The organic food system model - SusPlussusplus.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Johannes-Kahl-e-learning-Lecture... · 42(2): 261-269. Bradbury, K.E., et al. (2014). Organic food consumption

Johannes Kahl, KU Dr. rer.nat.habil. Johannes Kahl Email: [email protected]

The organic food system model

Outline of the lecture

01/10/2017 2

• The organic food system – values, statistics, consumers

• Outcomes of the organic food system – environment, food constitutents

• Organic food from quality and food culture prespectives – examples

• Summary

Johannes Kahl Email: [email protected]

Intended learning outcomes

01/10/2017 3


Knowledge: describe organic food system (OFS) know about impacts of OFS on sustainability and health Skills: think in processes and systems according to organic food and food production Competences: conceptual understanding and critical awareness of current status and lessons learned from the organic food system

The organic agro-food system: values

• Shared mission values The four principles of health, ecology, fairness and care • Shared operation values Transparency, integrity, trust

01/10/2017 4


Sustainable Diets definition and IFOAM principles

01/10/2017 5


Principle of health OA should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible

Principle of fairness OA should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities

Sustainable diets are those diets with low environmental impacts which contribute to food and nutrition security and to healthy life for present and future generations. Sustainable diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically fair and affordable; nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy; while optimizing natural and human resources

Principle of care OA should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment

Principle of ecology OA should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them

01/10/2017 6

Developmental processes within OFS

(IFOAM 2016)

Organic regulation in EU

Organic is:

overall system of farm management and food production that combines

best environmental practices,

a high level of biodiversity,

the preservation of natural resources,

the application of high animal welfare standards,

natural substances and processes.

Dual societal role:

consumer demand for organic products, delivers public goods

01/10/2017 7


(EC No 834/2007)

01/10/2017 8


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Australia (2013)

Argentina

USA (2011)

China

Spain

Italy

Uruguay

France

Germany

Canada

Million hectars

The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land (2014)

(FiBL 2016)

Diagramm1

EU total

EU organic

Bio coherence France

Bio Austria Austria

Soil Association UK

Natur & Progres France

Bio Suisse Switzerland

Bioland Germany

Naturland Germany

Demeter International

350

48

47

38

36

32

31

23

18

9

Diagramm2

Australia (2013)

Argentina

USA (2011)

China

Spain

Italy

Uruguay

France

Germany

Canada

Million hectars

17.2

3.1

2.2

1.9

1.7

1.4

1.3

1.1

1

0.9

Tabelle1

EU total350Australia (2013)17.2

EU organic48Argentina3.1

Bio coherence France47USA (2011)2.2

Bio Austria Austria38China1.9

Soil Association UK36Spain1.7

Natur & Progres France32Italy1.4

Bio Suisse Switzerland31Uruguay1.3

Bioland Germany23France1.1

Naturland Germany18Germany1

Demeter International9Canada0.9

Tabelle2

Tabelle3

01/10/2017 9


(FiBL 2016)

0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000

India (2013)

Uganda

Mexico (2013)

Philippines

Tanzania (2013)

Ethiopia (2013)

Turkey

Peru

Paraguay

Italy

Number of producers

The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers (2014)

Diagramm1

EU total

EU organic


Bio Austria Austria

Soil Association UK



Bioland Germany

Naturland Germany


350

48

47

38

36

32

31

23

18

9

Diagramm2

Australia (2013)

Argentina

USA (2011)

China

Spain

Italy

Uruguay

France

Germany

Canada

Million hectars

17.2

3.1

2.2

1.9

1.7

1.4

1.3

1.1

1

0.9

Diagramm3

India (2013)

Uganda

Mexico (2013)

Philippines

Tanzania (2013)

Ethiopia (2013)

Turkey

Peru

Paraguay

Italy

Number of producers

650000

190552

169703

165974

148610

135827

71472

65126

58258

48662

Tabelle1

EU total350Australia (2013)17.2India (2013)650000

EU organic48Argentina3.1Uganda190552

Bio coherence France47USA (2011)2.2Mexico (2013)169703

Bio Austria Austria38China1.9Philippines165974

Soil Association UK36Spain1.7Tanzania (2013)148610

Natur & Progres France32Italy1.4Ethiopia (2013)135827

Bio Suisse Switzerland31Uruguay1.3Turkey71472

Bioland Germany23France1.1Peru65126

Naturland Germany18Germany1Paraguay58258

Demeter International9Canada0.9Italy48662

Tabelle2

Tabelle3

01/10/2017 10


0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

United States of America

Germany

France

China

Canada

United Kingdom

Italy

Switzerland

Sweden

Austria

Retail sales in million Euros

The ten countries with the largest markets for organic food (2014)

(FiBL 2016)

Diagramm1

EU total

EU organic


Bio Austria Austria

Soil Association UK



Bioland Germany

Naturland Germany


350

48

47

38

36

32

31

23

18

9

Diagramm2

Australia (2013)

Argentina

USA (2011)

China

Spain

Italy

Uruguay

France

Germany

Canada

Million hectars

17.2

3.1

2.2

1.9

1.7

1.4

1.3

1.1

1

0.9

Diagramm3

India (2013)

Uganda

Mexico (2013)

Philippines

Tanzania (2013)

Ethiopia (2013)

Turkey

Peru

Paraguay

Italy

Number of producers

650000

190552

169703

165974

148610

135827

71472

65126

58258

48662

Diagramm4

United States of America

Germany

France

China

Canada

United Kingdom

Italy

Switzerland

Sweden

Austria

Retail sales in million Euros

27062

7910

4830

3701

2523

2307

2145

1817

1402

1065

Tabelle1

EU total350Australia (2013)17.2India (2013)650000United States of America27062

EU organic48Argentina3.1Uganda190552Germany7910

Bio coherence France47USA (2011)2.2Mexico (2013)169703France4830

Bio Austria Austria38China1.9Philippines165974China3701

Soil Association UK36Spain1.7Tanzania (2013)148610Canada2523

Natur & Progres France32Italy1.4Ethiopia (2013)135827United Kingdom2307

Bio Suisse Switzerland31Uruguay1.3Turkey71472Italy2145

Bioland Germany23France1.1Peru65126Switzerland1817

Naturland Germany18Germany1Paraguay58258Sweden1402

Demeter International9Canada0.9Italy48662Austria1065

Tabelle2

Tabelle3

Motivations and beliefs of organic consumers (EU)

Ethically motivated (occasional buyers) or food safety concerns (Pino et al. 2012, Michaelidou&Hassan 2008)

Believe it is more healthy and environmental friendly (Pino et al. 2012, various) Associate a healthy diet with organic products (Padel & Foster 2005)

Higher adherence to a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern (e.g. Torjusen et al. 2015 Bradbury et al. 2014, Eisinger-Watzl et al. 2014, Kesse-Gyout et al. 2013)

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Environment impact of OFS 01/10/2017 12


Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool to assess the potential environmental impacts and use of resources through a product’s life cycle

Environmental impact categories

Soil organic matter

Carbon sequestration

Biodiversity

Organic performs better than non-organic

Not included in LCA

GHG

Eutrophication and acidification

Water use

Land use

Organic performs better than non-organic when calculated per area unit; no difference or organic performs worse if calculated per kg

Included in LCA

Lower output yield Developing countries different?

(Seufert et al. 2012 Reganold & Wachter 2016)

Impact of the organic food system on biodiversity

01/10/2017 13


Organic farming potentially offers a means of returning functional evenness into ecosystems (Crowder et al. 2010) Organic shows 30% higher species richness, when compared to non-organic. Effect varies with organism, crop, intensity (Bengtsson et al. 2005, Gabriel et al. 2013, Tuck et al. 2014) Why organic performs ”better“? •No herbicide and chemically-synthesized pesticides •Less and pure organic fertilization •Fewer cattle per m2 •More diversed crop rotation •Conservation tillage •More diversed from farming structure (Pfiffner&Balmer 2011)

Impact of organic agriculture on food constituents

01/10/2017 14


Pesticide Much lower probability to have pesticide residues in organic fruit and vegetables

Nitrate Lower content in organic

Mycotoxins No scientific evidence of higher contamination in organic products

Antibiotic resistance Lower in organic

Food composition - Protein in cereals + Vitamin C and phenolic compounds in organic fruit and vegetables + ω3 fatty acids and CLA in organic milk and dairy products Smith-Spangler et al. 2012

Baranski et al. 2014

Średnicka-Tober et al. 2016

• No herbicide and chemically-synthesized pesticides

• No synthetic fertilizer (N)

• Less and pure organic fertilization (

Organic food processing „with care“ 01/10/2017 16


(Beck et al. BÖLN 2012)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

EU total EU organic Bio coherenceFrance

Bio AustriaAustria

SoilAssociation

UK

Natur &ProgresFrance

Bio SuisseSwitzerland

BiolandGermany

NaturlandGermany

DemeterInternational

Number of permitted food additives for the processing of organic and non-organic products in Europe (January 2015)

more

Diagramm1

EU total

EU organic


Bio Austria Austria

Soil Association UK



Bioland Germany

Naturland Germany


350

48

47

38

36

32

31

23

18

9

Tabelle1

EU total350

EU organic48

Bio coherence France47

Bio Austria Austria38

Soil Association UK36

Natur & Progres France32

Bio Suisse Switzerland31

Bioland Germany23

Naturland Germany18

Demeter International9

Tabelle2

Tabelle3

Example: Reality in OFS Example Babyfood:

1. Organic industry moved from fresh to frozen (result from EU-Eranet Core organic QACCP)

2. Survey among mothers in different EU countries (result from EU-Eranet Core organic QACCP)

= little knowledge on the production processes

= different cultural practises of preparing

3. EU political framework (EC regulation 655/2004)

• Babyfood: NO3 < 200 mg/kgDM: organic raw material for non-organic food

• Vitamins added

• Discussion needed (artificial vitamins, sterilisation, behaviour)

01/10/2017 17


Summary: Organic food from a system view

01/10/2017 18


Social practise of eating

Preparation

Processing

Production

Food quality

Food culture

References

Barański, M., et al. (2014). Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. BJN. 112(05): 794-811.

Beck et al (2012): Analysis of the state of knowledge on quality, consumer protection and processing of organic food - Final Report -. BÖLN. [Internet]. Available at: http://orgprints.org/21794/7/21974-10OE096-FiBL-liebl-2012-wissensstandsanalyse-oekolabensmittel-engl.pdf [Visited: 03.05.2017]

Bengtsson, J.Ahnstrom J, and Weibull AC (2005) The effects of Organic Agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta-analysis. J Appl Ecol 42(2): 261-269.

Bradbury, K.E., et al. (2014). Organic food consumption and the incidence of cancer in a large prospective study of women in the United Kingdom. Br J Cancer, 110(9): 2321-2326.

Council of the European Union, Council Regulation No 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91. Official Journal of the European Union 189(1).

Crowder, D.W., Northfield, T.D., Gomulkiewicz, R., Snyder, W.E. (2012). Conserving and promoting evenness: organic farming and fire-based wildland management as case studies. Ecology, 93(9): 2001–2007.

Eisinger-Watzl, M., et al. (2015). Customers Purchasing Organic Food - Do They Live Healthier? Results of the German National Nutrition Survey II. Eur.J.Nutr.Food Saf. 5(1): 59-71.

FiBL 2016: Press release 10.2.2016. FiBL [Internet]. Available at: http://www.fibl.org/en/media/media-archive/media-archive16/mm160210-growth-continues.html [Visited: 03.05.2017]

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2012). Sustainable diets and biodiversity. Directions and solutions for policy, research and action, B. Burlingame and S. Dernini, Editors.

Gabriel D, Sait, S.M., Kunin, W.E., Benton, T.G. (2013). Food production vs. biodiversity: comparing organic and conventional agriculture. J Appl Ecol 50(2): 355-364.

Kesse-Guyot, E., et al. (2013). Profiles of organic food consumers in a large sample of French adults: results from the Nutrinet-Sante cohort study. PLoS.One., 8(10): 76998.


References

Michaelidou, N. Hassan, L.M. (2008). The role of health consciousness, food safety concern and ethical identity on attitudes and intentions towards organic food. Int J Con Stud. 32(2): 163-170.

Padel, S. Foster, C. (2005). Exploring the gap between attitudes and behaviour: Understanding why consumers buy or do not buy organic food. BFJ. 107(8): 606-625.

Pfiffner, L., Balmer, O. (2011). Organic agriculture and biodiversity. FiBL factsheet Nr. 1548, FiBL, Frick/Swiss.

Pino, G., Peluso, A.M., Guido, G. (2012). Determinants of Regular and Occasional Consumers’ Intentions to Buy Organic Food. J Cons Affairs, 46(1): 157-169.

Reganold, J.P. & Wachter J.M. (2016). Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century. Nature Plants, 15221.

Seufert, V., Ramankutty, N. Foley, J.A. (2012). Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture.. Nature 485(7397): 229-232.

Smith-Spangler, C., et al. (2012). Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives? A Systematic Review. Ann Int Med, 157(5): 348-366.

Średnicka-Tober, D., et al. (2016). Higher PUFA and n-3 PUFA, conjugated linoleic acid, α-tocopherol and iron, but lower iodine and selenium concentrations in organic milk: a systematic literature review and meta-and redundancy analyses. BJN. 1-18.

Torjusen, H., et al., (2014). Reduced risk of pre-eclampsia with organic vegetable consumption: results from the prospective Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMJ Open. 4(9): 006143.

Tuck, S.L., Winqvist, C., Mota, F., Ahnström, J., Turnbull, L.A., Bengtsson, J. (2014). Land-use intensity and the effects of organic farming on biodiversity: a hierarchical meta-analysis. J Appl Ecol 51(3): 746-755.

World Health Organization of the United Nations (WHO) (2012). Health indicators of sustainable agriculture, food and nutrition security in the context of the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development.


Slajd numer 1Outline of the lecture Intended learning outcomes The organic agro-food system: valuesSustainable Diets definition and IFOAM principlesSlajd numer 6Organic regulation in EUSlajd numer 8Slajd numer 9Slajd numer 10Motivations and beliefs of organic consumers (EU)�Environment impact of OFSImpact of the organic food system on biodiversity�Impact of organic agriculture on food constituentsFactors potentially influencing organic food compositionOrganic food processing „with care“Example: Reality in OFSSummary:�Organic food from a system view�ReferencesReferences

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The organic food system model - SusPlussusplus.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Johannes-Kahl-e-learning-Lecture... · 42(2): 261-269. Bradbury, K.E., et al. (2014). Organic food consumption