The Ontology of the Middle Way

Studies of Classical India

Editors

Bimal K. Matilal Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions & Ethics, Oxford University, United

Kingdom

Editorial Board: R. P. Goldman, Daniel H. H. Ingalls, and A. K. Ramanujan

The aim of this series is to publish fundamental studies concerning classical Indian civilization. It will conclude editions of texts, translations, special­ized studies, and scholarly works of more general interest related to various fields of classical Indian culture such as philosophy, grammar, literature, religion, art, and history.

In this context, the term 'Classical India', covers a vast area both historically and geographically, and embraces various religions and philosophical traditions, such as Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism, and many languages from Vedic and Epic Sanskrit to Pali, Prakrit, and Apabhramsa. We believe that in a profoundly traditional society like India, the study of classical culture is always relevant and important.

Classical India presents an interesting record of deep human experience, thoughts, beliefs, and myths, which have been a source of inspiration for countless generations. We are persuaded of its lasting value and relevance to modem man.

By using extensive and for the most part unexplored material with scientific rigor and modem methodology, the authors and editors of this series hope to stimulate and promote interest and research in a field that needs to be placed in its proper perspective.

Volume 11

The Ontology of the Middle Way

by

Peter Fenner Deakin University, Geelong, Australia

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Fenner, Peter G., 1949-The ontology of the middle way! by Peter Fenner.

p. cm. -- (Studles of classical Indla ; v. 11) Includes a translatlon of the Madhyamakavatara by Candraklrti. Based on the author's thesis (Ph.D. )--University of Oueensland. Inc 1 udes bib 1 i ograph i ca 1 references (p. ).

1. Candraklrtl. Madhyamakavatara. 2. Madhyamika (Buddhism) I. Candraklrti. Madhyamakavatara. Engllsh. 1990. II. Title. III. Serles. B02910.M367F45 1990 294.3·85--dc20 90-4080

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6733-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0547-4

e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-0547-4

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.

Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.

In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 1990 by Kluwer Academic Publishers

Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1990 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

This book is dedicated to my daughters Tahli, Yeshe and Brooke.

CONTENTS

FOREWORD ..•.. XI

ABBREVIA nONS .•... XIII

INTRODUCTION ..... 1

Notes ..... 8

CHAPTER ONE: THE INTRODUCTION TO THE MIDDLE WAY [MA] AND ITS RELIGIOUS CONTENT ..... 9

1

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

3

3.1

3.2

4

Chandrakirti and the Introduction to the Middle Way [MA] ..... 9

Three Systems of Thought that can be Isolated in the Introduction to the Middle Way [MA] ..... 11

The System of Insight and its Development ..... 15

The Bodhisattvas' Development and their Deeds (carya) ..... 15

The Characterised Madhyamika ..... 17

The Context of the Introduction to the Middle Way [MA] ..... 19

Knowledge (jnana) Yoga ..... 21

The Transference of Insight ..... 25

The Profound and Extensive Contents ..... 26

Notes ..... 29

CHAPTER TWO: THE PROFOUND VIEW ..... 35

1 The Cognitive Basis of Madhyamika Soteriology ..... 35

2 The Philosophy of Emptiness (sunyavada) ..... 37

2.1 The Descriptions of Emptiness ..... 38

2.2 Different Types of Emptiness ..... 40

2.3 Twenty Emptinesses ..... 40

viii

2.4 Intrinsic Existence (svabhava) as what is Negated by Emptiness ..... 42

3 Madhyamika Analyses ..... 44

4 Analysis of Phenomena (dharma) ..... 45

4.1 Birth from Self ..... 46

4.2 Birth from Other ..... 48

4.3 Birth from both Self and Other ..... 51

4.4 Birth from no Cause ..... 51

5 Analysis of the Person (pudga/a) ..... 54

5.1 The Self or Person Negated ..... 54

5.2 Seven-Sectioned Analysis ..... 57

5.3 The Self is not Different from the Psycho-physical Organism ..... 59

5.4 The Self is not the Same as the Psycho-physical Organism ..... 60

5.5 Refutation of a Substantial Self ..... 64

5.6 The Self is not the Same as the Collection ..... 67

5.7 The Self is not in the Psycho-physical Organism and Vice Versa ..... 70

5.8 The Self does not have the Psycho-physical Organism ..... 70

5.9 The Self is not the Shape of the Psycho-physical Organism ..... 71

6 Critique of Buddhist Phenomenalism (vijnanavada) ..... 73

6.1 Refuting the Non-externality of Sense Objects ..... 75

6.2 The Failure of Mental Potentials to Account for Sensory Experience ..... 77

6.3 Counter-examples ..... 79

6.4 Refutation of a Self-reflexive Consciousness (svasamvedana) ..... 80

7 Some Meta-logical Observation ..... 82

8 The Middle Path and Relational Origination ..... 85

9 The Profound Path Structure ..... 86

Notes ..... 89

CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS AND INSIGHT ..... 99

1 Western Interpretation of the Problem ..... 100

2 Chandrakirti's Statement on the Relationship ..... 101

3 The Structural Foundations of Analysis ..... 105

3.1 Entity Discrimination (samjna) and Predication ..... 105

3.2 The Principle of Definition Through Logical Opposites ..... 107

3.3 Dichotomisation ..... 109

3.4 The Paradoxical Structure of Predication ..... 111

3.5 The Destructuring of Conceptuality ..... 115

4 Patterns of Analysis in the Introduction to the Middle Way [MAl ..... 122

4.1 The Introduction to the Middle Way's [MAl Proofs and Categories of Analysis ..... 122

4.2 The Introduction's [MAl Analyses and the Core Structure ..... 127

4.3 The Introduction's [MAl Contradictions ..... 130

4.4 Category Restricted and Unrestricted Analyses ..... 134

4.5 Abstract and Instantiated Analyses ..... 135

4.6 Interpretation of Diagram 3.1 as a Flow-chart ..... 136

4.7 Modal Analysis and Substantive Bi-negative Conclusions ..... 141

4.8 Implicative and Non-affirming Negations ..... 143

5 Logical and Experiential Consequences ..... 146

6 Contingency and Necessity in Consequential Analysis ..... 148

Notes ..... 151

CHAPTER FOUR: INSIGHT AND EXTENSIVE DEEDS ..... 159

1 Common-sense World-view ..... 160

1.1 Instruments of Valid Conventional Cognition ..... 160

1.2 Subjective Determinants of Cognition ..... 162

ix

x

1.3 The Common-sense World ..... 162

2 The Yogin's Practices ..... 164

3 The Bodhisattvas' Path ..... 165

3.1 The Bodhisattvas' Compassion ..... 167

4 The Buddha-nature ..... 170

4.1 Interpretative Teaching ..... 173

5 The Relations between the Profound and Extensive Contents ..... 179

5.1 Emptiness and Conventions ..... 180

5.2 The Relations between the Two Realities ..... 183

5.3 Emptiness and Valid Conventions ..... 185

6 Insight and the Fully Evolved Mind ..... 186

6.1 Insight and Compassion ..... 187

6.2 Insight and the Fully Evolved Mind (bodhicitta) ..... 191

Notes ..... 194

CONCLUSION ..... 205

APPENDIX ONE: A TRANSLATION OF THE VERSES OF THE INTRODUCTION TO THE MIDDLE WAY [MA] ..... 209

APPENDIX TWO: TSONG KHA PA'S SECTION HEADINGS IN THE DBU MA DGONGS PA RAB GSAL (Trans. with Michael Richards) ..... 303

BIBLIOGRAPHy ..... 323

INDEX ..... 333

Corrections and Glossary to

THE ONTOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE WAY by

CORRECTIONS

Peter Fenner

ISBN 0-7923-0667-8

Due to unanticipated problems in the production of this book an incomplete version of the manuscript has appeared in final print The author and publisher deeply regret this situation. The following corrections and glossary will go part way in rectifying these omissions.

Left hand page header throughout, read THE MIDDLE WAY

P. 9, 1. 16, read .. seventh .. for .. seventeenth ..

P. 33, n. 52, read .. op. cit., p. 83.

P. 91, n. 18, read .. infra, pp. 86 and 89.

P. 94, n. 77, read Supra, p. 62.

P. 96, n. 98, delete.

P. 97, n. 108,1.9 .. op. cit., pp. 314-340.

P. 153, n. 30, read .. infra, p. 139.

P. 153 add:

37. See Nagrujuna's famous verse from MK, 24.18 and VV closing verses.

38. See MK, 14.5-6.

39. Shohei Ichimura, "A Study of the Madhyamika Method of Refutation and Its Influence on Buddhist Logic", JIABS, 4.1 (1981),92.

40. For example, MK, 8.7b (Streng, Emptiness, p.193) "For indeed, how can "real" and "non-real", which are mutually contradictory, occur in one place?"

41. For example, MK, 7.30b and 25.11 and 14 (Streng, Emptiness, pp. 192 and 216 respectively).

42. Ludvik Bass, "The Mind of Wigner's Friend," ...

P. 154, n. 51, read For the Tibetan and Sanskrit of the verse see n. 12, p. 151.

P. 201, n. 89,1. 14, read .. (supra, p.97, n.ll0)

P. 201, n. 93, read .. supra, p. 38.

P. 201, n. 97, read Supra, pp. 12-13.

P. 201, n. 98, 1.2 read .. (1974),441-456 ..

P. 202, n. 103, read .. pp. 73ff.

P. 230, read .. (SATYADVAYA) .. for .. (DRAVYA-SATYA) ..

P. 234, read .. (satyadvaya) .. for .. (dravya-satya) ..

GLOSSARY

Sanskrit Tibetan English

abha:va dngos med non-thing

abhidharma chos mngon pa meta-psychology, higher sciences

abhijna mngon par shes pa super-sensitive cognitions

abhimukhl mngon du gyur pa manifesting

abhyudaya mngon mtho final transcendence

acala mi g.yo ba immovable

adhigama rtogs pa realisation

adhika lhag pa uncommon

adhi~thana byin brlabs blessing

adhyatma nang pa subject, internal

adhyaSaya lhag bsam higher intentions

advayamati gnyis su med blo non-dualistic intellect

agama lung scripture, authoritative tradition

aharp. ngo

ahaI}1lcira ngar'dzin egocentricity

akanista 'og min highest pure land

4 THE MIDDLE WAY

akara rnam pa aspect

ilisa nam mkha' space

akusala mi dge ba unwholesome

alak~aI)a mtshan nyid med pa undefined

alambana dmigs yul referential support

alayavijnana kun gzhi rnam shes source consciousness

anavakara 'dor ba med pa non-rejection

anavaragra thog ma dang tha ma temporal med pa

animitta mtshan ma ma mchis signlessness, without pa marks

anitya mi rtag pa impermanent

anta mtha' extreme, limit

anubhava myong ba experience

anumana rjes dpag inference

anupalambha mi dmigs pa unobservable

apramfu:ta tshad min invalid

apramfu:ta tshad med infinitude, boundless

apraI)ihi ta smon pa ma mchis wishlessness pa

arcismafi 'od 'phro ba radiant

artha don meaning

arya 'phags pa saint

Aryadeva (N) 'Phags pa Iha

GLOSSARY 5

asaik~marga mi slob lam path of completion

asaf!lharya mi 'phrogs pa undisturbed

asamskrta 'dus rna byas unproduced

Asariga (N) Thogs med

asrava zag pa defilement

asubha mi sdug pa aversion, repulsion

atman bdag self

atmagriilia bdag tu ' dzin pa self-grasping, egoism

atyanta mtha' las das pa surpassed boundaries

aryamarga 'phags pai lam saintly path

aryapudgala 'phags pai skye bo saintly person

avaraI).a sgrib pa covering

ave~ikabuddhagu~a rna ' dres pai sangs unique buddha qualities rgyas yon tan

avidya rna rig pa ignorance

ayatana skye mched sense base

bahirdha phyi external

bala stobs [powerful] capacities

bija sa bon seed

bhajana snod receptive student

bhava ngo bo, dngos po viable process, existence, [functional] thing

bhavana sgom meditation

6 THE MIDDLE WAY

bhik~u dge slong monk

bhumi sa level, step

bhiita 'byung ba basic constituent

bodhicitta byang chub kyi sem fully evolved mind

bodhipaksa byang chub kyi directions to full phyogs evolution

bodhisattva byang chub sems dpa'

bhoga longs spyod affluence

caitta sems byung mental event

cak~urdhi mig gi blo visual consciousness

CandraKirti (N) Zla ba grags pa

Carvaka 'Jig rten rgyang phen pa

carya spyod pa deeds

cinta bsam pa thinking, pondering

citta sems mind

Cittamatra sems tsam Mind-only, Phenomenalism

cittotpiida sems bskyed pa motivating thought

dana sbyin pa giving

darSana gzigs pa insight, vision, intuition

darsanamarga mthong lam path of intuition

dasabala stobs bcu ten capacities

GLOSSARY 7

dharma chos practices, things, philosophy

dharmadhatu chos dbyings sphere of truth

dharmakaya chos sku truth form

DharmakTrti (N) Chos kyi grags pa

dharmamegha chos kyi sprin cloud of teaching

dharmasamata chos mnyam nyid ten even [qualities of] things

dharmata chos nyid qUality of truth

dhatu khams basic constituents

dhyana bsam gtan meditation

Dignaga (N) Phyogs glang

dosa skyon defects, problems of existence

dravyasat rdzas su yod pa substantially existent

d~~~ Ita ba [right] view

du~kha sdug bsngal suffering

diirarpgama ring du song ba gone far

dvesa zhe sdang anger

ekarasa ro gcig pa uniform

ekayana theg pa gcig pa single vehicle

gambhlra zab mo profound

gocara spyod yul cognitive field

gotra rigs lineage

8 THE MIDDLE WAY

gUl)a yon virtues

guru bla rna spiritual master

hetu rgyu cause

indriya dbang po sense faculties

-~ dbang phyug creator God Isvara

Jaina Tshig gal gnyis su smra ba

jinaputra rgyal sras victors' children

jnana ye shes knowledge

.r'

shes bya knowable Jneya

kalpana rtog pa conceptuality

kal yfu).amitra dge bai bshes gnyen friendly guide

karitra 'phring las buddha-activity

karma las action

karul).a snying rje compassion

khyati snang ba appearance

kleSa nyon mongs emotional reaction

kli~!amanas nyon yid afflicted consciousness

krama rim pa serial, graded

k[pa brtse ba [real] love

ksanti bzod pa patience, endurance

kusalapatha dge bai lam virtuous path

lak~a mtshan nyid property, characteristic

GLOSSARY 9

laukika jig rten pa common, worldly

laukikaparamita 'jig rten pai pha rol worldly perfection phyin

lobha chags attachment

lokatara 'jig rten las 'das pa transworldly

lokataraparamiili 'jig rten 'das pai pha transworldly perfection rol phyin

madhyamadr~!i dbu mai Ita ba middle view

Madhyamika dBu rna pa

mahakaru~a snying rje chen po great compassion

mahamaitii byams pa chen po great love

Mahayana Thegs pa chen po Universal vehicle

mala dri rna impurities

manana (rlom sems) pondering

manovijnana yid kyi mam shes mind-consciousness

mara bdud psychotic forces

marga lam path

moha gti mug delusion

mati blo gros intelligence, intellect

milana phrad meet, connect, join

mithya log pa wrong, mistaken, fictitious

moha gti mug confusion

mudita dga' ba joy

10 THE MIDDLE WAY

mula rtsa ba root, basic, core

mrsa rdzun pa deceptive

Nagarjuna (N) kLu grub

nairatmya bdag med selflessness, non-self

neyiirtha drang don interpretative

ni~sreyasa nges legs spiritual ascendence

nimitta mtshan ma features

nltartha nges don definitive

nitya rtag pa permanent

nirmllifaka ya sprul sku manifest form

nirodha 'gog pa cessation, stasis

nirvana my a ngan las 'das pa liberation, freedom

pak~a phyogs position

papa sdig pa negative fault

parabhava gzhan gyi dngos pa other thing

paramarthasatya dam don gyi bden pa ultimate reality

paramitii phar phyin perfection

paratantra gzhan dbang dependent

parikalpita kun btags intellectual, speculative, imaginary, theoretical

parini~panna yongs grub perfected, fully established

paryudasaprati~edha ma yin dgag affirming negation

GLOSSARY 11

phala 'bras bu effect, fruit

prabh3.kar1 'od byed pa luminous

prajnii shes rab insight

prajniiparamitii shes rab kyi pha rol perfect insight tu phyin pa

prajnaptisat btags yod exist through [the force of] designation

prajnaptimatra btags tsam mere designations

pram~a tshad rna instrument of cognition

pramuditii rab tu dga' ba great joy

pr~idhana smon lam resolution

'" elaboration prapanca spros pa

prasariga thal 'gyur consequence [analysis]

pratijna dam bca' thesis, position

pratimok~ so so thar pa personal liberation

pratisaI)1vid so so yang dag par individuating rig pa knowledges

prati~ar~a rton pa reliance

prati~ha dgag pa negation

prafityasamutpada rten cing 'breI bar relational origination 'byung ba

pratyak~a mngon sum perception

pratyaya rkyen condition

pratyekabuddha rang sang rgyas self-evolver

12 THE MIDDLE WAY

prayogamarga sbyor lam connecting path

Prthagjana so so skyes bo ordinary people

pudgala gang zag person

pUI)ya bsod nams positive potentials, merit

puru~a skyes bu

raga 'dod chags attachment

rupa gzugs form, physical body

rupakaya gzugs sku physical form

sadhumatl legs pai blo gros good intelligence

sahaja lhan skyes innate

sakti nus potentials

sakyatra nus pa gcig pa single potential

samadhi ting nge ' dzin mental integration

samapatti snyoms 'jug meditative equipoise

samatha zhi gnas tranquillity, serenity

sambhara tshogs collections

saI]1bharamarga tshogs lam path of accumulation

satylbhogakaya longs (spyod rdzogs enjoyment form pai) sku

.,0_

'du shes associated satylJna discriminations, entity discrimination

Satylkhya Grans can pa

GLOSSARY 13

SmpmitTya Mang pos bjur ba pa

sal1lsara 'khor ba cyclic existence

sal1lslGira 'du byed impulses, drives

sal1lsiqta 'dus byas produced

samsthana dbyibs shape, form

samtana rgyud, rgyun continuum

saq1Vftisatya kun rdzob bden pa conventional reality

samyak yang dag accurate

samyaksambodhi yang dag par rdzogs complete and perfect pai byang chub evolution

sangha 'dus, tshog collection

santi zhi ba serenity

Santideva (N) Zhi ba lha

sarviliraj nana rnam pa thams cad knowledge of all mkhyen pa aspects

sastra bstan bcos commentary

sasvata rtag pa eternalism

sat yod pa existent

satkayadr~!i 'jig tshogs la Ita ba [wrong] view of individuality

satya bden pa realities

satyadvaya bden pa gnyis two realities

Sautrantika mDo sde pa

14 THE MIDDLE WAY

siddhanta grub mtha' tenets, philosophical systems

slIa tshul khrims good conduct

skandha phung po psycho-physical organism

/

sparsa reg pa contact

sravaka nyan thos disciple

mta thos pa hearing

subha dgeba virtue

sudurjaya sbyang dka' ba difficult to conquer

sukhll bde ba happiness

siinya stong pa empty

sunyata stong pa nyid emptiness

svabhava rang bzhin intrinsic

svabhavasiddhi rang bzhin gyis grub intrinsically pa established,

intrinsically existent

svabhavikakaya ngo bo nyid sku essential form, natural form

svalak~aIfa rang gi mtshan nyid defining property

svasatpvedana rang rig self-reflexive consciousness

svatantratlUmana rang rgyud kyi rjes self-styled argument dpag

tathagatagarbha de bzhin gshegs pai genes of a buddha snying po

GLOSSARY 15

tathata de bzhin nyid suchness

tattva de kho na nyid reality

Tirthika Mu stegs pa non-Buddhist philosopher

trisik~a bslab par gsum three trainings

uccheda chad nihilism

udara rgya che ba extensive

udgrah~a (,dzin pa) memorising

upadana nyer len acquisition

upadesa man ngag oral teaching

upadhyaya mkhan po abbot

upapatti gtan tshigs proof

upaya thabs technique, method, therapy

upayakausalya thabs mkhas therapeutic and pedagogical skill

upek~a btang snyoms impartiality, equanimity

Vaibhasika Bye brag smras ba

vaisaradya mi 'jigs pa certitudes

Vaise~ika Bye brag pa

vasana bags chags residues, traces

vedana tshor ba feelings

vicara dpyod pa analysis

vidya rig pa knowledge

16 THE MIDDLE WAY

vihara monastery

vikalpa rnam par rtog pa bifurcating activity

vikalpana rnam rtog conceptuality

........ -rnam shes consciousness vIJnana

Vijnanavada rNam par shes pa Phenomenalist smra ba

vimala dri rna med pa stainless

vimuktimarga rnam grollam path of complete liberation

vinaya 'dul ba codes of conduct

vipaka rnam par smin pa fruition

,-vipasyana Ihag mthong special discernment

virya brtson 'grus enthusiasm

vise~aI}a khyad par can distinguishable

vise~ya khyad par distinction

visuddha rnam par dag pa pure

vyafijana symbol

vyavahara tha snyad social, conventional

yana theg pa vehicle

yogipratyak~a rnal 'byor mngon yogic perception sum

yukti rigs pa reason, logic

FOREWORD

This study is mainly the outcome of work completed as a Ph.D. thesis at the University of Queensland. However, it has been revised in many ways since its preparation in dissertation form.

Many people have contributed to the study and I am concerned that I may fail to mention everyone who has assisted me. My first introduction to The Introduction to the Middle Way (Madhyamakavatara) came through a course I attended at a Buddhist Centre in Queensland called Chenrezig Institute. The course was given by Ven. Geshe Loden, originally of Sera Monastery in India, and was translated by Ven. Zasep Tulku. Besides participating in this course I also attended a number of other courses on Madhyamika presented by these and other lamas in Australia and in Nepal. I was also fortunate to spend a semester at the University of Wisconsin - Madison studying with Professor Geshe Lhundup Sopa.

At different times I had the opportunity to discuss, in person or through correspondence, aspects of the study with a number of leading scholars. Professors J.W. de Jong, Robert Thurman, Jeffrey Hopkins and Paul Williams gave freely of their expertise although in some cases I know that I was unable to take full advantage of their suggestions. Special mention and thanks go Professor Fred Streng who supported the study and gave most graciously of his time.

In Australia I would like to thank my advisers at the University of Queensland, Drs. Ross Reat, Arvind Sharma and Richard Hutch.

Finally, I wish to acknowledge Michael Richards who went over the translation of the verses of the Madhyamakavatara with great care and made many suggestions which have improved the accuracy of the translation. Together we prepared the translation of the section heading of Tsong kha pa's which appears as a second appendix. I only regret that I did not have the time to refer to that text in the body of the study.

Some sections of this study have appeared in various journals and I would like to thank Philosophy East and West, Journal of the International Association for Buddhist Studies and the Journal of Indian Philosophy for permission to publish reworked versions of my essays.

ABBREVIATIONS

AK Abhidharmakosa (Col/ection on the Higher Sciences) of Vasubandhu

BCA Bodhicaryiivatiira (Introduction to the Evolved lifestyle) of Santideva

CS Catu~satakaStlstrakiirikii (Commentary on the Four Hundred Stanzas) of Aryadeva

D sDe dge edition

DS Dasabhumika-sutra (Ten Levels Satra)

JIABS Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

JIP Journal of Indian Philosophy

LS Laizkiivatiira-sUfra (Decent into Laizkii SUfra)

LMS The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India by David Seyfort Ruegg

LSNP Drang nges mam 'byed legs bshad snying po (Essence of True Eloquence) of Tsong kha pa

MA Madhyamakiivatara (Introduction of the Middle Way) of CandrakTrti

MABh Madhyamakiivatiira-bhii~ya (Commentary on the Introduction to the Middle Way) of Candraklrti

ME

MK

MN

MSA

MV

N

P

PEW

PP

PPS

PVT

RSM

Meditation on Emptiness by Jeffrey Hopkins

Millamadhyamakakiirikii (Principal Stanzas on the Middle Way) of Nagarjuna

Majjhima-nikiiya (Middle Length Discourses)

Mahiiyiinasiltriilaizkiira (Ornament of the Universal Vehicle Siltra) of Asanga

Mahavyutpatti (Great Etymology)

Nikiiya (PaJi Discourses)

Peking edition

Philosophy East and West

Prasannapadii (Clear Words) of Candraklrti.

P'!.ficavi1f/satisiihasrika-prajfiiipiJ.ramitiJ.-siltra (Perfect Insight in Twenty-Five Thousand Stanzas Sutra)

Pramiil}Uviirttika (Compendium on Epistemology) of Dharrnakirti

dBu rna la 'jug pai bstan bcos kyi dgongs pa rab tu gsal bai me long (Mirror of Complete Clarification) of dGe 'dun grub

xiv

RA RatniivaTi (Precious Jewell of Nagarjuna

SN Sarrzyutta-nikiiya (Collected Discourses)

VP Vallee Poussin's edition

VPTd Madhyamakiivatara, Introduction au Traite du Milieu by Louis de la VaIlee Poussin

VPV VaIlee Poussin's variant

VV VigrahavyavartanT (Repudiation of Criticism) of Nagarjuna

For fuIl details see Bibliography