Periodic Table

The Periodic TableThe most fundamental concept inCHEMISTRY!FYI Mendeleevs Early Periodic TableThe ? Indicate undiscovered elements GRUPPE I GRUPPE II GRUPPE III GRUPPE IV GRUPPE V GRUPPE VI GRUPPE VII GRUPPE VIII ___ ___ ___ ___ RH4 RH3 RH2 RH R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 RO4 REIHEN 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12From Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, VIII, Supplementary Volume for 1872, p. 151. H = 1

Li = 7 Be = 9.4 B = 11 C = 12 N = 14 O = 16 F = 19 Na = 23 Mg = 24 Al = 27.3 Si = 28 P = 31 S = 32 Cl = 35.5K = 39 Ca = 40 __ = 44 Ti = 48 V = 51 Cr = 52 Mn = 55 Fe = 56, Co = 59, Ni = 59, Cu = 63(Cu = 63) Zn = 65 __ = 68 __ = 72 As = 75 Se = 78 Br = 80Rb = 85 Sr = 87 ? Yt = 88 Zr = 90 Nb = 94 Mo = 96 __ = 100 Ru = 104, Rh = 104, Pd = 106, Ag = 108 (Ag = 108) Cd = 112 In = 113 Sn = 118 Sb = 122 Te = 125 J = 127Cs = 133 Ba = 137 ? Di = 138 ? Ce = 140 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ( __ ) __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ? Er = 178 ? La = 180 Ta = 182 W = 184 __ Os = 195, Ir = 197, Pt = 198, Au = 199 (Au = 199) Hg = 200 Tl= 204 Pb = 207 Bi = 208 __ __ __ __ __ Th = 231 __ U = 240 __ __ __ __ __TABELLE II???3In the 1860s, Mendeleev and the German chemist Lothar Meyer, each working alone, made an eight-column table of the elements.However, Mendeleev had to leave some blank spots in order to group all the elements with similar properties in the same column. To explain these blank spots, Mendeleev suggested there must be other elements that had not yet been discovered. On the basis of his arrangement, Mendeleev predicted the properties and atomic masses of several elements that were unknown at the time.

Mendeleev left blanks in his table for undiscovered elements.

Mendeleev predicted properties and masses of unknown elements correctly.The ? Elements Properties are PredictedPropertyMendeleevs Predictions in 1871Observed Properties Molar Mass Oxide formula Density of oxide Solubility of oxide?44 gM2O33.5 g / mlDissolves in acidsScandium (Discovered in 1877)43.7 gSc2O33.86 g / mlDissolves in acids Molar mass Density of metal Melting temperature Oxide formula Solubility of oxide?68 g6.0 g / mlLowM2O3Dissolves in ammonia solutionGallium (Discovered in 1875)69.4 g5.96 g / ml30 0CGa2O3Dissolves in ammonia Molar mass Density of metal Color of metal Melting temperature Oxide formula Density of oxide Chloride formula Density of chloride Boiling temperature of chloride?72 g5.5 g / mlDark grayHighMO24.7 g / mlMCl41.9 g / mlBelow 100 oCGermanium (Discovered in 1886)71.9 g5.47 g / mlGrayish, white900 0CGeO24.70 g / mlGeCl41.89 g / ml86 0COConnor Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 119, 4Fitting in New Elements The crowning achievement of Mendeleyevs periodic table lay in his prophecy of new elements. Gallium, germanium, and scandium were unknown in 1871, but Mendeleyev left spaces for them and even predicted what the atomic masses and other chemical properties would be. The first of these to be discovered in 1875, was gallium. All the characteristics fitted those he had predicted for the elements Mendeleyev called eka-aluminum because it came below aluminum in his table.-Eyewitness Science Chemistry , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 23

In the 1860s, Mendeleev and the German chemist Lothar Meyer, each working alone, made an eight-column table of the elements.However, Mendeleev had to leave some blank spots in order to group all the elements with similar properties in the same column. To explain these blank spots, Mendeleev suggested there must be other elements that had not yet been discovered. On the basis of his arrangement, Mendeleev predicted the properties and atomic masses of several elements that were unknown at the time.

Mendeleev left blanks in his table for undiscovered elements.

Mendeleev predicted properties and masses of unknown elements correctly.

Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids1234567MetalsMetalloidsZumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 349Nonmetals6Review of Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, and MetalloidsMETALSNONMETALSMETALLOIDSmalleable, lustrous, ductile, conductors of heat and electricity, react with acid and CuCl2Brittle, dull,

poor conductors of heat and electricity,do not react with acids or CuCl2(Semi-metals)Can have properties of both metals and non-metals. (used in computer chips)7Diagram of an Atom

Vertical Columns are called Groups or Families. Elements of the same group have similar properties and behave alike chemically.Why is this??

Valence ElectronsElectrons on the outermost shell of an atomParticipate in bonding and determine how an element will bond when making compounds

Oxygen AtomElectrons on outside shell are valence electron; oxygen has 6Pattern forCounting Valence Electrons

Ignore the 1Only 2The Families ofThe Periodic Table

Li

3He

2C

6N

7O

8F

9Ne

10Na

11B

5Be

4H

1Al

13Si

14P

15S

16Cl

17Ar

18K

19Ca

20Sc

21Ti

22V

23Cr

24Mn

25Fe

26Co

27Ni

28Cu

29Zn

30Ga

31Ge

32As

33Se

34Br

35Kr

36Rb

37Sr

38Y

39Zr

40Nb

41Mo

42Tc

43Ru

44Rh

45Pd

46Ag

47Cd

48In

49Sn

50Sb

51Te

52I

53Xe

54Cs

55Ba

56*Hf

72Ta

73W

74Re

75Os

76Ir

77Pt

78Au

79Hg

80Tl

81Pb

82Bi

83Po

84At

85Rn

86Fr

87Ra

88YRf

104Db

105Sg

106Bh

107Hs

108Mt

109Mg

12Ce

58Pr

59Nd

60Pm

61Sm

62Eu

63Gd

64Tb

65Dy

66Ho

67Er

68Tm

69Yb

70Lu

71Th

90Pa

91U

92Np

93Pu

94Am

95Cm

96Bk

97Cf

98Es

99Fm

100Md

101No

102Lr

103La

57Ac

891234567* LanthanidesY ActinidesNoblegasesHalogensTransition metals Alkalineearth metalsAlkali metals89101112131415161718Uun

110Uuu

111Uub

112Uuq

113Uuh

116Uuo

118Click on this to seeAlkalimetalsIn action!!12

Practice the information just learned by completing the Homework on packet page 31

Horizontal Rows are called Periods.The Period number tells how many energy levels, or shells, an element has.LABEL the periods 1-7 on your periodic table.Hide and Seek!Find the element that has 3 energy levels and is a member of the Halogen family.Chlorine

Find the element that has 2 valence electrons and 3 energy levels.Magnesium

Lets blow up Carbon to have a better look at what information is there

Atomic number(tells # of protonsand electrons in aNeutral atom)Element nameElement symbolAtomic massAtomic mass is the average mass number of all the Carbon atoms on Earth. IsotopeAtoms of the same element with different number of neutrons.

Isotopes of an element will have different masses.

Ex: two isotopes of carbonCarbon-12 has a mass of 12Carbon-14 has a mass of 14Protons have a mass = 1 amuNeutrons have a mass = 1 amuElectrons have a negligible mass

How do you calculate the mass of an atom?

Mass number = protons + neutrons

Try TheseAn atom of nitrogen has 8 neutrons. What is its mass number?15A uranium atom has a mass number of 235. How many neutrons does it have?143An element has a mass number of 56 and 30 neutrons. What element is it? ironThere isnt a regular carbon here; there are two isotopes. The two symbols shown below & right are called isotopic symbols.

Isotopic SymbolC6Represents Atomic Number12Represents mass numberYour TurnWrite the isotopic symbol for an isotope of Calcium that has 21 neutrons.

Ca2041How many protons does this isotope have?How many electrons does this isotope have?How many neutrons does this isotope have?202021Isotopes of BoronBoron-10 and Boron-11

Which is more abundant (meaning more of it naturally exists)?

There must be more Boron-11 if the average mass is 10.811.

Practice the information just learned by completing the Homework on packet page 35and 37. Note! On p 37, do not do #4,6 and 9 until later!!!So, Atoms Can Change!Changing different parts of the atom may or may not change its behaviorWhat happens if we change the number of protons in an atom? You change the element

An atom with 12 protons isMagnesiumAdd a proton, atom is nowAluminum(changing number of protons is not common)25

What happens if you change the number of neutrons in an atom?

You change the isotope (or form of the atom)

What happens if you change the number of electrons in an atom?

You create an ion!....

Wait what is that?

When an atom gains or loses electrons and therefore is no longer neutral.Atoms vs. IonsAtoms can gain or lose valence electrons. Once they do, they are called IONS.

Why become an ion?in order to achieve a full outer energy level (or full octet) like the noble gases

A full energy level has less energy, and therefore is more stable. Ions can bond to form compounds- Ionic bonds

A Negatively Charged Ion is calledAn Anion

(pronounced: an-eye-on)

Example: Cl-Example of an anionCl (atom) has 17 positive protons and 17 negative electrons + ++++++++++++++++ (17 protons) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (17 electrons)Atom is neutral because it has equal numbers ofprotons and electrons.

What if a chlorine atom gained an electron?

There is now one more electron!This makes for a total -1 charge.We now have a chloride ion17 protons18 electrons

A Positively Charged Ion is called

A Cation

(pronounced: cat-eye-on)

Example: Na+

Example of a cationNa (atom) has 11 positive protons and 11 negative electrons +++++++++++ (11 protons) - - - - - - - - - - - (11 electrons)Atom is neutral because it has equal numbers ofprotons and electrons.

What if a sodium atom lost an electron?

There is now one more proton!This makes for a total +1 charge.We now have a sodium ion11 protons10 electronsIonsRemember, atoms try to achieve a full outer energy level by gaining or losing valence electrons.This is known as the octet rulemost atoms try to get 8 electrons in their outer level. EXCEPTION! If there is only one energy level, a full energy level is only two electrons.Atoms always do what is easier to get to the full octet! Formation of an ion.11p+sodium atomNae-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-Sodium is not happy having just one valence electron.

It wants to have a full outer shell

It could either gain 7 more electrons to have a full third level

Or it could lose 1 electron and have a full second level

Which do you think it will do? It is easier to lose one electronIt will NEVER gain 7!11p+sodium atomNae-loss of one valence electronto attain afull outer energy levele-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-sodium ion

11p+e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-Because Na lost one electron, it has a +1 charge.It has become the Na+ ion.Formation of an ion17p+chlorine atomCle-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-Chlorine is not happy having only 7 valence electrons.

It wants to have a full outer shell

It could either gain 1 more electron to have a full third level

Or it could lose 7 electrons and have a full second level

Which do you think it will do? It is easier to gain 1 electronIt will NEVER lose 7!17p+chlorine atomCle-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-gain of one valence electronto attain afull outerenergy levelchloride ion17p+e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-Because Cl gained one electron, it has a -1 charge.It has become the Cl- ion.

First 18 elements:Energy levels drawn, showing valence electronsNumber of valence electrons written above familesNotice the exception for Helium

Number of valence electronsHow many electrons will each family gain orlose to get a full outer energy level?What charge will each familys ions be?Lose 1Lose 2xxxxGain3 Gain 2Gain 1FULL+1+2-3-2-1Determine Charge of the Following IonsSodium Ion+1Fluoride Ion-1Bromide Ion-1Calcium Ion+2Copper IonDepends on what it is bonded withExceptions to Ion Charge Pattern

Ag is always +1Zinc is always +2Aluminum is always +3Now write an isotopic symbol for a chlorine ion with a mass number of 37.Cl-1737How many protons does this isotope have?How many electrons does this isotope have?How many neutrons does this isotope have?171820Begin Homework!Finish Isotope worksheet, pkt p 37 #4,6 and 9Complete Ions worksheet, pkt p 41Read and take notes on Book section B.10 found on p. 65-67. Put notes on pkt p 40.