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The Perfect Active System
Perfect, Pluperfect/Past Perfect, Future Perfect
Finding the Perfect Stem
duxiducere ductusduco
The perfect stem is the third principal part – i.
duxi - i = dux
Find the third principal part of the verb.
“I” Surgery!!!!
Perfect Active Tense
The perfect active tense = Perfect Stem + Perfect Active Endings
1stPerson
2nd Person
3rd Person
-i
-isti
-it
I
you
he, she,it
Singular Plural
-erunt
-istis
-imus we
You/y’all
they
Perfect Active Endings
First Person
Second
Person
Third Person
dux i
dux
dux it
dux
dux
dux
imus
istis
erunt
I ledI have ledI did lead
You ledYou have ledYou did lead
He ledHe has ledHe did lead
We ledWe have ledWe did lead
They ledThey have ledThey did lead
Perfect Active
You ledYou have ledYou did leadisti
Past Perfect/Pluperfect Active Tense
Perfect Stem + era + Personal Endings
dux
dux
dux
dux
dux
dux
era
era
mus
era
era
era
era
s
m
t
tis nt
You had led
I had led
He had led
You had led
We had led
They had led
Past Perfect/Pluperfect Tense
HADHAD
HAD
HADHAD
-ERA-
-ERA--ERA-
E.
E. Rat HAD the flu last winter.
Ready for something you’venever seen…and heard it’s just
a MYTH???
Future Perfect Active Tense
Perfect Stem + eri + Personal Endings
dux
dux
dux
dux
dux
dux
er
eri
mus
eri
eri
eri
eri
s
o
t
tis
nt
You will have led
I will have led
He will have led
You will have led
We will have led
They will have led
Future Perfect Active
Future PerfectTense
WILL HAVEWILL HAVE
WILL HAVE
WILL HAVEWILL HAVE
-ERO
-ERI--ERI-
Your Turn!
• On a sheet of paper, write the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active charts for:
– retineo, retinēre, retinui, retentus: keep
Your Turn!
• On the same sheet of paper, write the present, imperfect, and future active charts for:
– retineo, retinēre, retinui, retentus: keep
Synopsis• A synopsis is a method to demonstrate your
knowledge of verbs without having to write all 6 charts.
• A synopsis shows all 6 tenses of a verb in just ONE person and number.
• For ex: 1st person singular, 3rd person plural, etc.
Sample Synopsisamo, amare, amavi, amatus: love
3rd person singular
• Present: AMAT---he/she/it loves• Imperfect: AMABAT---h/s/i was loving• Future: AMABIT---h/s/i will love• Perfect: AMAVIT---h/s/i loved (has loved)• Pluperfect: AMAVERAT---h/s/i had loved• Future Perfect: AMAVERIT---h/s/i will have loved
Your Turn!
• Give the 1st person plural synopsis using your charts for “retineo, retinēre, retinui, retentus.”
• Now try 2nd person plural for:– ceno, cenare, cenavi, cenatus: to eat dinner