The Organization of Life Chapter 4. Ecosystems Ecosystem- all the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment. Ecosystems

The Organization of LifeThe Organization of Life

Chapter 4Chapter 4

EcosystemsEcosystems

Ecosystem- all the organisms living in an Ecosystem- all the organisms living in an area together with their physical area together with their physical environment.environment.

Ecosystems are connected.Ecosystems are connected.

“ “ When we try to pick out anything by itself, we When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the find it hitched to everything else in the universe.” – John Muiruniverse.” – John Muir



Components of the ecosystem-Components of the ecosystem-– Biotic- living or once living portion of an Biotic- living or once living portion of an

ecosystem.ecosystem.– Abiotic- nonliving portion of the ecosystem.Abiotic- nonliving portion of the ecosystem.

Ex.- Light, sand, rocks, air, waterEx.- Light, sand, rocks, air, water


EcosystemEcosystem

Components of an ecosystem-Components of an ecosystem-– Organisms- an individual living thing.Organisms- an individual living thing.– Species- a group of organisms that are closely Species- a group of organisms that are closely

related and that can mate to produce fertile related and that can mate to produce fertile offspring.offspring.

– Populations- all members of the same species Populations- all members of the same species that live in the same place.that live in the same place.

– Communities- a group of various species that Communities- a group of various species that live in the same place and interact.live in the same place and interact.



Habitat- the place an organism lives.Habitat- the place an organism lives.

Niche- the role an organism plays in an Niche- the role an organism plays in an ecosystem. What the organism does to ecosystem. What the organism does to survive and meet its needs.survive and meet its needs.


EvolutionEvolution

Evolution- genetic change over time.Evolution- genetic change over time.– Darwin proposed that an environment exerts a Darwin proposed that an environment exerts a

strong influence over which individuals survive strong influence over which individuals survive and reproduce.and reproduce.

– Natural selection- some individuals are more Natural selection- some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce because of likely to survive and reproduce because of certain characteristics they have.certain characteristics they have.

EvolutionEvolution

EvolutionEvolution

EvolutionEvolution

Adaptation-an inherited trait that increases Adaptation-an inherited trait that increases an organisms chance of survival and an organisms chance of survival and reproduction.reproduction.

Coevolution- the process of genetic change Coevolution- the process of genetic change due to long term interaction between two due to long term interaction between two organisms. organisms.

EvolutionEvolution

Artificial selection- Human controlled Artificial selection- Human controlled breeding of organisms for specific traits.breeding of organisms for specific traits.– WolvesWolves Dogs Dogs– Native grains Native grains Wheat Wheat

EvolutionEvolution

Evolution of ResistanceEvolution of Resistance– Resistance- the ability of one or more Resistance- the ability of one or more

organisms to tolerate a particular chemical organisms to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it.designed to kill it. Pesticide resistancePesticide resistance

Diversity of Living ThingsDiversity of Living Things

Learn this chart– p. 102 in your textbook.Learn this chart– p. 102 in your textbook.


BacteriaBacteria– Single celledSingle celled– ProkaryoticProkaryotic– 2 kinds2 kinds

Archaebacteria and EubacteriaArchaebacteria and Eubacteria

– Break down waste, recycle materials, help with Break down waste, recycle materials, help with digestion in more complex organisms, cause digestion in more complex organisms, cause illnessillness


FungiFungi– EukaryoteEukaryote– Have cell wall made of Have cell wall made of

chitinchitin– Extracellular digestionExtracellular digestion– Breakdown organic matter, Breakdown organic matter,

recycle materials, cause recycle materials, cause disease, food for humans disease, food for humans


ProtistProtist– EukaryoteEukaryote– Very Diverse groupVery Diverse group

Animal like- amoebaAnimal like- amoeba Plant like- kelpPlant like- kelp Fungus likeFungus like

– Some cause disease- Some cause disease- plasmodiumplasmodium = malaria = malaria– Plantlike protist (algae) make up the base of all Plantlike protist (algae) make up the base of all

aquatic food chains.aquatic food chains.


PlantsPlants– Multi-celled eukaryotesMulti-celled eukaryotes– Cells walls made of celluloseCells walls made of cellulose– PhotosynthesizePhotosynthesize– Most have vascular tissue- a system of tubes that carry Most have vascular tissue- a system of tubes that carry

water and nutrientswater and nutrients– Nonvascular plantsNonvascular plants

No vascular tissueNo vascular tissue Swimming sperm- require water for reproductionSwimming sperm- require water for reproduction Ex.- ferns and club mossesEx.- ferns and club mosses

Diversity of LifeDiversity of Life

Plants-con’tPlants-con’t– GymnospermsGymnosperms

Woody plants Woody plants Seeds are not covered by fruitsSeeds are not covered by fruits Produces pollen for reproduction- windProduces pollen for reproduction- wind Ex.- conifersEx.- conifers


PlantsPlants– AngiospermsAngiosperms

Flowering plantsFlowering plants Seeds protected by fruitSeeds protected by fruit Produces pollen for reproduction- wind, insects, Produces pollen for reproduction- wind, insects,

animalsanimals Most land plants are angiospermsMost land plants are angiosperms


AnimalsAnimals– EukaryoticEukaryotic– Heterotrophic- can not produce its own foodHeterotrophic- can not produce its own food– MobileMobile


InvertebratesInvertebrates– Lack backbonesLack backbones– Ex- coral, octopus, insectsEx- coral, octopus, insects

Diversity of lifeDiversity of life

VertebratesVertebrates– Have backboneHave backbone– Land and water dwellingLand and water dwelling– Warm blooded animals can survive cold Warm blooded animals can survive cold

climates (birds and mammals)climates (birds and mammals)

Documents

The Organization of Life Chapter 4. Ecosystems Ecosystem- all the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment. Ecosystems