The Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History

Martin S. Shanguhyia · Toyin Falola Editors

The Palgrave Handbook

of African Colonial and Postcolonial

History

EditorsMartin S. ShanguhyiaHistory Department, Maxwell School of

Citizenship and Public AffairsSyracuse UniversitySyracuse, NY, USA

Toyin FalolaUniversity of Texas at AustinAustin, TX, USA

ISBN 978-1-137-59425-9 ISBN 978-1-137-59426-6 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59426-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950403

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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v

Acknowledgements

This book is the result of unlimited effort from various individuals and insti-tutions. The topics and themes came from an enriching brainstorming and back-and-forth communication and conversation between Toyin Falola and Martin Shanguhyia. Most important, we are grateful to the contributors to this volume who were willing to share some perspectives on how certain top-ics have been essential to the development of modern African history. They spent their invaluable time making endless revisions to their chapters under time constraints. Our constant communications and conversations were more rewarding than an inconvenience to all involved. We would also like to thank Amy Katherine Burnette, then a Dissertation Fellow at the Humanities Center at Syracuse University, and Thomas Jefferson West III, a doctoral can-didate in the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, Syracuse University, for the endless hours they spend editing the chapters. Special thanks also to the History Department at Syracuse University for subsidizing funds for editorial services. We also wish to acknowledge Jamie DeAngelo for her expertise in producing the maps.

vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Map 1 Africa on the eve of European scramble and partition, circa 1880

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

Map 2 Colonial Africa, circa 1914

viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Map 3 Modern Africa: Countries that have experienced military rule

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix

Map 4 Modern Africa: Countries that have experienced political conflict

xi

contents

1 Introduction 1Martin S. Shanguhyia and Toyin Falola

Part I Colonial Africa

2 Colonialism and the African Environment 43Martin S. Shanguhyia

3 Colonial Administrations and the Africans 81Toyin Falola and Chukwuemeka Agbo

4 Slavery in the Colonial State and After 103Paul E. Lovejoy

5 Africans and the Colonial Economy 123Moses E. Ochonu

6 African Women in Colonial Economies 145Judith A. Byfield

7 Colonialism and African Womanhood 171Gloria Chuku

8 Administration, Economy, and Society in the Portuguese African Empire (1900–1975) 213Philip J. Havik

xii CONTENTS

9 Christian Evangelization and Its Legacy 239Andrew E. Barnes

10 Colonial Education 281Kelly Duke Bryant

11 Health and Medicine in Colonial Society 303Matthew M. Heaton

12 African Colonial Urban Experience 319Uyilawa Usuanlele and Oluwatoyin B. Oduntan

13 Africa and the First World War 339Meshack Owino

14 Africa and the Second World War 355Meshack Owino

15 Colonialism and African Migrations 373Kwabena O. Akurang-Parry and Isaac Indome

16 Colonialism and African Childhood 389Temilola Alanamu, Benedict Carton and Benjamin N. Lawrance

17 Literature in Colonial Africa 413Tanure Ojaide

18 Art, African Identities, and Colonialism 429Sylvester Okwunodu Ogbechie

19 Intensification and Attenuation: Colonial Influences on an African Culture 451Augustine Agwuele

20 Youth and Popular Culture in Colonial Africa 479Jamaine M. Abidogun

21 The Horn of Africa and the Black Anticolonial Imaginary (1896–1915) 507Fikru Negash Gebrekidan

22 Colonial Africa and the West 535Enocent Msindo

CONTENTS xiii

23 International Law, Colonialism, and the African 551Ibrahim J. Gassama

24 Colonialism and Development in Africa 569Ruth Rempel

25 Nationalism and African Intellectuals 621Toyin Falola and Chukwuemeka Agbo

26 Decolonization Histories 643Robert M. Maxon

Part II Postcolonial Africa

27 Africa and the Cold War 661Kenneth Kalu

28 African Politics Since Independence 681Ademola Araoye

29 Secession and Separatism in Modern Africa 729Charles G. Thomas

30 Postcolonial Africa and the West 759Enocent Msindo

31 The USA and Africa 785Adebayo Oyebade

32 Franco-African Relations: Still Exceptional? 801Tony Chafer

33 Algeria and France: Beyond the Franco-Algerian Lens 821Natalya Vince

34 China and Africa 839Joshua Eisenman and David H. Shinn

35 Africa and Global Financial Institutions 855John Mukum Mbaku

xiv CONTENTS

36 Development History and Postcolonial African Experience 881Ruth Rempel

37 African Diasporas and Postcolonial Africa 927Kwasi Konadu

38 Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa 951Marloes Janson

39 The Unfinished Business of Postcolonialism: Theological Perspectives 979Elias Kifon Bongmba

40 South Africa: Apartheid and Post-Apartheid 1005Nancy L. Clark

41 The Pan-African Experience: From the Organization of African Unity to the African Union 1031Horace G. Campbell

42 Africa and Human Rights 1089Edward Kissi

43 Education in Postcolonial Africa 1109Peter Otiato Ojiambo

44 African Women and the Postcolonial State 1137Alicia C. Decker

45 Young People and Public Space in Africa: Past and Present 1155Mamadou Diouf

46 Colonialism and African Sexualities 1175Xavier Livermon

47 Culture, Artifacts, and Independent Africa: The Cultural Politics of Museums and Heritage 1193Sarah Van Beurden

48 Building the African Novel on Quick sand: Politics of Language, Identity, and Ownership 1213Mukoma Wa Ngugi

CONTENTS xv

49 Music and Postcolonial Africa 1231Eric Charry

50 Sports and Politics in Postcolonial Africa 1263Hikabwa D. Chipande and Davies Banda

51 Media, Society, and the Postcolonial State 1285Sharon Adetutu Omotoso

52 Between Diaspora and Homeland: The Study of Africa and the African Diaspora in the USA 1305Michael O. West

Index 1323

xvii

editors And contributors

About the Editors

Martin S. Shanguhyia, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor of African History at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, New York. He received his Ph.D. in African history at West Virginia University, Morgantown. He is the author of Population, Tradition and Environmental Control in Colonial Kenya, 1920–1963 (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, December 2015). His work has also been published in the International Journal of African Historical Studies as well as the Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History and in several chapters in edited books on themes reflecting the intersection between colonialism, environment, agrarian change, conservation, land, and conflict. His current research focuses on the political economy of state–community and intercom-munity relations across Kenya’s borderlands with Uganda, South Sudan, and Ethiopia during the colonial period.

Toyin Falola, Ph.D. is the Frances and Sanger Mossiker Chair in the Humanities and University Distinguished Teaching Professor, University of Texas at Austin. He has received various awards and honors, including seven honorary doctorates. He is the author and editor of over 150 books.

ContributorsJamaine M. Abidogun, is Professor in history, Missouri State University, holds a Ph.D. in curriculum and instruction in secondary education, minor in African and African-American studies, from the University of Kansas. She is a two-time Fulbright Scholar recipient for her work ‘Gender Perspectives in Nigeria Secondary Education: A Case Study in Nsukka’ (2004–2005) and ‘Strengthening Gender Research to Improve Girls’ and

xviii EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Women’s Education in Nigeria’ (2013–2014). Her co-edited works with Toyin Falola include Education, Creativity and Economic Empowerment in Africa (2014) and Issues in African Political Economies (2016). Her pub-lications include several chapters and articles in African and Education Studies. She is the editor-in-chief of the African Journal of Teacher Education (AJOTE), University of Guelph, Ontario and a member of the Fulbright Academy and the Mid-America Alliance for African Studies (MAAAS).

Augustine Agwuele, is an Associate Professor of linguistics in the Department of Anthropology, Texas State University. As an interdisciplinary scholar, he combines the conceptual rigors of theoretical linguistics with eth-nographically grounded scholarship in socio-cultural anthropology. With this he studies language, culture, and society, addressing common and habitual practices involved in encoding, transmitting, and decoding messages. He studies closely Yoruba people of Nigeria.

Chukwuemeka Agbo is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of History, University of Texas at Austin. He is also affiliated to the Department of History and Strategic Studies at the Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo (FUNAI), Nigeria. His research focuses on the labor history of Southeastern Nigeria in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Kwabena O. Akurang-Parry, is a Full Sabbatical Professor of Africana stud-ies and world history at the University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. He received his Ph.D. in African history and comparative slavery as well as a Post-Graduate diploma in refugee and migration Studies at York University, Toronto, Canada. Professor Akurang-Parry has authored over 50 peer-reviewed articles in major journals, including Slavery and Abolition, History in Africa, African Economic History, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, The International Journal of Regional and Local Studies, Left History, Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, African Identities, and International Working-Class and Labor History. He is the co-editor of African Agency and European Colonialism: Latitudes of Negotiation and Containment (2007). He has held teaching and research positions at: Tulane University, New Orleans, USA; York University, Toronto, Canada; Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania, USA; and the University of Cape Coast, Ghana.

Temilola Alanamu, is a Leverhulme Early Career Fellow at the University of Kent. Her current research focuses on the intersection of gender and the life cycle in Southern Nigeria and encompasses the social experiences of the sexes from birth until death. She has published articles and book reviews in Africa, Gender and History and Church History and Religious Culture amongst others. She also has other forthcoming projects in Oxford Bibliographies, Journal of World History and The Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. She is currently co-editing the Encyclopaedia of African Religions Beliefs and Practices through History with Douglas Thomas.

EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xix

Ademola Araoye, has practiced political analysis, with particular focus on conflict, mediation, and post-conflict reconstruction for over three dec-ades. A former Nigerian diplomat, he was head of the Political, Policy Planning Section of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), and later head of the Peace Consolidation Service of the mission. He is author of Cote d’Ivoire: The Conundrum of a Still Wretched of the Earth and Sources of Conflict in the Post-Colonial Africa State. He taught part time at the Ibrahim Babaginda Graduate School of the University of Liberia.

Andrew E. Barnes, teaches history at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona. He studies the history of Christianity in Africa and Europe. The primary focus of his present research is Christian missions and their interac-tions with African Christians during the era of European colonialism. He is the author of Making Headway: The Introduction of Western Civilization in Colonial Northern Nigeria (2009). His new book, Industrial Education and the Christian Black Atlantic, is forthcoming from Baylor University Press.

Davies Banda, is an active researcher in the field of sport and international development and is Deputy Director of the Unit for Child and Youth Studies at York St. John University, UK. His research covers sport-for-development, corporate social responsibility, national sports policies, and social inclusion interventions. He has been engaged as a consultant for the Commonwealth Secretariat, Euroleague Basketball, UK Sport, Laureus Sports for Good Foundation and some charities in Zambia and the United Kingdom.

Judith A. Byfield, is an Associate Professor in the History Department, Cornell University. She is the co-editor of Africa and World War II (Cambridge University Press, 2015) and author of The Bluest Hands: A Social and Economic History of Women Indigo Dyers in Western Nigeria, 1890–1940 (Heinemann, 2002). A former President of the African Studies Association (2010–2011), Byfield has received numerous fellowships including the NEH and Fulbright.

Kelly Duke Bryant, is an Associate Professor of History at Rowan University (New Jersey), where she teaches African history. Her research focuses on colonial education, children and youth, and political change in Senegal. This research has generated several articles and a book, Education as Politics: Colonial Schooling and Political Debate in Senegal, 1850s–1914 (2015).

Elias Kifon Bongmba, holds the Harry and Hazle Chavanne Chair in Christian theology and is Professor of religion at Rice University, Houston, Texas. His areas of specialization include African religions, theology, and phi-losophy. His book The Dialectics of Transformation in Africa won the Franz Fanon Prize. He has published widely on religion, theology, and is complet-ing a monograph on same-sex relations in Africa.

xx EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Nancy L. Clark, is an historian with over 25 years’ experience of teaching and research in South African history. She serves as the Jane DeGrummond Professor of history at Louisiana State University where she also served as Dean of the Honors College for over 10 years. Her areas of research have focused on twentieth-century South African history, with special emphasis on the apartheid era. She has published extensively on the impact of seg-regation and apartheid on the labor force, and most recently published the third edition of The Rise and Fall of Apartheid, co-authored with William Worger.

Horace G. Campbell, holds a joint Professorship in the Department of African American Studies and Department of Political Science, Maxwell School-Syracuse University. He has recently published Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa in the Forging of African Unity (2013) and Barack Obama and twenty-first Century Politics: A Revolutionary Moment in the USA (2010). He is also the author of Reclaiming Zimbabwe: The Exhaustion of the Patriarchal Model of Liberation (2003), and Pan Africanism, Pan Africanists and African Liberation in the twenty-first Century (2006). His most famous book, Rasta and Resistance: from Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney (first published in 1985) is going through its eighth printing. He co-edited (Howard Stein) Tanzania and the IMF: The Dynamics of Liberalization (1992). He has published more than 60 journal articles and a dozen monographs as well as chapters in edited books. He was the Kwame Nkrumah Chair of African Studies at the Institute of African Studies, University of Legon, Ghana during 2016–2017.

Benedict Carton, is Robert T. Hawkes Professor of History and Africa Coordinator of African and African American Studies at George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia. He is the author of Blood from Your Children: The Colonial Origins of Generational Conflict in South Africa (University of Virginia Press, 2000) and co-editor of Zulu Identities: Being Zulu Past and Present (2008).

Tony Chafer, is a historian specializing in Francophone Africa and French relations with Africa in the late colonial and postcolonial era. He is Director of the Centre for European and International Studies Research at the University of Portsmouth (UK). Recently he has published widely on French military policy in Africa and is currently working on a new edi-tion of his book The End of Empire in French West Africa: France’s Successful Decolonization?

Eric Charry, is a Professor of Music at Wesleyan University. He has pub-lished extensively on music in Africa, including dictionary and encyclope-dia entries as well as the books Mande Music (2000) and Hip Hop Africa (2012).

EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xxi

Hikabwa D. Chipande, is a social historian of twentieth-century Africa. His research work focuses on the relationship between popular culture and poli-tics, particularly football (soccer) and sport. He earned his Ph.D. in African history from Michigan State University in 2015 and is currently teaching at the University of Zambia in Lusaka.

Gloria Chuku, is a historian with over 25 years of teaching and research experience. She is Professor and Chair of Africana Studies, and Affiliate Professor of Gender and Women’s Studies, and the Language, Literacy and Culture Ph.D. Program at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA. Her work centers on Nigerian history with particular focus on gender, entrepreneurship, nationalism, ethnonationalisms and conflicts, and Igbo intellectual history. She has published extensively in these areas, including: a monograph, Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960 (2005); two edited volumes, The Igbo Intellectual Tradition: Creative Conflict in African and African Diasporic Thought (2013) and Ethnicities, Nationalities, and Cross-Cultural Representations in Africa and the Diaspora (2015). She has also publsihed over 50 scholarly arti-cles.

Alicia C. Decker is an Associate Professor of women’s, gender, and sexu-ality studies and African studies at the Pennsylvania State University, where she also co-directs the African Feminist Initiative. Her research and teaching interests include gender and militarism, African women’s history, and global feminisms. She is the author of In Idi Amin’s Shadow: Women, Gender, and Militarism in Uganda (Ohio University Press, 2014), and co-author with Andrea Arrington of Africanizing Democracies: 1980 to Present (Oxford University Press, 2014).

Mamadou Diouf, is an historian, and has taught at the Université Cheikh Anata Diop in Dakar (Senegal), and directed the Research and Documentation Department of the Council for the Development of Social Sciences Research. He was the Charles Moody Jr. Professor of History and African and African American Studies at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He is currently the Leitner Family Professor of African studies and his-tory at Columbia University in the City of New York, and a Visiting Professor at Sciences PIO, Paris (France). His research interests have focused on African intellectual and urban histories and youth cultures. His more recent publications include the co-edited book Tolerance, Democracy and the Sufis in Senegal, (2014), and co-edited volumes The Arts of Citizenship in Africa. Spaces of Belonging (with R. Fredericks), 2015); Les arts de la citoyenneté au Sénégal. Espaces Contestés et Civilités Urbaines (with F. Fredericks, 2013); Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic: Rituals and Remembrances, (with I. Nwankwo, 2010) and New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal: Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power and Femininity (with Mara Leichtman, 2009).

xxii EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Joshua Eisenman, is Assistant Professor at the University of Texas at Austin’s LBJ School of Public Affairs and senior fellow for China studies at the American Foreign Policy Council in Washington, DC. His second book, China and Africa: A Century of Engagement, co-authored with former US Ambassador to Ethiopia David H. Shinn, was named one of the top three books on Africa in 2012 by Foreign Affairs magazine. In 2007, he co-edited China and the Developing World: Beijing’s Strategy for the twenty-first Century, and wrote the book’s chapter on China–Africa relations.

Ibrahim J. Gassama, is the Frank Nash Professor of law at the University of Oregon. His research interests include international humanitarian, human rights, and economic law. His recent international law articles have appeared in the international law journals of Brooklyn (2012), Fordham (2013), Washington (2013), and Wisconsin (2014) Universities. Prior to becoming a law professor, he worked for TransAfrica, the African-American lobby for Africa.

Fikru Negash Gebrekidan, is an Associate Professor of History at St Thomas University in Fredericton, Canada. He regularly teaches courses on African history, world history, and the history of genocide. His major publica-tions have appeared in Northeast African Studies, the International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, the Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Callaloo, and the African Studies Review. He is the author of Bond without Blood: A History of Ethiopian and New World Black Relations, 1896–1991 (2005).

Philip J. Havik, is senior researcher at the Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical of the Universidade Nova in Lisbon (IHMT/UNL) where he also teaches the history of medicine. His multidisciplinary research centers upon the study of public health and tropical medicine, state formation and governance, cultural brokerage and entrepreneurship in West Africa, with special emphasis on Lusophone countries, including Guinea Bissau. His most recent publications include (with co-authors Alexander Keese and Maciel Santos) Administration and Taxation in the former Portuguese Empire, 1900–1945 (2015).

Matthew M. Heaton, is an Associate Professor in the Department of History at Virginia Tech. His research interests are in the history of health and illness, migration, and globalization in Africa with particular emphasis on Nigeria. He is the author of Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry and co-author of A History of Nigeria.

Isaac Indome is an M.Phil. History student at the Department of History, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. He obtained his B.A. (Hons) degree in history from the University of Cape Coast in June 2015 and taught in the same department during the 2015/2016 academic year. His research interests are in migration in colonial Africa, specifically focusing on health and migration in colonial Ghana.

EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

Marloes Janson, is Reader in West African anthropology at SOAS, University of London. Her areas of ethnographic interest include religious reform (both Muslim and Christian), oral history, gender, and youth in the Gambia and Nigeria. She has published extensively in these areas, most recently Islam, Youth, and Modernity in the Gambia: The Tablighi Jamaʻat (Cambridge University Press/International African Institute, 2014). She is the book reviews editor of the Journal of Religion in Africa.

Kenneth Kalu, received his Ph.D. from the School of Public Policy and Administration, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. He is currently an Assistant Professor at Ted Rogers School of Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada. His research interests revolve around Africa’s political economy; with special focus on the nature, evolution, and interac-tions of economic and political institutions; the political economy of foreign development assistance; and the history of foreign direct investment in Africa. His essays have appeared in several edited volumes, and his article on state–society relations in Africa is forthcoming in Development Policy Review. His forthcoming book is on development assistance and the future of Africa. He has held several senior positions in the public and private sectors in Nigeria and Canada.

Edward Kissi, is Associate Professor in the Department of Africana Studies at the University of South Florida. He studies the economic and diplomatic history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, and the comparative history of genocide and human rights, and has published extensively on these subjects. He is the author of ‘Obligation to Prevent (02P): Proposal for a Community Approach to Genocide-prevention in Africa’ to be published in African Security Review, in September 2016.

Kwasi Konadu, is Professor of history at The City University of New York. Among other books, he is the author of The Akan Diaspora in the Americas (2010), Transatlantic Africa, 1440–1880 (2014), and co-editor of The Ghana Reader: History, Culture, Politics (2016). He is also the founding director of the non-profit educational publisher Diasporic Africa Press, Inc.

Benjamin N. Lawrance, is Professor of African History at the University of Arizona, and also the Editor-in-Chief of African Studies Review. His research interests include comparative and contemporary slavery, human traffick-ing, cuisine and globalization, human rights, refugee issues and asylum poli-cies. Among his books are Amistad’s Orphans: An Atlantic Story of Children, Slavery, and Smuggling (2014), and Adjudicating Refugee and Asylum Status: The Role of Witness, Expertise, and Testimony (2015), with Galya Ruffer; and, Trafficking in Slavery’s Wake: Law and the Experience of Women and Children in Africa (2012), with Richard L. Roberts.

Xavier Livermon, is an Assistant Professor of African and African dias-pora studies at the University of Texas at Austin. He has published widely

xxiv EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

in the fields of African popular culture and African queer studies. His forth-coming book Kwaito Futurity discusses the rise of post-apartheid South African popular culture and its articulation with contemporary politics of race, gender, and sexuality.

Paul E. Lovejoy, is Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of History, York University, Toronto, and holds the Canada Research Chair in African Diaspora History. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and was the founding director of the Harriet Tubman Institute for Research on the Global Migrations of African Peoples. His recent publications include The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Slavery: New Directions in Teaching and Learning (2013), co-edited with Benjamin Bowser, and Jihád in West Africa During the Age of Revolutions (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2016). He has been awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of the University, by the University of Stirling in 2007, the Distinguished Africanist Award by the University of Texas at Austin in 2010, a Life Time Achievement Award from the Canadian Association of African Studies in 2011, and Faculty of Graduate Studies Teaching Award at York University in 2011. He is General Editor of the Harriet Tubman Series on the African Diaspora, Africa World Press.

Robert M. Maxon, is an historian with more than 45 years of teach-ing, research and supervision of students at West Virginia University and Moi University. His research interests include East African history, Kenyan political and economic history, the economic history of western Kenya, and Kenya’s constitutional history. He has published in these areas, most recently Kenya’s Independence Constitution: Constitution-Making and End of Empire (2011), Britain and Kenya’s Constitutions 1950–1960 (2011), and Historical Dictionary of Kenya (3rd edn, 2014).

John Mukum Mbaku, is an economist, lawyer, and legal scholar with more than 30 years of teaching and research experience. He is currently Brady Presidential Distinguished Professor of economics and John S. Hinckley Fellow at Weber State University (Utah, USA), a Nonresident Senior Fellow at The Brookings Institution (Washington, DC), and an Attorney and Counselor at law (licensed in Utah). His research interests are in constitu-tional political economy and governance in Africa. He has published exten-sively in these areas, most recently, Governing the Nile River Basin: The Search for a New Legal Regime (2015), with Mwangi S. Kimenyi.

Enocent Msindo, is Associate Professor of History at Rhodes University, South Africa. He has published widely on Africa’s social and political history. He is the author of Ethnicity in Zimbabwe: Transformations in Kalanga and Ndebele Societies (2012) and is currently completing a monograph on the state, information policy and propaganda in Zimbabwe from 1890 to the pre-sent.

EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xxv

Mukoma Wa Ngugi, is an Assistant Professor of English at Cornell University and the author of the novels Mrs. Shaw (2015), Black Star Nairobi (2013), Nairobi Heat (2011), and a book of poetry, Hurling Words at Consciousness (2006). Logotherapy (poetry) is forthcoming. He is the co-founder of the Mabati–Cornell Kiswahili Prize for African Literature and co-director of the Global South Project—Cornell. The goal of GSP is to facilitate public conversations among writers and scholars from Africa, Latin America, and Asia as well as minority groups in the West. In 2013, New African magazine named him one of the 100 most Influential Africans. In 2015 he was a juror for the Writivism Short Story Prize and the Neustadt International Prize for Literature.

Oluwatoyin B. Oduntan, is an Assistant Professor of History at Towson University in Maryland where he teaches courses in world, African and intel-lectual histories, and historical methods. He focuses his research on elite for-mation, cultural identity, and modernity in Africa.

Moses E. Ochonu, is Professor of African History at Vanderbilt University. He holds a Ph.D. in African history from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and Graduate Certificate in conflict management from Lipscomb University, Nashville. He is the author of three books: Africa in Fragments: Essays on Nigeria, Africa, and Global Africanity (New York: Diasporic Africa Press, 2014); Colonialism by Proxy: Hausa Imperial Agents and Middle Belt Consciousness in Nigeria (Indiana University Press, 2014), which was named finalist for the Herskovits Prize; and Colonial Meltdown: Northern Nigeria in the Great Depression (Ohio University Press, 2009). Ochonu’s articles have been published as book chapters and in several scholarly journals. He is cur-rently working on a book project dealing with a unique form of colonial patronage which saw British colonial authorities sponsor Northern Nigerian emirs and other Muslim aristocrats to London and other metropolitan des-tinations for sightseeing adventures. Ochonu is two-time recipient of the research fellowship of the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS). He has also received research grants and fellowships from the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), and the British Library.

Sharon Adetutu Omotoso, is a Philosopher (Applied Ethicist) with years of teaching, research and supervision of students, formerly at Lead City University and currently at the Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan. Her areas of research interest include Applied Ethics, Political Communications, Media & Gender studies, Philosophy of Education, Socio-Political Philosophy, and African Philosophy. She has published significantly in these areas, most recently, a co-edited book: Political Communication in Africa (Cham: Springer Publishers, 2017).

xxvi EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Tanure Ojaide, is a writer and scholar, currently The Frank Porter Graham Professor of Africana studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He has won major awards for his poetry and scholarly works.

Peter Otiato Ojiambo, is an Associate Professor in the Department of African and African-American Studies at the University of Kansas with several years of teaching, research and student supervision experience. His areas of research include: African-centered educational biographies, comparative and international education, educational leadership and non-western educational thoughts. He has written and published extensively on these areas. His recent publication is entitled “Perspectives on Empowering Education”, 2014.

Meshack Owino, is an Associate Professor of History at Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio. He earned his B.Ed and M.A at Kenyatta University, Kenya, and an M.A. and Ph.D.. at Rice University, Houston, Texas. Owino’s areas of academic interests include the social experience of African soldiers in pre-colonial and colonial wars; and the nature and per-mutation of the modern African state. Owino has taught African History at several universities, including Egerton University, Kenya and Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania. He has served as a Visiting Professor of African history at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, and as an Adjunct Professor at Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas.

Adebayo Oyebade, is Professor of history and Chair of the History Department at Tennessee State University at Nashville. He has authored numerous journal articles and book chapters on African and African diaspo-ran history. He is the author, editor, and co-editor of nine books including United States’ Foreign Policy in Africa in the twenty-first Century: Issues and Perspectives (2014).

Sylvester Okwunodu Ogbechie, is Professor of art history and visual cul-tures of global Africa at the University of California Santa Barbara. He received his Ph.D. at Northwestern University and is the author of Ben Enwonwu: The Making of an African Modernist (2008) which was awarded the 2009 Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association for best schol-arly publication in African studies. He has also authored Making History: The Femi Akinsanya African Art Collection (2011), and is editor of Artists of Nigeria (2012). Ogbechie is also the founder and editor of Critical Interventions: Journal of African Art History and Visual Culture. He is cur-rently a Smithsonian Institution Senior Fellow at the National Museum of African Art.

Ruth Rempel, is a historian in the international development studies pro-gram at Canadian Mennonite University. Her research and teaching inter-ests include global and African development history, structural adjustment in Africa, narratives of African development since 1990, and development

EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xxvii

theory. She has written on these and other topics, and has a forthcoming book on African development history from 1970 to 2010.

David H. Shinn, has been teaching as an Adjunct Professor in the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University since 2001. He previously served for 37 years in the US Foreign Service with assignments at embassies in Lebanon, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritania, Cameroon, Sudan, and as ambassador to Ethiopia and Burkina Faso. Shinn, who has a Ph.D. from George Washington University, is the co-author of China and Africa: A Century of Engagement and the Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia, and the author of Hizmet in Africa: The Activities and Significance of the Gülen Movement. Shinn has authored numerous journal articles and book chapters on China–Africa issues. He blogs at http://davidshinn.blogspot.com.

Charles G. Thomas, is an Associate Professor of comparative military stud-ies at the Air Command and Staff College. He is the co-editor of Securing Africa: Local Crises and Foreign Interventions (2013) and the Managing Editor of the Journal of African Military History (Brill Academic Press).

Uyilawa Usuanlele, studied in Nigeria, Sweden, and Canada and majored in African History, Peace, and Conflict Studies. He worked as a researcher with the National Council for Arts and Culture, Nigeria. He was a founding mem-ber/Coordinator of Institute for Benin Studies, Benin City, Nigeria. He has contributed articles and chapters to journals and books. He currently teaches African history, as well as peace and conflict Studies at State University of New York (SUNY) Oswego, New York, USA.

Sarah Van Beurden, is an Associate Professor of African studies at the Ohio State University. She received her Ph.D. from University of Pennsylvania, and is the author of Authentically African: Arts and the Transnational Politics of Congolese Culture (2015). She has also written several articles and chapters on the colonial and postcolonial history of Congo/Zaire, and cultural heritage and museum politics.

Natalya Vince, is a Lecturer in North African and French Studies at the University of Portsmouth. Her subject area is modern Algerian and French history, and her research interests include oral history, gender studies, and state and nation building in Algeria and France, and more broadly in Europe and Africa. Her monograph Our Fighting Sisters: Nation, Memory and Gender in Algeria, 1954–2012 was published in 2015.

Michael O. West, is Professor of Sociology, Africana Studies and History at Binghamton University. He has published broadly in the fields of African studies, African diaspora studies, African-American studies, Pan-Africanism, history, and historical sociology. His current research centers on the Black Power movement in global perspectives.

xxix

list of figures

Map 1 Africa on the eve of European scramble and partition, circa 1880 viMap 2 Colonial Africa, circa 1914 viiMap 3 Modern Africa: Countries that have experienced military rule viiiMap 4 Modern Africa: Countries that have experienced political conflict ixFig. 8.1 Total Revenue (c.1949–1972) 224Fig. 16.1 Staged stick fight, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (c.1900) 396Fig. 16.2 Xhosa women practice their martial arts, Eastern Cape,

South Africa (1981) 397Fig. 16.3 Madam and children: Young Zulu servant in his kitchen suit,

Natal, South Africa (c.1900) 404Fig. 18.1 Olowe of Ise, Palace Door. Wood and pigment, 20th Century

(copyright Femi Akinsanya African Art Collection) 434Fig. 19.1 Masqueraders’ family house in Aperin, Ibadan 462

xxxi

list of tAbles

Table 8.1 Population of Portugal’s former African colonies (1926–1970) 222Table 22.1 Tax revenues in 1934 541Table 36.1 Trends in social development 889