), 362primordial, 154, 159
PML9_Index Page 428 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
S
UBJECT
I
NDEX
429
prior and posterior, 152–53Pythagorean view of, 161–62and quantity, 154secondary, 154substance and quality, 153
Catiline, Lucius Sergius, 105, 327Cato the Censor, 392Cato the Elder, 281, 340, 377.
See also
Index of Classical References
causality.
See also
argumentationcircumstances of, 389and conclusions, 193efficient cause, 240, 245, 263, 308final cause, 240, 308
censorship, approved by Aristotle, 44chance, 242, 290.
See also
contingency; fortune
character, 282–83, 293, 307, 344–45.
See also
habitus
(
hexis
)charity, 178–79, 219Charondas, 265children.
See also
humanscommended in scripture, 215–16, 231as devoid of choice, 402as reflections of nature, 97as source of happiness, 214
chiliasts, 372nchoice
and actions, 378–79defined, 19, 24and deliberation, 405distinguished from: opinion, 407–10;
wish, 406and habit, 345and ignorance, 386, 388and the mean, 345as means to an end, 407objects of/avoidance of, 312opposite of desire, 404–5as property of virtue, 401
Christianity/Christiansextent of charity, 179–80and happiness, 250–51and hierarchy of ends, 35–36on ignorance, 398–99and intellect vs. faith, 88, 142justification distinguished from
happiness, 197and passions, 317–18views of the soul, 283–86vs.Aristotelianism, 230–31
Cicero, xv, xxi, 10, 12, 63, 105n, 170.
See also
Index of Classical References
C
LEMENT
OF
A
LEXANDER
C
OLUMELLA
communication, and the mean, 357contemplation (
theoretikon; theoria
), xivas an end, 30by Christ and the prophets, 179contrasted with solitude, 179as delight, 100and the mean, 343as pleasure, 102relation of, to philosophy, 24as a science, 46as way of life, 95–96, 131, 178
continence.
See
character; self-control (
sophros
)contingency, distinguished from accident,
57, 147contraries, and desire, 362, 404corruption, 120courage, 52–53, 352–53, 363covetousness, as voluntary, 393Crassus, 53crime, 377, 381, 387–88, 402Croesus, 232–33, 248Cusanus, Benedetto, xi–xii
daring, 352Darius (king), 380death, 188, 232–35, 252–56Decalogue, ends of, 36, 371decision making, 382–83definition, 311
and the ancients, 199confirmed by philosophers, 197definition of, 346difficult to formulate, 189–90, 311distinguished from analyses, 190as essence, 346nand first principles, 192–93, 195–96includes
genus
and
differentia
, 338nand proofs/ probable arguments, 194
delight, 100–101Delos inscription, 211Democritus of Abdera, 366depravity, 320Descartes, René, xxixdesire, 22–23, 26
bodily seat of, 315–16distinguished from choice, 403–5faculty for, 321–22scriptural, 41and supreme end, 37types of, 40
PML9_Index Page 429 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
430 C
OMMENTARY
ON
A
RISTOTLE
’
S
N
ICOMACHEAN
E
THICS
dialectic, 138–39, 308–9Dido, xxxiidignity, 115–16.
See also
honorDinomachus, 201nDiocletian, 285D
IOGENES
L
AERTIUS
Dionysius the AreopagiteDiscorides Pedanus of Anazarbos, 237–38D
ISOCORIDES
disposition, defined, 361–65division, as property of quantity, 341divorce, 59doctrine, as method, 24Draco, 265dreams, 274–75drugs, 24–25drunkenness, 64, 399Duns Scotus, John, 151
economics, subordinate to political science, 44
education.
See also
teachingdistinguished from intelligence, 65guidance counseling, 43liberal arts, 131marks of, 57–58Platonic, 309political oversight of, 43–44, 47in the virtues, 288
Edward VI (king), 63, 97effect.
See
argumentationEgeria (Roman goddess), 265emotions (
apatheia
), 94–96, 259, 335, 343encomium, defined, 258end/ends (
telos
)as actions or products, 27–34of art, 18as boundaries, 93–94defined, 29–30division of, 30the good as, 17–20, 25–26, 28, 37–41happiness, xxiii, xxiv, 30, 212, 249hierarchy of, 28–29, 37of political science, 45–46, 226supreme, 175–76; defined, 42; and
subordinate, 47, 49wishing as, 407
energia
, distinguished from
hexis
, 203nentertainment, 107–8entity, as analogous, 153, 156envy, 112, 121, 359E
PICTETUS
Epicureans, 98–99, 128–29, 243–44E
PICURUS
equivocals (synonyms), 151–52, 167.
See also
univocals (homonyms)Erasmus, Desiderius, xxxi, 281nErbenius, Nicholas, xxxiErisistratus, 268eschatology, 372nethics
ambiguity of, 50–51, 56–57Aquinas on, xivattainment of, 298–306as basis of society, 12, 374nends of, 45–46etymology of, 289inconstancy of, 300–301language of, 50philosophical and theological, xvias a practical science, 61–62relationship of, to physics, 10
Eucharist, contingency ascribed to, 147E
UCLID
Eudemus, xv, 12nEudoxus of Cnidus, 259, 261Euhemerus, 230nE
URIPIDES
Eustratius of Nicea, xii, xviii, xxxi, 151, 154, 158, 160, 235.
See also
Index of Classical References
examination, methods and ends of, 190–91
excess, as vulgarity, 355experience, 60, 85, 288extremes, and the mean, 362–63, 367–68
faculties (
dynameis
)of anger, 321, 333concomitant to happiness, 212–14defined, 333of desire, 321–22distinguished from science, 42and passions, 333types of, 51
faith, 250.
See
virtue (
arete
)family relationships, 253–54, 379–80, 382fear, 314, 352final cause, 308first principles, 193–96F
LAVIUS
A
RRIANUS
Forms, 135.
See also
Idea/Ideasapprehended by faith, 142compared to number four, 142homogeneous or heterogeneous, 138–40identified with God’s nature and
essence, 149and matter, 148–49
PML9_Index Page 430 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
S
UBJECT
I
NDEX
431
as prerogative of metaphysics, 169fortitude, as cardinal virtue, xvi, 240, 290.
See also
virtue (
arete
)fortune
defined, 222–23described, 225distinctions of, 242–43and friendship, 253–54and happiness, 215, 218, 227, 237–38,
248friendliness, 357–58friendship, 214–15, 252–57Froschauer, Christoph, xi, xxxifunction (
ergon
), 182–85, 187
G
AIUS
G
ALEN
G
ELLIUS
generosity, as a mean, 354–55Genua (Marcantonio de’ Passeri), ix, 11genus, relation of, to species, 51, 332geometry, superiority of, 45George of Trebizond, xvGesner, Konrad, xi, xx, 5nGod.
See also
Holy SpiritAristotle’s view of, 290associated with mind, 156as cause of happiness, 218–19, 224–25as everything and nothing, 157and happiness, 125–26identified with Forms, 149inherent goodness of, 136–37as pattern for his creation, 142Plato’s view of, 76–77, 136–37, 158as praiseworthy, 260–63providence of, 219–20as rewarder of virtue, 221as universal Idea, 140–41as a virtue, 290
the goodas an end, 17–20, 25–26, 113–14, 174–
75, 177classifications of, 163–64, 173–74, 181definitions of, 135, 165–66, 173as goal of: pleasure, 109; virtues, 176–77as happiness, 22, 73as origin, 82use of “the,” 21whiteness simile, 166–67
goods/goodnessand being, 153division of, 346as genus of happiness, 199–200
God as, in Platonism, 158human and divine, 258idea of, 159, 165indefinable, 52–53, 156–60, 165–67, 169knowledge of, 170, 327as the lesser evil, 378–79and noble actions, 209, 312precedence and consequence of, 155and rectitude, 365
good works, xxiv–xxv, xxviii, 15, 231government.
See also
magistrates; political science
defective forms of, 52nlegislators’ duties, 227, 265, 292, 373–74societal role of, xvi, 43–44, 47–48, 97,
227, 292–93superiority of state, 45
greed, and generosity, 355Greek language, function of articles, 21G
REGORY
OF
N
AZIANZEN
G
REGORY
THE
G
REAT
Grosseteste, Robert, xiv
habit/habituationas cause of happiness, 218and development of virtues, 305distinguished from nature, 291and experience, 288importance of, 295as most stable quality, 344–45and passions, 333virtue as genus of, 329
habitus
(
hexis
), 54n, 125, 282, 288, 332, 344
happiness (
eudaimonia
)as action of the soul, 225as an end, 30, 176, 249causes of, 218characteristics of, 8, 180–81as Christian reconciliation, 283components of, 201–2constancy of, 242, 244defined, xxiii–xxiv, 77, 79–80, 94n, 192,
200degrees of, 181distinguished from: God’s justification,
197; lust, 96–97; pleasure, 93–96as divine bliss, 125–26essence of, 212and external goods, 212–13, 226and fortune, 215, 218, 227, 237–38, 241–
43, 248, 252as goal of philosophy, 14–15, 41–44, 93
PML9_Index Page 431 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
432 C
OMMENTARY
ON
A
RISTOTLE
’
S
N
ICOMACHEAN
E
THICS
happiness (
eudaimonia
) (
continued
)of God, 250and good, 17–18, 200grounded in God, 92hindrances to, 243and honor, 110–11, 133and knowledge of virtue, 83and nobility, 214not praiseworthy, 258–63philosophers on, 73–78, 197–218and pleasure, 99–101, 209–11political, 233, 247recovery of, 248–49scriptural view of, 78–79, 231sufficient in itself (
autarches
), 177–78, 180
as supreme good, 73, 129–30, 207and time, 188varieties of, 217virtue as precondition for, 124–25and wealth, 133
health, 76, 247, 342heart, as seat of passions, 315–16hedonism, 95–99, 131H
ERACLITES
OF
E
PHESUS
H
ERMES
T
RISMEGISTOS
Hermes Trismegistus, on Forms and Ideas, 149
H
ERODOTUS
H
ESIOD
H
IPPOCRATES
Holofernes, 377Holy Spirit, xxiv–xxv, 250, 286H
OMER
homonyms.
See
univocals (homonyms)honor.
See also
dignityabsence of, 355categories of, 165defined, 114–15, 258distinguished from: happiness, 133;
honesty, 111; praise, 283; supreme good, 113, 121–22
as glorifying God, 117–18and glory, 115and happiness, 110–11and modesty, 356and piety/modesty, 119as a shadow of virtue, 116–17as superficial, 111–13and virtue, 113
hope, 314, 321.
See also
virtue (
arete
)H
ORACE
human life, 18, 22, 25–26, 187–88
human nature, xxiv(n), 145, 222, 279humans
attitudes toward honor, 118–21desire for happiness, 17–27, 73–79as fallible and inconstant, 210functions of, 183idea and perception of, 161marks of education, 57–58, 86nature-nurture debate, 61–68, 294and physical beauty, 214political and/or contemplative, 178refined and honorable, 110–11self-confidence vs. self-denial, 88self-control, 62–63, 276–77spirit’s entrance into, 149threefold life of, 65, 184youths: deficient in judgment, 60–61,
65, 107; devoid of choice, 402; education of, 309; incapable of happiness, 228–29; as inexperienced, 289; praised for virtue, 335; unfit to be students, 66
humors, 247, 277, 317n, 318humor/wit (
eutrapelia
), and the mean, 358Hyperius, Adreas, xi, xxxihypotheses, contrasted with theses, 123–24
Idea/Ideas.
See also
Formsaspects of, 143–45described and defined, 135–41, 147, 161ignorance of, 171objections to Plato's view of, 150–53,
160as species, 146
ignorance, 387–88, 390–91, 400and the will, 385–88
intellectual virtue.
See
virtue (
arete
)intelligence, 65, 288intemperance, 105–6, 277, 307, 353irascibility, 333, 356Isocrates, 262
Jewel, John, 3njoy, 100–101, 314–16, 323, 332judgment, 56–57, 60–61, 370, 378–79, 402Julius Caesar, 119Jupiter (Roman god), 265justice, 290, 326–27, 329–30justification, distinguished from
happiness, 197J
USTIN
Kant, Immanuel, xxxKimhi, David, 263
PML9_Index Page 432 Wednesday, February 22, 2006 4:45 PM
S
UBJECT
I
NDEX
433
knowledge (
scientia)acquisition of, 304Aristotle on, 150cognitive process, 89–90defined, 74and desire, 16development of, 89end of, 16, 41–44, 73essential for judgment, 60first among virtues, 187general, and ignorance, 388of God, 14of the good, 171and moral virtues, 327and passions, 316–17and perception, 91, 150practical and contemplative, 14preceded by sensual perception, 91principles of, 139and prudence, 330types of, xxi, 193and virtues, 296, 326
LACTANTIUSlawgivers/legislators. See governmentlaw (human), 15–16, 293, 297, 373–75learning, as cause of happiness, 218Lefèvre d’Etaples, Jacques, xileniency, 356life. See way of lifeliterature, as an art, 43liver, as seat of passions, 315–16LIVYlove/desire, 207–8. See also virtue (arete)Lucius Virginius, 377LUCRETIUSlust, 96–97
magistrates. See also governmentduties of, 98, 226, 265, 310
magnificence, contrasted with generosity, 356
malevolence, 359–60Manicheans, 402marriage, 179, 284Marten, Anthony, xxxiimatter, 154, 291the mean (meson)
arithmetical and geometrical, 340, 366and extremes, 345–49, 351–60, 365–66latitude within, 370precepts for finding, 367–68as property of virtue, 301–3, 309, 338–45
and vices, 347–49medicine. See also drugs
as an art, 25benefits and dangers of, 16, 24, 29, 33, 65as a difficult science, 159
Melanchthon, Philip, ximemory, and perception, 149MENANDERmethod, described, 18–19Metrodoros, 134Milo of Croton, 53, 339n, 341mind. See also soul
as eye of the soul, 141factors affecting, 104–6joy and delight, 100as location of virtues, 287and pain, 308
ministers of the church, 48Minos (legendary king), 265misfortune. See fortunemoderation, 157, 159, 240, 301–6, 332modesty, 357, 359money, and the mean, 354–55Montesdoch, Juan de, ixmoral philosophy, 265–66moral science, 46, 49–51moral virtue, xxv, 59, 84–86, 343–44, 365,
401. See also virtue (arete)Moses, 265
as lawgiver, 265, 283murder, unintentional, 375
natural theology, 13–14nature
as an end of art, 18distinguished from the will, 294–95and the mean, 342, 368and passions, 336philosophy of, 290as unstable, 145and virtue, 290, 294
Nicomachus (son of Aristotle), 12nobility, necessary for happiness, 214numbers, 142, 151, 339
Ochino, Bernard, xOctavian, 63Olympic games, 204–5opinion, distinguished from choice, 407–
10opportunity, defined, 159Origenists, on eschatology, 371–72, 372nOrpheus, 260
PML9_Index Page 433 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
434 COMMENTARY ON ARISTOTLE’S NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
orthodoxy, distinguished from Scholasticism, xxvi
OVID
Padua, scholarship at University of, ixpain, 103–4
and blame, 380–82from ignorance, 31and involuntary action, 395and the mind, 308and pleasure, 307and repentance, 385as state of character, 307
paradox, and theses, 123–24Passeri, Marcantonio de’ (Genua), ixpassions (pathe)
defined, 311, 314–16, 332devoid of choice, 403distinguished from reason, 394excesses of, 353irrational, as voluntary, 396and the mean, 359natural/voluntary, 315–16, 374seat of, 315, 333simple/complex, 314–15and vices, 317, 334and virtues, 334vicious kinds, 347–48
pattern, God as, 142Pauck, Wilhelm, xxixPaul (apostle)
athletic simile of, 205on charity, 178–80, 323, 349on choice, 397on drunkenness, 92, 112, 129–130, 399on family duty, 179, 297, 324on happiness, 129–30, 207, 231, 250–51on honor, 117–18, 121on human callings, 47on ignorance, 398, 400on justification as supreme good, 78–79on knowledge, 305–6, 331on love of neighbor, 256on marriage, 284on the mean, 371on moral virte, 296on nobility, 216on passions, 336on philosophy, xxi, 13–14on piety and righteousness, 118, 306on pleasure, 324on supreme good, 26–27, 121–22
on supreme happiness, 92, 112, 129–30on temporal pleasures, 110on virtue, 337, 349–50
Pausanias, 87peace, as human goal, 132Pelagians, on human effort, 222Pericles, 70Peripatetics, ix(n), xi, 4, 25–26, 31, 55n, 89,
127–29on God, 219on ideas and forms, 141–42, 148–49on the mean, 367on pleasure, 102on providence of God, 219–20
Peter Abelard, 138nPhalaris, 128, 129n, 243PHILOphilosophy
as: contemplative and active, xxii, 51, 328–29; practical and speculative, 9
charity sanctioned by, 178–79Ciceronian distinctions within, 10defined, xiv, 7–8demonstrative method of, 82discoverers of, 11distinguished from scripture, xxii, 71as a gift of God, 13–16on goodness, happiness, pleasure, 201as handmaiden of theology, 3–5and poetry, 87praise for, 366reverence for ancients, 202–3on virtues, 290
PINDARPittacus of Mytilene, 200, 301pity, and pardon, 374Platonic Academy, 62nPlato/Platonism, xxv, 10. See also Index of
Classical Referenceson anticipation (methexis), 145–46nAristotle’s views of, 77, 136, 148, 150–51,
160, 162, 165dialectic, 138–39on happiness after death, 233on human spirit, 149on images and forms, 139–40on knowledge (scientia), 150against lust, 96on numerals, 147, 155on philosophy, 10–11on procreation, 144–46theory of Ideas, 135–39, 150
PML9_Index Page 434 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
SUBJECT INDEX 435
view of God, 76–77, 136–37on virtue, 16
pleasurecontrasted with anger, 313–24desirable kinds, 108–9duration of, 102–3enhanced by love, 207as a good of the soul, 206happiness as, 99–101and intemperance, 105–6and the mean, 364, 368–69as motion and pathos, 102and pain, 307–8as a property of happiness, 210as sensual, 101, 313–14as state of character, 307and supreme good, 17n, 109and temperance, 307–8varieties of, 103–6, 208–9
PLINY THE ELDERPLUTARCHpoetry/poets
contains seeds of philosophy, 369contrasted with examination, 192on delight, 100familiarity with, 61heroic genre, 230of Hesiod, 87inscription at Delos, 211–12Theognis, 211–12used by Paul, 87as useless art, 43
Polemo, 62Polidarius (Gk. god), 268political science, 42–43. See also
governmentdistinguished from, science, 45ends of, 73–75, 110–11, 226moral philosophy as, 265–66role of, for society, 43–44, 47–48, 179superiority of, 42–45uncertainties of, 51–52and understanding of the soul, 267–68and virtue, 265and the will, 373–74
politicsand happiness, 233language of, 50as way of life, 131, 178
Polydorus, xxxiiPorro, Branda, ixPosidonius, 67potentiality, and happiness, 258
poverty, 123, 125, 216praise, 258–60, 283, 379–82predestination, xxvi–xxvii, 144, 250, 319,
384npretense, and the mean, 357Priam (king of Troy), 229, 232, 246, 254,
369pride (chaunotes), 223, 356principles, examination of, 191–92probability, and truth, 133–34processes, 29–31, 89–90PROCLUSprocreation, 144–45, 147–48product, as an end, 30Protagoras, 262providence, 144prudence (phronesis), 287, 330. See also
virtue (arete)Publius Clodius, 327punishment, as cure for intemperance,
309–10, 324purgatory, 257Pyrrho of Elis, 51, 366nPythagoras of Samos, 8, 252Pythagoreans, 160–61, 160n, 161–63, 344n
quality, 154, 333QUINTILIAN
reason/reasoning. See also argumentationapodictic and probable, 224and depraved passions, 320distinguished from sensuality, 96–97,
277–78as function of humans, 184–85harmony of, 279and passions, 318processes of, 90, 277–78and the soul, 271–72, 278
Reformed, distinguished from Calvinism, xxix
Reformed Aristotelianism, xxvi–xxxReformed Scholasticism, xxvi–xxxRegulus, 52, 377relativity, as a category, 154revenge, and anger, 321rhetoric, 44, 322–23, 389riches. See wealthrighteous indignation, as a mean, 359righteousness and justice, ambiguity of,
55–56Rome, tyranny in, 293
PML9_Index Page 435 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
436 COMMENTARY ON ARISTOTLE’S NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
sadness, 315Sandys, Edwin, xxxi, 3, 6Santerenziano, Giulio, xi, xx–xxi, xxxi,
xxxii, 3–6Sardanapallus (fabled king of Assyria), on
happiness, 96–98Schegkius, Jacobus, xiScholasticism, xxvi, xxix, 222science/sciences. See also political science
constancy of, 239–40contemplative, 46distinguished from faculties, 42geography and astronomy, 45hierarchy of, 34medicine, 159moral, 46political, 42tend toward good, 171varieties of, 159
scripture. See also Index of Classical References; Index of Scripture References; Paul (apostle); word of God
actions rewarded, 205and Aristotelianism: agreement, 349–
50, 364, 371–72; disagreement, 230–31, 250–51, 263, 283, 296–97, 336–37
on charity, 178–79on eternality of morals, 59as final criterion, xxx, 92and the good, 26–27on happiness, 129–30, 207, 250–51on passions, 318–20and the supreme end, 41on voluntary/involuntary actions, 377–
78, 396–400on wealth, 134
Scylla and Charybdis, 367seeing, distinguished from sight, 164self-abasement, as a defect, 355self-control (sophros), 276–77, 307, 320.
See also characterself-respect, as a mean, 355SENECAsenses/sensuality
factors affecting, 103–5, 291, 333and first principles, 194and the passions, 353–54and pleasure, 101, 104, 313–14
shabbiness, 355shame, and the mean, 359sickness, as impediment to virtue, 123, 125
SIMONIDES OF CEOSsin. See also vice/vices
as human characteristic, 186–87, 283, 285
and ignorance, 387–88no bar to hearing word of God, 71original, 319, 397of pagans, 286
skepticism, xxix, 127Skeptics, 366sleep, 122, 125, 273–77Socrates, 106, 134solitude, condemned by Aristotle, 179Solon, 265
on friendship, 252on happiness, 74n, 112, 232–34, 239,
241, 244, 249, 265Sophists, xxi, 3–4SOPHOCLESsorrow/grief, 243, 314, 391soul. See also mind; thymos
action of, 185, 225habits of, 239, 310as impediment to salvation, 282lower appetite of, 333as mind’s eye, 141as mortal, 233nature of, 272–73obedience of, to reason, 280–81parts of, 88, 100, 270–72, 278–82, 332science of, 267–68, 268nscriptural view of, 283–84as seat of highest goods, 199seat of passion, 320source of faculty of, 333tranquility of, 329as vegetative, 272–73, 275–76and virtue, 126–27, 266–68, 287, 291,
332–37weakness of, 229
Sparta, 265species, and genus, 51, 146Speusippos, 76n, 136n, 150n, 162, 193,
203n, 259n, 310nSpiera, Francesco, 397Spurius Maelius, 327Stoics/Stoicism, 67, 87–88, 204n, 243,
311n, 315alien to Christianity, 128on apatheia, 318on emotions, xxvion joy, 100against lust, 96
PML9_Index Page 436 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
SUBJECT INDEX 437
on passions, 317on pleasure, 101Roman, 204non virtue, 67, 126–29
strategy, subordinate to political science, 44
STRATOStrebaeus, Iacobus, xii, xxxistudents, ideal, 84, 92Sturm, John, x, xiisubstance, 153–54SUETONIUSsuffering, 380, 382–83SUIDASSulla, Lucius Cornelius, 53nSychaeus (king of Carthage), xxxiisyllogisms
disjunctive, 394hypothetical, 393and reasoning, 10–11in the second figure, 159, 404, 408types of, 370n
synonyms. See equivocals (synonyms)
teaching, 290–92, 300. See also educationtemperament, and the mean, 356–57temperance. See also virtue (arete)
as cardinal virtue, 279–80, 290, 303–4and character, 307and the mean, 363–64as a mean, 353–54necessary qualities for, 326–27, 329–30
TERENCEThemistius, 146–47, 146n, 151Themistocles, 383theology, vii, ix, xv, 13–14, 210, 371Theophrastus of Lesbos, ix, 91, 128n, 129,
224. See also Index of Classical References
Thersites, 69theses, contrasted with hypotheses, 123–24the Trinity, not understood by Aristotle,
20–21Thomas. See Aquinas, Thomasthymos
as anger, 392nas appetite, 403nas desire, 320, 403nirascibility, 333as life, 333nas longing, 40soul, 333nas soul, 88
thymosis (anger), 333Tiberius (Roman emperor), 98time, 159, 232, 236, 288, 341training, as cause of happiness, 218Trapezuntius (George of Trebizond), 20–21truth
agrees with truth, 199and being, 153to be preferred over friends, 136as changeable (phronesis), xxviand the mean, 357and opinion, 408and probability, 133–34as unchangeable (sophia), xxvi
Ulpian, 285Ulysses, 380universal good. See the Goodunivocals (homonyms), 151–52, 167–68.
See also equivocals (synonyms)usefulness, 157–58
VALERIUS MAXIMUSvanity, as an excess, 355Varro (Roman historian), 77, 138vice/vices
corrected by virtue, 309–10enumerated, 347from judgment to passion, 317and the mean, 356–60not a passion, 334–35source of, 66–70suppressed through pains, 309
violence, as voluntary, 393VIRGILvirtue (arete); virtues
acquired, not innate, 66, 289–91actions of, 303–6, 351–55Aristotelian vs. Christian, xxvi, 317–18and the arts, 325–26cardinal, xvi, xxv, 53n, 240, 264, 282catalog of, 351–55civic, 313–14, 319defined, 332–37distinguished from: honor, 113–14;
sciences, 240division of, 284–85, 287and expediency, 59extremes of, 345–46as genus of habit, 329, 332as habits, 247; of the soul, 310and happiness, 16, 83, 124–27, 176, 238–
39, 264, 287
PML9_Index Page 437 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
438 COMMENTARY ON ARISTOTLE’S NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
virtue (arete); virtues (continued)and honor, 122human, 126, 186, 266impediments to, 122–26and insensibility, 243intellectual, 282–83, 287–88; and moral,
289and knowledge, 296, 326locations of, 287and the mean, 338–45moral, 282, 287, 289; basis for, 307–24;
and knowledge, 327–29; and pleasure/pain, 307–8, 312–13
nature of, 264as not a passion, 334–35as not specific to man, 273number of, 290opposed to extremes, 361as perfection of nature, 342as perfections of the soul, 283and political science, 265precedes actions, 325as a qualitative good, 157, 259rewards of, 220–21and the soul, 126–27, 266–68, 287, 332,
335stems from choice, 401as superior to art, 342synonymous with praiseworthy habit,
373temperance, 277theological, xxv, 319use and abuse of, 52–56and vice, 309–12voluntary and involuntary, 373–76of will and desire, 199
vulgarity, 355
way of lifebeastly, 97–98contemplative, 95, 131desirable and undesirable, 94–96and emotions, 94–96principal kinds of, 93–96, 131, 200–201
wealth, 52–53, 76, 132–33, 202, 216, 246Werdmuller, Otto, commentary on
Aristotle, xithe will
and compulsion, 383–86and depraved passions, 320–21, 385and disgrace, 380distinguished from nature, 294–95and the Holy Spirit, 397and ignorance, 386–88and mixed actions, 378–79voluntary/involuntary acts, 373–74
William of Auvergne, xWilliam of Moerbeke, xwisdom
as an art, 9–10distinguished from intelligence, 164essential for discernment, 86–87and esteem, 116–17as praiseworthy, 283and virtues, 289
wishing, distinguished from choice, 406–7word of God. See also scripture
distinguished from philosophy, 71mental incapacity no bar to, 70–71
work, as an end, 33writings, two kinds of, 269–70wrongdoing, as voluntary, 395–96
Xenocrates, 150
youth. See under humans
Zanchi, Girolamo, x, xxvi, xxvii, xxix, 5nZeno of Citium, 87, 123, 127, 287, 311n,
381Zopyrus (Persian), 380
PML9_Index Page 438 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:34 PM
439
A
BOUT
THE
E
DITORS
Emidio Campi (b. 1943) is professor of church history and director of the Institutefor Swiss Reformation History at the University of Zurich. His research has cen-tered mainly on the Swiss Reformation and Reformed Protestantism in early mod-ern Europe.
He has organized two major international symposia, the first
in 1999on Peter Martyr Vermigli at Kappel/Zurich
.
He was coeditor for the publication ofits papers, with Frank James III and Peter Opitz:
Peter Martyr Vermigli: Humanism,Republicanism, Reformation
. The second, dedicated to the work of Heinrich Bul-linger, was held at Zurich in August 2004. Among his recent publications are
Hein-rich Bullinger und seine Zeit
; and
Architect of Reformation: An Introduction toHeinrich Bullinger, 1504–1575
(with Bruce Gordon).
He is general editor of a newseries of Bullinger’s works.
Joseph Cumming McLelland (b. 1925) is McConnell Professor of Philosophyof Religion Emeritus, McGill University, Montreal, and Robert Professor of theHistory and Philosophy of Religion and Christian Ethics Emeritus, The Presbyte-rian College, Montreal; he was dean of the faculty of religious studies at McGillUniversity from 1975 to 1985. His original research on Peter Martyr Vermigli wasat New College, Edinburgh (PhD, 1953, under T. F. Torrance). He was presidentof the Canadian Theological Society, 1968–69, and editor of
Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses
, 1973–77. He continues to act as a general editor of the PeterMartyr Library.
PML9_AboutEditors Page 439 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:36 PM
PML9_AboutEditors Page 440 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 12:36 PM
![Chapter III The idea of equality in modern legal philosophy · Aristotle, Politics, Warszawa 2008, p. 87; cf. also Aristotle, Etyka nikomachejska [Nicomachean Ethics], Warszawa 1981,](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/5e40d9d2f38c41520b108b1b/chapter-iii-the-idea-of-equality-in-modern-legal-philosophy-aristotle-politics.jpg)
![Undervisningsprogram i Praktisk filosofi axiologi Aristotle: Nicomachean etics Lärarlista Filosofiska institutionen [Skriv text] 2 Välkommen till studier vid Filosofiska institutionen](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/5ca0728888c99312188d2d14/undervisningsprogram-i-praktisk-axiologi-aristotle-nicomachean-etics-laerarlista.jpg)
