Upload
maya-pm
View
226
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
1/55
The Peace of Don Porfirio: the
Diaz system
Modern Mexico Lecture, Week 82011
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
2/55
The Porfiriato, 1876 -1911
Three Lectures
Week 8 The Peace of Don Porfirio: the DiazSystem
Week 9 Economic and social change, 1876-1910
Week 10 The Onset of the Revolution
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
3/55
Pax Porfiriana: 1876-1911 Diaz ruled for 31 of 35 yrs between 1876-1911
Order : first unbroken period of foreign and domestic peace
Progress : period sustained growth after 75 years of economicdecline/stagnation
Ideology : reigning radical liberalism gave way in practice topositivism. Auguste Comte: Order andProgress.rebellions treated harshly
Constitutional regime....not a dictatorship no suspension ofconstitutional guarantees (a la Juarez, 1858-72), elections heldregularly at all levels.
Anti-clerical laws : kept in place...yet selectively notapplied...Diaz sought modus vivendi between Church andState
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
4/55
The Diaz System: Personal
Personal friendships: masonic lodges, Liberal
Clubs, companions at armsterritoriallyextensive networks of patronage (from palace topueblo): e.g. Juan Francisco Lucas & Felipe Garcia.
Oaxaca and Puebla key statesForeign writers and investors : techniques of
hospitality, offered a Liberal territory, letters ofrecommendation: access to networks of friendsEnemies: cooptation or repression - Pan o Palo(Bread or the Club) or allowing circulation ofelites in areas beyond personal control
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
5/55
The Diaz System: vigorous public sphere
Regime mobilised public support through Clubs,congresses, processions, newspapers, pamphlets,
posters, school textbooks and catechisms, patrioticceremonies, funerals.people invited/expected todemonstrate loyaltyPersonality cult : Diaz portrait in every office, yetinsisted on no statue.... Cincinnatus idealDiaz washis own chief political asset (Mark Wasserman,Everyday Life).Opposition offered some space : balanced radicalswith Church.Censorship, imprisonment, exile after 1900:PLM in Lecumberi and Los Angeles
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
6/55
Porfirio Daz (1830-1915)
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
7/55
Porfirio Diaz (1860s)
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
8/55
Porfirio Diaz (c.1890)
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
9/55
Porfirio Diaz (1910)
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
10/55
Diazs Tomb (1830 -1915) in MontparnasseCemetery, Paris
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
11/55
Lecture: Content
Restored Republic: Diaz as opposition tribune The passing of the Tuxtepecanos Constitutionalism and elections Popularity and the Juarez Cult Conciliation of Church Rise of positivism and Conservative
Liberalism ....pragmatism The army
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
12/55
The Porfiriato: three stages i) 1877-1884: struggle to find reliable allies (and detach
himself from old ones), re-establish relations with majorforeign powers, build favourable environment for foreigninvestment
ii) 1884-1900: political consolidation: bought off or defeatedregional opposition, passed laws favourable to foreigninvestment (Commercial Code and Colonization Laws),restored finances
iii) 1900-1911: Elite consensus begins crack, growth ofregional elite and middle class dissatisfaction mountingpopular unrest. Diaz loses common touch...Ministers(Cientificos) lose sight of politics.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
13/55
The Restored Republic, 1867-1876
Juarez & Diaz and the new politics: bred as radicals butgoverned as pragmatists .
Liberals behind Juarez and Diaz return to Mexico City in
September 1867: universal desire for order President Juarez was already looking to tame
Liberalism: October 1867 Convocatoria (calling of ageneral election) included constitutional reforms forstrengthening the executive. These were rejected byCongress and by many states: presaging ten moreyears of conflict.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
14/55
The Restored Republic, 1867-1876
1867: Juarez appointed Gabino Barreda, student ofAuguste Comte (French high priest of Scientific Politics)as Director of new National Preparatory School: newpositivist/scientific curriculum for Republics high
schools and universities ...radical Liberal ideas (usefulin struggle against Church and Conservatives) begin tobe shelved
1867: Amnesty permitted return of Archbishop PelagioAntonio de Labastida y Davalos (Pueblas bishop whohad bee exiled in 1856) and proposed vote for theclergy....(rejected)but start of Liberal conciliation ofRC Church
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
15/55
The Restored Republic, 1867-1876 Presidencies: Benito Juarez, 1867- 1872 (juaristas) Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada, 1872- 1876 (lerdistas) Diaz went into opposition harvesting support from :
Jacobin intellectuals such as Ignacio Altamirano andIgnacio Ramirez
popular liberal National Guard caudillos such asJuan N Mendez and caciques such as Juan FranciscoLucas of the Sierra de Puebla whom Juarez wasexcluding from power
after 1874 support from Catholic s opposed to Lerdoraising antic-clerical Reform Laws to Constitutionalstatus
Indian communities opposed to the desamortizacion
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
16/55
Diazs revolts 1871 Plan de la Noria , Diaz takes up arms against
Juarezs re -election. Fails because of lack of supportfrom Sierra de Ixtlan in Oaxaca, although Sierra dePuebla under los tres juanes of Tetela de Ocampo(Juan Nepomuceno Mendez, Juan Crisostomo Bonillaand Juan Francisco Lucas) stoically supports the Revoltbecoming Diaz strongest allies in the South East
1876, Plan de Tuxtepec , Diaz takes up arms againstLerdos re -election. This time Sierra de Ixtlan andOaxaca joins Sierra de Puebla in supporting Diaz.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
17/55
Revolution of Tuxtepec, 1876
Gen. Manuel Gonzalezdefeats Gen Ignacio Alatorreat battle of Tecoac (inTlaxcala) in November
1876. Mexico City policed by Nahua soldiers fromSierra de Puebla underinterim President Juan NMendez:
Echoes of similar invasions
of Mexico city by chusmasindigenas behind VicenteGuerrero in 1828, JuanAlvarez in 1855 andEmiliano Zapata in 1914
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
18/55
Diazs victory at Tecoac in November 1876 Indio de Xochiapulco, dress of
soldiers from Sierra de PueblaGen. Ignacio Alatorre, Juarez andLerdos chief commander, 1867 -76
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
19/55
Diazs first administration , 1877-1880
Popular (Tuextepecano) demands conflicting withgovernment priorities:National Guard : armed citizenship and reward for
blood sacrificeWorkers : mutualist traditions, sought protection innew factoriesSecular schooling: to replace the Church (riskedfurther confrontation with Church)Land Reform and community control of land
privatisation.
Municipalities as Fourth Power (threatenedauthority of state congresses)Elected Jefes Politicos (threatened control throughgovernors)
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
20/55
First administration , 1877-1880
Government priorities :Diplomatic recognition : Diaz an unknown. Foreign
powers wanted a stable neo-colony not a JacobinRepublic.
Finances : federal control over territory was needed,not 4 th Power of armed municipalitiesEconomy and foreign investment :further liberalisation not socialism was needed(Banking Law, Commercial Code, ColonisationLaw), potentially unpopularWinning elections (re-election was now forbidden)needed top- down control
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
21/55
First administration, 1877-1880: tuxtepecanos rewarded
- Diazs solutions :- Populism : patronage of rural Liberal cacicazgos
(Sierra de Puebla, Thomson & Sierra de Ixtlan,
McNamara) and labour unions (David Walker,Porfirian Labor Politics) - Diaz selected cabinet, state governors and regional
military commanders from his Tuxtepecano
camarilla (political friends) men linked to Diaz byties of compadrazgo, freemasonry and shared militaryor political experience (Paul Garner, Porfirio Diaz,101)
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
22/55
First administration, 1877-1880: tuxtepecanosrewarded
- Manuel Gonzalez, Diazs best general andvictor at Tecoac, was made Minister of War
- Tuxtepecano generals gain governorships :Juan Crisostomo Bonilla (one of the TresJuanes de la Sierra) in Puebla, Ramon Coronain Durango, Trinidad Garcia de la Cadena inZacatecas, Geronimo Trevino in Nuevo Leon,Luis Mier y Teran (Veracruz), etc.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
23/55
First administration, 1877-1880: intellectuals andoaxaqueos
Intellectuals : Puros (radical Liberals) gainedcabinet portfolios:
Ignacio Altamirano, Supreme Court;
Ignacio Ramirez, Min of Justice, Oaxaquenos : Justo Benitez (Diazs secretary and adviser since
1850s) chief of the Porfirista party in Congress; Matias Romero, Min of Finance (Benitez and Romero
are Oaxaqueos)
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
24/55
1st Admin, 1876-1880
- Middle class opposition : early repression .- In 1877 conspiracy of Liberal supporters of former
president Sebastian Lerdo at Tlacotalpan
- Diaz telegraphed Veracruz governor Luis Mier yTern:
- "Mtalos en caliente!" ( Kill them on the spot )- Revealed true meaning of Diazs unsuccessful 1872
Plan de La Norias pledge that this will be the lastrevolution
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
25/55
Elections of 1880
1877 constitutional amendment specified nopresidential re-election
Who would replace Diaz ? Diaz rejected entreaties from governor of
Oaxaca, Francisco Meixueiro, to stand: Diaz ...it is necessary to find another solution
which will provide a satisfactory outcome tofurther the cause of peace and theestablishment of institutions....
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
26/55
Elections of 1880
Principle of no-reelection meant competition was particularlyintense from leading radical liberals and Tuxtepcanos: IgnacioVallarta, Vicente Riva Palacio, Generals Trinidad Garca de laCadena and Gernimo Trevio.
Just two candidates for Diaz : Justo Bentez, Diazs political adviser from Oaxaca
since 1850s offered principles of 1857 Manuel Gonzalez (Minister of War): Tuxtepecano
from Nuevo Leon but with no base in Liberal Party(had collaborated with Intervention !), 100%dependent therefore on Diaz.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
27/55
1884: 1 st of many re-elections
1883- 4 campaign...call for return of Daz as Saviourof the Nation.
Election uncontested..... Diaz chose his 2 nd cabinet from representatives of
different parties: Ignacio Mariscal, Foreign Minister (Lerdista) Matias Romero, Min in Washington (Juarista) Manuel Dublan, Finance (served Empire)
Joaquin Baranda, Minister of Justice (Positivist) Carlos Pacheco, Development (Tuxtepecano) Manuel Romero Rubio, Interior, (Lerdista)
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
28/55
Forever Diaz.a constitutional President,not a dictator !
Constitutional amendments: 5 May 1887, proposed by State of Puebla,
permitted consecutive re-election 1890, proposed by State of Guerrero, removed all
restrictions upon re-election, legally endorsingDiazs re -elections in 1892, 1896, 1900, 1906,1910..
A Constitutional dictatorship ?: merit of being agradual process, (unlike Iturbide in 1821 andSanta Anna in 1853)
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
29/55
1888 Re-election 1886-88 campaign: assass. in 1886 of Trinidad Garcia
de la Cadena on Celaya railway platform en route toconvene a congress of Tuxtepacano generals.
Generals Ramon Corona and Ignacio Martinez alsoassassinated in 1887.
Hamnett the exceptions, since the normal practice ofthe regime was seduction and incorporation
Yet, what a lesson !Remaining threat in SE from Sierra de Puebla: Juan
N Mendez promoted from governorshop of Pueblato Supreme Court of Military Justice, never to beallowed to return to Puebla Sierra.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
30/55
Popularity
Paradox of Porfirian politics: The more the personalthe authority of Diaz became undisputed, the morenecessary it became to seek alternative means ofendorsement and legitimisation (Paul Garner)
How ? : political clubs, conventions, newspapers,leaflets, parades....
In 1900 National Porfirian Circle organised plebiscitein 350,000 ballots distributed to state governors.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
31/55
Popularity: the cult of Juarez
Began in earnest in run up to 1888 re-election
1887 state preparations for commemoration ofJuarezs death on 18 July 1872
Bid for Radical support: commissioning of
paintings, busts and major memorial (completedin 1910)(see Charles Weeks, The Jurez Myth in Mexico ).
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
32/55
Juarez Monument (1910), DF
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
33/55
Juarez Monument Alameda Mexico
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
34/55
Juarez Monument, Alameda, MexicoCity
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
35/55
A painting lesson for PorfirioDiaz, Una Leccin dePintura, El Hijo del
Ahuizote, 24/7/87
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
36/55
Una Leccion de Dibujo , 1887 El Hijo del Ahuizote, 17/7/87
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
37/55
1906 Juarez CentenarySouvenir.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
38/55
Statue of Juarez, Tetelade Ocampo, home oflos tres juanes, Sierra
de Puebla
J Sh h d M t G l t (J
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
39/55
Juarez: Shepherd Monument, Guelatao, (Juarezsbirthplace) Oaxaca
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
40/55
Protesters gathering at Juarez statue, highway entrance to Oaxaca,September 2007
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
41/55
Conciliation of Church 1876 Church state conflicts still unresolved: 1873
Lerdos elevation of Reform Laws to constitutionalstatus provoked widespread uprisings
Diaz avoids conceding on principles of laicisation whileturning blind eye to multiple violations of both thespirit and letter of the Constitution (Garner)
Diaz in letter to Archbishop of Oaxaca Eulogio Gillow:As Porfirio Diaz, in private and as head of a family, Iam a Roman and Apostolic Catholic: as Head of State Iprofess no religion, because the law does not permitme to do so.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
42/55
Conciliation of Church Diaz in letter to A/B Gillow:
With peace assured in the Republic, and
independence established between church andstate, there is no longer any motive for
precautions or hostility against the CatholicChurch, as long as it limits itself to thelegitimate objects of its ministry, withouttrying to meddle in political matters
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
43/55
Conciliation of Church
Importance of A/B Gillow as go-between
Church became more conciliatory : no longercondemned those who took oath toConstitution
Acquiesced in Constitutional ban on holding
property
Schooling: ceased opposing secular schooling
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
44/55
Conciliation of Church
pragmatic and regionally specific: Diaz turned a blind eye to non-application of anti-clerical ReformLaws in more Catholic areas ...see Karl Schmitt, TheDaz Conciliation Policy
New Pope : Leo XIII 1878, Rerum Novarum OfCapital and Labour encyclical of 1883: urgedChurch to compete with secular movements inSocial Action.
RC Church in Mexico regrouped: founded newdioceses (Hueyapan, Chilapa, Colima, etc), religiousorders, limited processions and clerical garb were
permitted..
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
45/55
Diaz remarries December 1883: Diaz married 19 yr old Carmen Romero
Rubio (daughter of Finance Minister Manuel Romero Rubio) celebrated in Mexico City Cathedral by A/B Pelagio Labastida honeymoon in the US
Brian Hamnett comments on symbolic and practicalimportance of this act in laying the foundation of thelongevity of the regime.
Until 1883 Diaz had been identified as a Freemason, an anti-clerical, a radical, a mestizo and an anti-American.
This marriage brought Diaz into the Mexico City social and political elite and closer to the Church.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
46/55
Carmen Romero Rubio
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
47/55
Civilising Diaz....
Dona Carmen is given credit for tutoring herhusband in the etiquette of politesociety...giving greater formality to his dress,speech and table manners...discouraging hishabits of shouting and spitting on the floor
(Garner, p.102)
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
48/55
Continued areas of tension
Protestantism: Diaz courts Protestant sects as counterbalance to
RC Church Swiss historian Jean Pierre Bastian estimates that
in 1892 there were 469 Protestant congregationswith 100,000 members, especially railroad andtextile workers, school teachers and rancheros
Protestants become focus of opposition after1900 criticising Diazs conciliation of RC Churchand the regimes trampling on individual rights
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
49/55
Military Demobilisation of National Guard in 1876 NG: 70,000, outnumbering regular army 3/1 ending of National Guard cacicazgos such as Lucas
in the Sierra de Puebla by 1880s
Professionalisation of regular army : Colegio Militar f.1841, reopened 1869, 1880s began in earnest under Gen Sostenes Rocha
(who had crushed Diaz Revolt of La Noria in 1871 !)Prussian influence
Education, training promotion by merit
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
50/55
Military Reduction in number of officers (by 70%) and troops (by
25%) in service
Demilitarisation of politics: In 1889, 8 states governed by civilians, 21 by Generals
By 1903, only 8 states still governed by Generals
Result: end to the age of pronunciamiento (military backedrevolution of the 1821-1876 period) and Diaz seemingly
firmly in control Yet vulnerability in 1910 to peoples uprising
G bi B d d P iti i
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
51/55
Gabino Barreda and Positivism
Influence of Gabino Barreda, teacher at National PreparatorySchool in 1860s, introduced Auguste Comtes ideas ofscientific politics to a new generation (known by 1890s asLos Cientificos) (See Charles Hale, The Transformation of
Liberalism explores Justo Sierra & La Libertad group) Duty of 19th C statesmen to pursue scientifically informed
politics rather than 18th C metaphysical formula such asLiberty, Fraternity , Popular Sovereignty, Equality.
Aim of government instead should be Order and Progress, pursued by scientifically an educated elite.
h ll d l
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
52/55
Chapelle de l'Humanite in RuePayenne, Paris
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
53/55
Gabino Barreda and Positivism
Societies passed through three phases: Religious,Metaphysical and Scientific.
In a speech in Guanajuato in 1867 Barreda arguedthat Liberals had emancipated Mexico from the
colonial order and freed Mexico from religion(passing from religious to metaphysical stage).Mexico ready now for Scientific stage.
Appealed to younger intellectuals: 1878 founding ofLa Libertad (Justo and Santiago Sierra, TelesforoGarcia and Francisco Cosmes) argued for a scientificand pragmatic approach to politics...the new erarequired a strong president, a centralised state andeconomic growth rather than individual liberties.
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
54/55
Positivism
Francisco Cosmes, La Libertad 4 September 1878:Rights ! Society now rejects them. What it wantsis bread.....a little less of rights in exchange for alittle more of security, order, and peace. We havealready enacted innumerable rights, whichproduce only distress and malaise in society. Nowlet us try a little tyranny, but honourable tyranny,and see what results it brings
Charles Hale, The Transformation of Liberalsim ,p.34
8/13/2019 The Peace of Don Porfirio 2011
55/55
Next week
Economic and Social changes
We pick up political story again in Week 10