The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire and the Westand the West

19th century19th century

The ‘sick man’ of EuropeThe ‘sick man’ of Europe

Facing a world changed by industrialization the Facing a world changed by industrialization the once ‘strong sword of Islam’ began to fadeonce ‘strong sword of Islam’ began to fade

1.1. French invasion of Egypt= 1798 and French invasion of Egypt= 1798 and defacto independence lead to:defacto independence lead to:

2. Various European powers chipping off territory 2. Various European powers chipping off territory (to Russia/France/Britain/Austria)(to Russia/France/Britain/Austria)

3. They were unable to help defend Muslim 3. They were unable to help defend Muslim communities elsewhere that were being communities elsewhere that were being challenged by Christian states (Indonesia to challenged by Christian states (Indonesia to West Africa)West Africa)

Economic issuesEconomic issues

European shipping in Atlantic/Indian/Pacific European shipping in Atlantic/Indian/Pacific Oceans decreased the flow of trade in Ottoman Oceans decreased the flow of trade in Ottoman trade Routes (ex. Persian Gulf)trade Routes (ex. Persian Gulf)

Found it difficult to compete with cheaper Found it difficult to compete with cheaper manufactured imports from industrialized manufactured imports from industrialized countriescountries

These factors hurt the tax base and led to govt These factors hurt the tax base and led to govt taking loans they could not repaytaking loans they could not repay

Foreigners stepped in and took over sections of Foreigners stepped in and took over sections of the economythe economy

British seized Egypt’s wealth in 1882British seized Egypt’s wealth in 1882

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Political TroublesPolitical Troubles

Sultan Selim III began to use Western Sultan Selim III began to use Western military advisorsmilitary advisors

Military and religious leaders argued Military and religious leaders argued against this European intrusionagainst this European intrusion

1807 the sultan was overthrown and 1807 the sultan was overthrown and murderedmurdered

Tanzimat EraTanzimat Era18391839

Widespread reformWidespread reform Religious tolerance/legal equality for allReligious tolerance/legal equality for all Some Promotion of Christians to high Some Promotion of Christians to high

office office Law codes/court systems from EuropeLaw codes/court systems from Europe Technological infrastructure buildingTechnological infrastructure building Greater access to public life for womenGreater access to public life for women

Young Ottomans/Islamic Young Ottomans/Islamic ModernismModernism

Favored more democratic style rule with a Favored more democratic style rule with a constitution in order to save Islamic society from constitution in order to save Islamic society from European threatsEuropean threats

Embraced Western technology/scienceEmbraced Western technology/science Rejected western materialismRejected western materialism 1876--brief victory as the new sultan accepted 1876--brief victory as the new sultan accepted

an elected parliament and constitutionan elected parliament and constitution Pressure from Russia however lead to a return Pressure from Russia however lead to a return

to despotic rule (~30 yrs)to despotic rule (~30 yrs)

Young Turks/Secular Young Turks/Secular moderninsmmoderninsm

Frustrated by the new despotism military and civilian Frustrated by the new despotism military and civilian elites formed a new movementelites formed a new movement

Young TurksYoung Turks Secular modernizersSecular modernizers Coup in 1908 --pushed empire towards European Coup in 1908 --pushed empire towards European

modernitymodernity Radical secularization of schools/courts/law codesRadical secularization of schools/courts/law codes Schools open for women--could wear Western dress Schools open for women--could wear Western dress

and polygamy restrictedand polygamy restricted (did antagonize non-Turks= Arabs/Armenians)(did antagonize non-Turks= Arabs/Armenians)**set the stage for Post-WWI Turkish republic**set the stage for Post-WWI Turkish republic