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The EnglishSociety ofJapan

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JAPANESE SC5<70RDS IN ENGLISH AND

AMERICAN DICTIONARIES

ly KEIJI NAKAJIMA

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Under similar titles Mr.'Gatenby has twice contributedpapers

to this journal. Perhaps the reader need not be feminded of his ･

articles, " The Influence of Japanese on English " (Sindies in Eng.

.Lil., XI, 4, !gsi), and alsos "Additions

to Japanese Words in

English " (ditto, XIV, 4, ig34). In the formet paper, Mt. Gatenby

made a list of all the Japanese words he could find in the greatObofbrd Engl7sh Pictionany, and, supplernenting the list with a few

other words from other sovrces, he brought his list up to sorne 78

Japanese words. In this paper, he suggested Japanese origins fbr

two words which the O. E. D. gives as ofunknown origin. About

the word " funny " (a small narrow boat) being perhaps detived

from the Japanese word " fune "

(a boat), it is difflcult to accept

his suggestion unless some positive evidence shguld be pffered in

his support. The O. E. D. gives it as "perhaps

from the adjec-

tive funny." But the obsolete word "sharawaggi

or sharawadgi"

(meaning the beauty ofstudied ir:egulatity or the Chinese want of

syrnmetryi may .in

all probability hafve been .detived from the

Japanese word "sorowazu

" (meaning not in pairs) as he sug-

gested, A4,d it is, very interesting that this peculiatity of Far

Eastern aesthetics should haVe been noticed and mentioned by

several Englishmen so early, for the O. E. D. gives quotationsdating !68s, i724, i7so, i78i. Though all the quotations mention" shatawaggi

" in c6nnection with the Chinese, the same taste has

traditionally been cultivated among the Japanese. In the wordS of

Ptofessor Chamberlain, " The Japanese artisan-artists h'ave shown

･us that this mechanical symmetry does･,not make fbr beauty. They

have taught us･ the charm of irregularity ; and ifthe world owq

them but this one lesson, Japan may yet be proud of what-she hasi ' '

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.IAPANESE

urORDS IN roREIGN DTCTtTONAIUES s37

accomplished." (T;bii4gr 1lapanese, i8go, "Art'{.)

So it is very

likely that, just as in,the case of" bonze," " soy," etc., the Japanese

wofd " sorowazu

", undergoing some inevitable corruption, came

to be applied indiscriminately both to things Chinese and Japa- nese. Towards his conclusion Mr. Gatenby said; "

The American

Dictionaries, Cenlztcy, Slamtinrzl) and Jen?hster exercise much less dis-

cretion than the English in their inclusion of Japanese words, and

of the-hosts that they contain not many other than those in the

foregoing lists have any strong claim .fbr recognition."

When the Supplement of the O. E. D. was given to the world,

Mr. Gatenby hastened to complete his list and published it in'the

second paper. This second list included some s6 Japanese words frorn the O. E. D. Supplement and some 4o others from

other sources, thus the Japanese words in English collected by

him amount, altogether to i76. After classifying some iio

Japanese words into several groups such as Art, Plants, Dress,

etc., Mr. Gatenby said, "A

classification of these wotds will not

illustrate the full influence gf Japanese on English, because at least' another one hundred should be included, The O. E, D. Supple-

ment additions 'fbr

the most paft bring us down only to the end

ofthe nineteenth century, and do 'not

point to the closer connec-

tion with Japan, or the growing influence of this country on the

world at large. However, we may admit that the last thirty ,years

have helped to fix most of the words in English." '

The ptesent paper is jntended to furnish "at

least another one

hundred that should be included." in the list. But it is feared

that they may "not

have arty strong claim fbr recognition ",

be-

cause ,they are only contained in one or more ofthe Ametican

dictionaries, Centur], Sinndoid; M?hster, It is not fbr the Japanese to decide which and how many of the Japanese words are well-

e'stablished English. The following Iist is offered just' as given in

the dictionafies without any claim in regard to recognition. Mr.

Gatenby's lists are also fu11y made use of by way of-comparison

between English and American dictionaties. It is hoped that the

fbllowing list may be of some help to the editotial wotk of a J

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Japanese-En-gli. sh dictionary which is at present under consideta-

tion by the Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai.

It should be noted that the fo11owing list cannot claim to be in any

way complete. To look over thousands ofpages ofbig dictionaties

in seatch of scatteted handfuls of Japanese words has been beyond

the endurance of the ptesent writer. His method of hunting,

therefbre, has been ratiher unsysteinatic, beating the bush here and there where it seemed .to give shelter. to the game. The task of

putsuit, however, has been as instructive as it has been amusing,

and thc conclusion which foIIows the list will tell what impression

a Japanese has derived from a perusal of it.

(O=O,ED.; C=ant"rl; Sl=Stahdunt;' W=JY7lebster.)

CS abura-haye, A Japanese cyprinoid fish ([S:arcoabedehtbys variagatas). S.

9W in2rdo'SdUu/ieg)J[.IZtgtthaedZuukniitebdeasnt;tes" cwti.tivated

variety

of the

Asiatic

gram,

now

CSW ah'yu. The ai, a Japanese sal'monoid fish, Salhao (Pfecaglossas) abivefis, also

known as the one-year fish. It is catadromous, and an annual. Extract from

Gill, Sneicbsonian Rep., i883. C.mhyu, ai. See ayu. S.

,C Akahada Pottery; undetpetiecpt. Eatthenwate made in Akahada, a province pf

- Yarnato, Japan, in the sevepteenth and eighteenth centuties.

' CS akahara. A Japanese cyptinoid fish (Leua'scus baknensis). S.

CS akamatsu. A valuable Japanese pine (Pinus densmebra) less resinous than the

matsu: usedfbrbuliding,etc. S-.Japaneseredpine; thePinusdensiflota. C.

S akAmebuku. Sameaskitanakuta. (Note:kimnaiktiraismisprintforkitamakuta.) CSV7'Akebia. Bot. A genus of hardy' woody climbing'plants of the family

Lardlil(abalaceae (Berbin'aduceae), having dark-brown sweet-scented fiowers. A.

opiinala is common in cultivation. S.

SW akeki･ A large Japanese pinaceous tree (Thuiopsis dolabrath). W."(Note:

commonly called asAmare ot hiba in Japan; c £ -blba.) -

SW Amaterasu. The Jzpapese sun-goddess. S.

CS, ame. A dextrQse ot glucose manufactuted from rice paste treated by batley

rnAlt, 2nd moulted into fdncifu1 fbrms. S. . '

CS amemasu. A ttout (Salvebuass kemadraea) of Kamchatka and northern Japanese ･streams. S. '

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,SW Amida. One of the fivg Buddhas of the present Kalpa, greatly honored in

Japan. Quot. from Gtidis, Mikodo's Empire. S.-Jbpanese Bzaeiuasm. Amita-

bha. He is the sole BuCdha ofthe Jodo Shinshu s'ect, one ofthe･most progtes-

sive in Japan. W. '

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CS anago. Aconger(CbiagreZlafanage). S. '

OCSW Aucuba. r. A small genus ofAsiatic evergreen shrubs ofthe dogwood

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family (Cbmeaceae). A.72ipomica is widely cultivated and has glolssy green, leatherly

leaves, mottled 'with

yellow and'handsome red berfies (on the fema!e plants).

- Illus. S.-(Note : also known as .lapdn laure4 under which name it is given in

W.)

SW awabi. An earshell. S.-The Hd2Zotisgiganbea. See ahalone. W.C Awajiwqre.･ Acoarseporcelainotstone-waremadeinAwaji(Awadsi)Province,

Japan. Also rnodern pottery with gteen and yellow glazes, rnade extensively

fbr the fbreign matkets. '

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CW Awata wate. ?ottery and porcelain made at Awata, neat Kioto, Japan. The

greatet number of the pieces known td be of this manufacture are of yellowish

hard paste, with a crackled glaze as ifin imitation of Satsuma wEre ; but a curious

and beautifu1 imitation of o'ld Delft and a thin porcelain of'a peculiar grayish white are known. C.

S ayu. A small catadrornous salmonifbtm Japanese fisih (Plecd\tiossas aimeth)

esteemed as fbod. Also abyu; ai. '

CS bakufu. The government of th'e shoguns ; " ciirtain government

" ; so called

becau$e the shogun's quarters in camp wete scteened off by a cuttain. Quot. frorn GriMs, Mikude's Empire. SrQuot. from F. O. Adams.Jltpan. CC Banko pottcry. Same as banko-ware. .

C' banko-ware. A Japanese unglazecl stone-ware made near Kuwana on the

Tokaido. It is very light, durable, is made in moulds of'itregular shapes, and

deco,rated with figures in telief So called from Nunami Banko, the orjginal

maker.

OCSW banzai. Tgn thousand years: an exclamation of honot equivalent to

"long

live the Emperor." S･

O･baren. Apad used in wood-block printing. '' -

CS bashofu. A fabric woven from the fiber of the plantain, used in making under:

wear or decotative hanging. S.-A kind cSli cloth woven from the fibet of the

Japanese banana, Masa Baijò. It is lightcx in weight than that woven frem hernp

or flax and is used in Japan for surnmer under-wear. A coarser kind is used fbr '

wall decoration. C. ･ ' ,

OCS bekko-wate. deram. A pottery of Chinese otigin, veined with gteen.

Yellow, and btown, or imitating tortoise-shell. S.-A kind of pottety anciently

made in Japan, imitating tottoise-shell, or veined with green, yellow, and brown.

C. . -

t/ .C beni. The name ( ̀J2pafiese beni') of thcyopleris imana, a hardy shrub native to･

China and Japan, cultivated fbt its late summet bloom, known in the trade as ･

blue spiraea. (Note : commonly called i4 Japan "

dangiku "

ot "

rangiku.")

S benimasu. ,[pr. benimazu] The red salmon (Oncorbyncb"s nenka).

W Benten. , See Seven Gods of Happihess undet seven. W.

Si"e' Bishamon. Thegedofwar. S.-SeeSevenGodsofHappinessundetseven. W.

.CSVU biwa. i. The loquat. Also lyua. S. t-

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CS biwa. 2. A,musicalinstrumentresemblingamandolin. S. , CiJa Bizen pottery or ware. Pottery rnade in the Japanese province of Bizen;

especially, a fine and hard pottery, unglazed or-having a slight virtification.of

the stirface･the nature of which is "ncertain. It is of several colours, most com-

rnonly a grayish-white. Flgures and grotesqucs are made of this ware, generally

. well modeled and spjtited. C. '

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'C. boninite.

'Proposed terin by Petetsen (iggi) fbra glassy andesite, occutring in

the Bonin Islands, JaRan. (Note: "

Bonin "

is a cortupted fbrm of "Bunin

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a Japanese wotd meaning "uninhabited",

undet which name the Ogasawara

Islands were known before Meiji Era.)

OCSW bonze. A Budclhist monk; also', a believet in Buddhism Qr Fohism: a

term used by Europeans in China and Japan. Quot. from Campbell. Illus.

S. (All the diction4ries derive this word [<Ft. bonze<Ptg. bonjo<Jap. bonnyu

ot beshi<Chin. fan seng], and the PraclicaX Standord Dictiomacr, for the sake of

brevity, goes even a step further, detiving [F., <Chin., fan setig, mopk]. But the

, original Japanese word bozee or ben(ag meaning a temple-master, though wtitten

with Chinese charactets. was otiginally coined in Japan. TheJapanese word

heshi, though synonymous with bon ", is totally diffbrent from the latter and has

nothing to do with the otigin of the word bonze.>

OCS bonzery (O,iS) or bonzary (C, S). 'A

Buddhist monastery. S.

'OS

bonzess- ABuddhist nun.,.S. '

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CS .bofizia4; adj.. MonkiSh; as bonzian,maxims; bonzian mysteties. C:

C bote. Adeep-bodiedshiner.fbundint,hewaeetsofJapan. 'Alsocalled'tzabitzi.

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CW bu. One-fbur'th ofame'e. C.-T. Short for ligib". 2. See pv7easme (==Tis sun bt o.i2 in. or 3.63 rnm.) W. .

C.S buk'e. [Chino-Jap.] .1lap. HYst. The military class of feudal Japan; Samurai.･

S.-The milit2ry families of Japan, as digti'nguished from the kuge, or colirt

nobility ; the daimios, or tetr;'totial -nebility, and theit retaine;s, thc samurai.

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C. (Note : though written with Chinese chatacters, the word w'as coined origi-

rially in Japan. Hence the etymology is misleading.)

CS' Bukkio, Same as Buppo. C. '

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CS Buppo. In Japan, Buddhism: the religlon of the maiority of the Japanese. Also called Bukkio. C.

OCSW Bushido. [Chino-Jap.] The code Df moral principles which the knights

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and warriors of feudal Japan wete reguired tO'put into practice in all citcum-

stances and relations of life; knightly spirit and'conduct; chivalry; gentle--'

manly politeness qnd honor ; integtity, devotion, and

'duty to one's supetiors,

and unswetving loyalty to the rnikado. Quot. from Nitobe, Basblde.. C.-The

national spirit of Japan, especially the military spirit, traditional chivalry. as of

the old samuraiclass. Quot. frorn the IVleav Ybrk IVtihztne. S,-The unwritten

code of moral ptinciples tegulating the actions of the Japanese knighthood, ot

Samurai; the chivalry of Japan, Quot. from Inazo Nitobe. VV. (Note: the

etymology which C. gives is mlsleading, for the word was originally coined in

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Japan, and is given as a Japanese wotd in the Chinese dictionary, T!eayeftxn,

Shanghai, igrs.)

CS5Ja Cha. [Jap. and Mandarin Chin.] Tez ; specifically, a variety of rolled tea used

in CentralAsia. S,--[Chin. cha.] Also, chaa, chais, tsia, etc, Tea ;-the Chincse

, (M2ndatin) name, used generally in early w6rks of travel, and hpw fot a kind of

rolled tea used in CentralAsia, Quot. frorn [l-be.J. vanLinschoten's Jib"ages. W.

Ci"Vr cho. A rneasure oflength used in Japan, equal to 6o ken or 36o shaku or

Japanesefeet. Seei(ienanqshake. C.

CS chorogi. The Chinese attichoke. S.-Slat;lys Siebonv, also called Chinese ot Japanese artichoke; C. (Not6: S. does not give this as from Japanese. W.

gives ]lapanese arltthoke.)

C Chotei. In Japan,the hall of audience, the court, hence, by metonymy the

emperor. ･

CW Dalkoku. [More fu11y Dzikokuten: Sinico-Jap.] The god ofwealtht C.-

See Seven Gods of Happiness undet seven. W. 'C daikon. A large variety of radish, Raphanus sativevs, one of the most lmpor,tant ' root-ctops cultivated in Japan.

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OCSVV daimiate, also daimiote, daimigate. The ofice or the tertitory of a

daimio. S. '

OCSW daimio, also daimyo. The title of a feudal or militaty chief in Japan , whose income was at least xo,ooo koku ofrice. i"O[ith the abotition bffeudalism

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in !87i, the daimios sinrrendered theitpowets and privileges 'to

the ,Mikado.'

S. (NQte: all the fbur dictionaries trace this word, ultimately to Chinese, S.

giving the etym61ctgy as [<Chin. dei, great=mio, name], while the Concise Oxford Dictionary giving likewise [Jap. f. Chin. dei, gteat, zt!ye name]. But it

is a Japanese word compounded from the Chinese characters, la and misag' , as

, pronounced in.Chinese. The Pr2ct. Stand. Dic.･is right, giving it as Jap.)CS dainanago [Jap. Tlainan, a port of southern Fotmosa,+ancrgo, .eel] The

Formosan conger-eel, Loptecapheins erebennus. C. (Note : S. gives this word 2s

[Formosa], but C. gives the right etymology.)

OCSVC' dairi, si,zg. & pL The royal residence in Japan; the court of the Mikado :

used by metonymy fbrthesovereign himselfL AIsqdeiri-sama; tlairo. S. (Note : ,

dairo is qaite another wotd ; it was the title of the premier undet the Tokugawa

,･ shogunate.)

CS dairi-sama. The mikado or empetot: one of matiy rnetonymic phrases used by the Japanese in speaking oftheir soveteign. C.SiJ7 Ebisu. One of the seven deities in popularized Buddhism; the fisherman,

god ofdisinterestedness. S. ･ .

S Eta.Aclass ofJapanese outcasts. ,

S. Fira-kana. See keina.

CSW fu. A provincial depattment in China and Japan fbrmed by sevetal distticts

united fbr governmentalpurposes. Compate ken. Also fbo. S,-[Chinesefa] ,

in China, a provincial department. C,W.

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CS fuchi. The ring about the base of a sword-hilt. S.

S Fuji, An extinct volcano on Honshu Islahd, Japan: height i2,36s fts sacted to

Japanese. Alsg Fuji-san,--yama.' .

C fuji. Japanesewisteria,KracrnhiaJizpone'ea.CSW Fukurokujiu. The god of longevity. See Seven Geds of Hfppiness, under Seven. S.

CS funa. The Japanese narne of the common goldfish, Cbrassivts azaratus, fbund in

the waters of Japan. C.

C funeri. i. A seaweed, Glaeope2tis intnicana; from which the Japanese prepare a

fine kind of glue. 2. The glue made from the seawecd. It is used fbr paste,

starch, and sizing, the glazing and stiffening of textile fabrics, etc. NaA Geag.

Mag,, May igos･ tt tOS fusuma. The' thick paper-door, separating room from reom. S.

O futon. AJapanese bed-quilt.

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CS fuye. A flute. S.-The Japanese flute. IllUs. C.

C ganpi. A shrub of the ,family P,aphnaceoe, C2ip"ra dtxnescens (uakstroemia' canescens of Meisner), native tolndia, Indo-China, China, and Japan. In Japan it is consid.ered an important fiber-plant and is 'sometimes cultivated fbx its bark･

This is used-either alone ot mote genetally mixcd with the barks of the kozo

andmitsumata-fbr the rnanufactute of the tough, thin paper especia11y vafuable

in letter-press copying books.

OCSi"V geisha. A Japanese girl especially trained to furnish entettainment at

eonvivial and social gatherings, by het postuting, dancing, and playing. S.OSW･ gento. The eldet statesmgn of Japan; q nurnbet of statesmen, retired from

oMce, who are at times infotmally consulted by the emperor on fbteign andr do-

rnestic affairs. S. (Note: the Concise Oxford Dictionary gives the Eidler

Slatesneen.) '

OCS geta. The wooden street shoes ofthe Japanese. S.

C gin-fuku. [Jap. silver+belly.] One ofthe gymnodont fishes ofJap2ne S]Pher-

eidlas sceleratt{s. (Note : this etymology seems incorrect; fakz{is a corrupted form

ofjugu, swellfish or globefish.) -

CVV ginko-tree. Seege-ngko. Quot. fromDawson, GeoL Iijst. ofPlants. C.

OCSW ginkgo, gingko, gingo, jingko. i. A Japanese tree (Gin,ego biloba) often

cultivated in thc United States fbt its handsorne foliage. 2. [G-] A- monotypic genus ofthe family Ginikgoaceae, the only species being G. biloka. Its broad,

fan-shaped, fbrk-veined leav'es resemble .the maidenhair fern, and are two71obed.

S. (Note: MT. Gatepby in his first paper wonders what Japanese wotd it has

originated from. The common Japanese word for this plant ." gin-nan "

is in

the southern Chinese proneunciation while in the northern Chinese pronuncia- .

tion cutrent in Japan the s2me Chinese characters rgad "g.ln-kyo".

Hence

gingho or ginikgo through misptonunciatlon or misspelling. See Ptof. Shimmura,

To-agtzgenshi.)

OS Ginkgoaceacg Bot. Afamily.ofgymnospermousplints-the ginkgo family･ '

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-containing

only one genus, Ginkgo, fbrmerly referred to Taxaceae. See grkgu. S.

SW ginkgoaceous,adi. '

,SW Ginkgoales. Bot. An order of gymnospetms constituted by the family

Ginkgoaceae. S.

CS ginkgoic, aìj. Extracted from the ginkgo. (C. gives gr'ngkeic,) S ginkgoicacid. Chem. Anacid(C,,H,,O,>fbundihtheginkgo-nut.

CS ginkgo- (C., gingko-) nut. The firuit of the ginkgo-tree. S. (C. gives Pa-kwo, the Chinese name'for the same fruit.)

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CVOr go. AJapanesemeasureofcapacityequalto noicubicinches. C.

OCSW gobang. A game played on a checker-board, usually of 2s6 squares, with

so colored countets or beads, the object being to make'a rew of five countets, by

placing thern on the board 6ne by one, in turn. S.-It is called 1ry the Japanese tgo-moka-uarabe or

"

five eyes in a row ",

the counters being placed on the inter-

sections

of the lines forming the sqtiares, and not on the squares. C. ,

C gobe･ The common burdock, ArctiAove LaLmpa. It is mtich cultivatea in Japan for its root, which is there a popular garden vegetable.CS

gohei･ Adevice used in Shinto shrines to keep tally ofoflerings ofcloth made ,

to the god. It consi3ts bf a light ymvarnished wand to which are attachcd two

suips of white pFpet notched at tbe edges. S.C Gombei pottery. Japanese eatthenware with a rough gtay glaze, m6re ot less

crackled, made by Gombei Kurisaki at Matsue, Japan, before i6gs･ See ldlli{mo

pottery.C Guri lacquer, undet laayev. A kind o'f lac4ueted ware in which layets of difi

ferent colors are superimposed 2nd a simple pattetn of sctoils ot the like is cut

into

the surface in a Wedge-shaped groove, the sloping sides of which disphay the '

different layers up to the numbet of fifteen, or occasionally more,

OCSW habutayqhabutai(W). AfineJapanesecloth. S.C 1mmo. An eel, Masaenesex cinereus, of the family Muaenesochae, found in the

waters of Japan. , '

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C hana-kago. In Japan', a flowet-basket. 'OCS

'haori. Aloose-fitting shott jacketwotn by women. $. (Notice: thisi refets

. to

the haori-coat now popular in Eutope and Ametica,'and not to th2t in Japan tvhere it is worn bY men

'as well as women,) ,

O happi-coat. Alsohappy=. AlooselightcoatofthinmatetialwotnbYwomen.'OSI"a

harakiri.

AJapanesemevhodofsuicidebytippingopenthebowels,ptactised

fbrmerly by daimios'and militaty oMcets. Spelled wrongly hari-kari, harri-

karri. Quot. from GtjMs, Hbnha fhe .Sbemunv'. S.-Suicide by piercing the

abdorpen, fbrmcrly practised in Japap by thc nobles and samurai in' case of diS-

grace teal ot fancied, and commanded by the governrncht to cettain disgraced

oficials; disembowelment;-more elegantly called seppuku. Wtitten also, but incorrectly, hati-kari. W.C harifuku. Japanese nameofa fish of thefamily Diodontidae, Diodon holaca'nth"s.

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C imisembon. Same as harijhlat. '

CS hatamoto. A vassal under the Tokugawa shoguns of Japan. S.

CS hatoba. A landing-Place; what £ S.

C hayti. A fish, Setidonc,sbora purva, of the family ([!lpre'nidde, fbund in the waters of

Japan. Also known as mereke.

C haye. [Jap. haye, splendor]'A Jipanese name fot small shiners or minnows of

the fainily (! ypre'niclae, belonging to'the genus Zacce, found in the waters of Japan. Also knowri as oikuua and nyakb.

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OCS hechima. Same as dish-cloth goufd. S.-The sponge-gourd, L"faLofa. -

It is gro'wn evetywhere in Japan and Iarge numbets of the common, spongy,.

fibrous variety are exported, while a slender, tender variety is cultivated ex-

clusiyely as an atticle ol. food. C. ,OS"V heimin. The lowest or comrnoner class Qf society, including the peasantty, ' artizans, and ttaders. S:

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C hiba. A specigs of cyptess, T;bayctPsis dolabrata, easily distinguished froin othet .

species by the yellow-gteen and peculiat marking Qf the under side. Its wood is

yellow, and remarkably dutable in watet, so that it is much used fbr stake$ as

well as in ship- and btidge-buildingl

' I.t is alsb used fbr lacquet-ware.

'OCS hibachi.

' A brazier orpan holding h6t coals : used as in warming the hands,

' ot fbr heatingatoom. ･.S.---Illus. C.

･

SW hibunci. .Antique forms of Japanese ideograms fbund in prehistotic stone

inscriptions. [<Jap. hibun,<bi, sun+bwi, lettets.] S. (Note: the Japanese

. word is hibuai, written with the Chinese charactets whlch may

read

hthnv.

It .

seems that the wotd was handed to the editots of some dictionary in Roman

lqtters with the Chinese characters, and that some Orientalist, ignorant of the

cotrect Japanese pronunciation, deemed it a misptint and accordingly tutned

bthimi into hibuecr', giving the pronunciation'as hibzantsi.)

C Higo pottery. Eatthenware made in the province of Higo, Japan, sho.wi'ng

' Korean influence.

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CSI)er hinoki. The Japanese tree-ofthe-sun. dianvaempan's obtessa, now cultivated

in the United States. C.-Or hinoki cypress. The sun-ttee ot its wood. W.

(Note : also' called Japanesti mpress, under which name it is given in VV.)

CS hi-ogi. Afolding couttfan made ofhinoki-wood. S. ･

OCW Hirado or HitatG porcelain. A Rute white or blue.and-white porcelain of ,

fine texture and beautifu1 workm2n$hip, rnade in the district. of Mikawachi,

Japan. It derives its name from a fami!y narned Hitado. The best examples ,

of Hirado ware were ptoduced about the middle of the eighteenth century. i

Also called Mdeauachi Porceldn. C. '

OCSW hira-gana, The fotty-seven charact'ers of the Japanese syllabary, written.in

cursive style, See kana.' S.`Quot. from Isaac Taylor, The Aiphabet, and

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undet laveuer. Goid iacqil6r' which has a unifbtm snnooth

fiat sutface, the patterns, of whatever chara ¢ ter, being in color in the surface it-

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self; without felie £

C hire. A Japanese unit oflength equalto 4,g7 feet; a fathom,

OCWHizenporcalain. PorcelainmadeinJapan,intheprovinceofKizen,andoften

known as,Imari potcelain, from the name of seaport whence it is expotted. The

wate specially known as HizeR et Imari is decotated with blue undex the glaze,

and with ted and s.ometimes g:een and gold upon the glaze, tihe green fb,tming

translucent enamels in $lighit relief This ware was btought to Europe by thg

Dutch dufing the. seveftteenth and elghteenth centuties, and was known as Old

Japan, until the recent inveStigatiofi into the history of Japafiese ceramies. C.

CS honoki. A large tree (Magnolia hypoieuca) that yiald$ a soft Whitish wood,' strong and flexible, used in various manufactutes. S.

CSW Hetei. One of the seven gods of happiness bearlng a bag' and fan, god of

magfianimity. ""V.

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CSW ichebu.' Sameasitzibu. Alsoichibu. S.-ichiboo;ichibu. Seebu. C,

C 'ichiban,

atij. Number one; the fitst; the bestv '

C icho. The gingko ot maiden-haix-ttee of Japan, Gin,kge biloha. It is cultivated

pattly for its fruits, the keernels ef which ate eaten, but principally for the adorn-

ment of temple coutts and c ¢ meteties. Its wood is of 2 btight-yenowish colot.

fine grained, capable'of pQlish, tender'and.easily broken, and therefote not so

haghly ptized as the weeds of many othet native trees.

C Idsumepottery. Sameasldziw7veePoftay- ,

C IdzumoPettery. Eatthenwaremadeintheprovince.ofIdsumo,japan,themo$t

common variety having a br'illiant reddish btown glaze, shading into yellow.

Also written Xdsumo. ･ , ' '

.C Iget pottety, under pefteey. Eatthenware made in the ptovince of Iga, Japan. '

CS igano-uwp. Afish,theten-pounder(Ulopssautus). S.-Afish. Ellips.swams,

ef the family Elopidaea, found at Naga$aki. Also known as ekekeneshiro (efP- tt ' shote shad). C.

CVe' Imari porcelain. Japanese porcelain expotted from the"seapott pf Xmari, in

the provincc ef Hizen.- See H}xen porceldn. W.

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C Imbe pottety, undet pottery. Eattheawase made at Imbe, in the ptovince o £.

Bizen. Japan. See Bizenpelbery.

CS imo. iJapanese name] ln Japan, generic name fbr edibie toots, such as yams,

potatoes, swoet-potatoes, and tato. Used alone without a qualifying prefix, it is

especi21!y applied in Japan and Kerea to the tgto, C2iladima Cblocasia, which is

alsocalleainJapansato-imo, C.-i. Anedible root; /pgtqto. 2. Thescars

]eft by smailpox, S. (Note; S. seems to have taken the word from C, and as-

piring to outdo the lattet, teferred not to the original paper wherein ime was

diffetent rnentloned but to some Japanese-English dictionaty. Hence. the two

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OCSW inro, ･A set or' nest ofsrnali lacquered boxcs worn ,at the girdle by the

Japanese. They form an omamental flattened cylinder and ate designed to

See netsuke. Va'p. contain small astic!es of convenience, as medicincs cx a.sbal.

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<Chin.yin, seal,+b"rg, basketr] Illus. S.(Note: you ought to say "formerly

worn by the Japanese". The etymolpgy is mis!eading, fbf thc wotd, though

written witih Chinese characters, was otiginally coined in Japan.)OCS irofa or iroha.' The･first'three syllables of the Japanese syllabary. S.-The

Japanese syllzbaty. C. (The !atter is ptefetable.) '

C iso-iwashi. A Japanese name o,f one of the athexine fishes, ILre 77bsmaris, a little

fish of the sut £ Also known as uami-no-hana.

S ito-uwo. [Native] A salmonid (Hucho blackistoni) of Japan, congeneric with

the Hmbo of eastern Europe. (NQte : this is evidently a Japanese word.)

S ittomasu. Same as to.

OSW itzebu ot itzibu.' A tectangular coin of Japan, not issued since x87o; called ,

also tha o't boo. The gold itzebu was wotth apptoximately one quzrter of a kobang

or commonly about $:.i2; the silvef itzebu was worth 32-34 cents. W.

S. iwasha. A fish of Japan which yields oil. (Note : not given as a Japanese wQtd.'

' Probably the editors of S. failed to find it in a Japanese-English dictionary, for

iwasha is a misspelling of iuashi, Japanelse wotd fot satdine. C. gives, under , t

oi4 .IZIPanese sardine-oiV;. introduced lnto Eutepe' in i88s;) '

CS jiga. .[Given as frorn `{ Chinese7'a'gn, mjmic me."] The nhine in China fot any

wasp who stores up-caterpillars a.s food fot its young. Ctxnebrdr(lle Nat. Hist.,

VI, g2. C.-[China.] A fossotial wasp which stores its nest with caterpillars for

its yQung. S. (Note,: this is evidently a Japanese word.)

SVU .jinriki. A ]intikisha.---v'inrrke-man. S.

OCSi"a jinrikisha, jinticksha, ji riksha. ' A.small two-whcelcd J4panese carriage

.haying springs and a hood, znd dtawn' by, one er two men. I-11us. S.-Said to

have been invented by an American missionaty. C.-Origin211y used in Japan, but gow common in othet Eastetn couritries. Illus; W. ･, ･

C ji tikisha, v,i. To go about inailnrikisha., ' .

SW jinrikisha-tnan. One who'pullsajinrikisha.'S.

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CS jinsen. A fiaifan offeatherg fbrmetly used in Japari. S.-The camp fan. C.

OCS jiud'ootjudo. Amoderndevelopmentofju-jitsU. O.-Amodern'modified

form of jujutsu.. c.-==jujutsu. IJVr. [<Jap.j'i" <<Chin,1'e".) soft,+do (< Chin.' laoj, way] (O, S) Quot. from Hanceck and Higashi, Zee thmplede Klano

juJ'itsag igos, and N. YL Ealening, Post, ige6, C: (Note : the etyrnology is mis-'

leading, fbr,'though the ch4ractets ate bottowed from China, the word is an

ofiginal Japanese one. Notice also the diffetence made by some fbreign,et$ be-

tween judo and iujUtsu,) ."

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OCSW jiujitsu or juiitsu (O), jiujitsu (Va), iujutsu (C, S). The gentle att ofcom-

pelling one's opponent to use his strength to his own disqdvantage : an att of

seTf-defense devised and ptactised by the Japanese, which enables a person of

smaH stature to disable, injure, or thtow one of latge physique, and, ,therefore,

necessitates an accurate knowledge of human anatomy. Illus. Quot. from Zbe.

Americana. S.-Extract frorn Encyf. Bnt. C.

OCS jiujitsian, juijutsian (S). A teacher of jujutsu.. S.

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O iui it$uist. O'ne who teaches ot practices ]u} itsu. CW jb. A Japanese measure of length lega!ly established as g.g4 English feet.

' The cloth measute of the sarne name is sald to be a fourth part longet. C.

SW jodo. 'The

Buddhist paradise or･holy landt S,-In Japanese Buddhi$m, the

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SW Jurojin (S), Jiurojin. .The god of long life, S.---See Seven Gods of Happi- ･

ness, unde £ Seven. W, . ' ,

CS kabuto. An anciept pQt-shaped helmet. S. ,

C Kadsura. {NL.(Kaempfu,i8xo),<Jap,kutwfig.] Agerm$Qfclirnbingshtubs

of the otder M4gnbhaceoe, tribe Scbizandbeoe : distifiguished ftom Schizandtq, the ,

' oniy pther genus of the tribe, by the be.rry-like and giobose, instead of eio.ngated, ･

, fruit, Ttiete are ab6ut7specie$, natives of tropical Asia. ･

C Kaga ware, under ware. Pottety and potcelain of the provinceofKaga, Japan･

' The modern Kalga pottery is of cream-colored clay with ted and gold decorations..,

' . , .

･ ' The Kaga porcelain is usually vety thin, andsgniilarly colered.

. eCSi)er kage. A wmll basketwotk palaftquifi slung from apole carri ¢ d on the ,

shouldets oftwo men. The kago was fotmetlythe cemmenest mode'ofconvey-

ance in Japan, but 'is

gow confined almost efitirely to mountainous regions, .

･ having bce4 superseded on the plain$ by the iinrikisha. Also rmgt), Ilius, C.

Iilus. S.

CS kagura. An ancient Japanesc feligious costume dance dedicated to the sun- ./ . , goddess. S･ '

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CS kagura-xame. The frill-shark, C;blangdeselade"s angu'neus..ofthe fmi!y Chlamy '"

doselachldae. Nso called rabrka. C. t /

CS l[airL Anauticqlmile<6,o8o.27feet>･

OCSW kakemono. 'A

Japafiese hanging wall-picture, usualiyiong andi narrow,

' painted on silk, gaune, ot paper, and mounted on' rods. S. ,'

OSW kaki. The' Chinese or Japanesc datc-plum ot pcrsimmon-tre ¢ (Diospyres kaki), bearing a fruit about the size of an apple. S.--Extract from Sbi. Amer. C.

CS 'kakiyamon.

Seeporcelain. S.{K-] The narne of,a'Japanesa attisg Sakaida

Kakiyemon, ofArita, about themiddl ¢ of the seventeestth cerxtury: applied to

' chatactetistic style of degoratlon ef Japanese potcelain, consisting of a few $imple

motlves such as fiowets, twigs ef ttees, and a ceuple, o £ smail birds,, $catrered

spatingiy on the whlte greund, and painted in enamel coiors, usualjy ted, gree,n, '

and blue. . The style was･later ernpioyed at Chantiily, Chelsca, Bow, Worcestet,

andelsewhete, C.

' OCSW kalike. Sameasbe,:ibeti. S. '

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C Kamakura lacquer. An ancierit !aequeted ware named ftom the city of Kama-

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kura in Japan, the eld capltal of the Sheguns. The pieces thought te be of this

ware ate in ted lacquer ovct black, the undetcoat showing through the upper

one irregularly, as if ftom wear.

CSW kambu. [Kurile lslands.] An edible $eaweed (Laminatla saccharina) u$ed for '

food in Japan. Called in Russia sea-cahbage, and in England ,sua-belt and sweet-

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lang/ll. Also kambou; kobu. Snkambou. C, W. [Native name in Kuri!e

Islands.l W. (Note : ifthis word was taken from the Ainos in Kurjle Islands;

it is not a Jap2nese word, though closely connected with kobag a Japanese word

detived also from the Aino language; cL kobu and kombu.) .OCSW kami. i. A title of Japanese ptinces, nobles, ministers, and govetnors

similar to the English londL 2. The gods collectively of the first and $econd

mythological dynasties of JaPan) ot tiheit reputed descendants,- thc mikados ;

also the deified h.eroes of Japan. 3. [K-] The Japanese Protestant name

ofthe Supreme Being; God. The Way of Kami. The Way of the Gods; the

Shinto religion ofJapan. See shinto. S. ,

CS kamidana. A shelNike shtine of white. unpainted wood holding.thg sacred

images in 2 Shinto household; a god-shel£ S. <Note: O. gives goashe4:)OCSiJO' kana, .Jltpanese w'riVing. , The Japanese 1anguage is not monosyllabic,' but

agglutinates and has an alphabet of47 letters, mainly wtitten in two diffetent fotms,

known as .fira-kena and kala-kena. In addition there is a complete Sinography

derived frorn Chinese consisting of about 38o SinogramS. As these did not

altogether suit the peculiarities of the Japanese language, Kibi-ko (733) selected

47 Sinograms and simplified them into syllabic sounds. This syllabary was narned

irofa, from the first 3'syllables. The irofa, called the kata-kana (half letters),

is used'collaterally with Sinogr2ms, explaining their sounds and serving fbt the

'indication

of gtammatical particles. This fbrm is sometimes called the wtiting

of men. The irofa called･the fita-kana (expanded lettets) was contrived by the

eelebrated bonzes, Comiu and Kobo .(774-83s), and to it a 48tih sign fbr a nasal

sound was added by a third bonze, Kiakuso. This is the cursive writing fbr

daily tlransactions, sometimes called the writing of women. There are two othet

itofas, which are not so extensively used, called the m"ayo-kona and the ewamate-

kena; Imperial Encyclopedia. S. (Note: read, neanjo-kona fbr munjo-kena･

The history of kana here,given is out-ofidate. . See Encyc. Brit.)

SW Kano. Designating･aschoolofJapanese'paintingfoundedbyKanoM2sanobu '

about ,142.s.''S･' ･ '

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CSW kanten. A gelatinous substance extracted from seaweeds; especially from

Fucus cattiaginosus: used for food and fot sizing; Japane$e isinglass. S.

(Note : . W. gives also fopanese- agar, Jlaplanese gelatine, and Japanese isinglass, all

the same substance.) .

CS karamushi. The tamiel

VS.

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,C,:2ggsa,gX'l:,s.r.f.h'k2e,gz,zce,zo,lg.gp,lied

C .Katatsu pottery. Hard pottety made at Ka'ratsu, in the province of Hizen,

Japan ; ･ patticulatly prized by the Japanese.CS karimata. A two-headed atrow used in ancient times : sometimes fitted with

adevice for whistling while in flight. S. . ,

CS kasube. A ray or skate, Raja kenofei, of the family Rnj'icnxe, common in Japan.' C. (Note: kenojei s.hould be konojei.) ,

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OCSW ,kata.kana. Seekeua. S. '

SW katakiribori. A Japanese method ofincised chiselling, in which the lines vary as in the brushwork of painting.

'W. , ,

CSW katana. A single-edged sword, slightly curved toward the point. S.Esp.

tihe vatiety with a blade of 2} to'2i feet･ W･C .kawamutsu. A-shinet or minhow, Zacco temmencke, ･of the family Opn'mdee, fbund in the waters of Japan.CS kawata. [kz, plant,+wata, lint.] The cotton plant. C. (Notet this is a

corrupted fotm of kiwata, the tree-cotton growing in Fotmosa ; the capok.)CSW kaya. A' Japanese tree (Totteya grandis) of the pine family,'with ill-smelling

leaves and woQd, but yielding excellent timbet. S.-A Chinese taxaceous timber

tree (Tumion grar)de). W. ' ,･･ ' '

CSW' keaki(C),kiaki(S,V7)L Alatgefbrest-tree(Zelkovaacuminata)ofthefamily

Ulmaceae. The wood is prized fbr firrniture-manufactp.ring, ship-building-and

general construction. S. -

W kebori. AJapanesemethodofchiselling,inlinesofuniformbreadthanddepth.CSW ken. r. Aptefectute; administrativedisttict, S. '

CS ,ken., 2. Astraight, two-edged.sword. S. ･.

SW ken, 3. Agameofforfeits. S.ew ken, 4. AJapanesemeasure'oflertgth,equalto7z.sEnglishinches. C.CS kenrei. Thegovernotofaken. S, .C Ke-uchilacquer,undeflaayuer. Lacguetwhichhasbeenallowedtostandseveral

months to become thick. It is used fbt dtawing fine lines in the decetations･

without danger of spteading.

CS kiku･ The chrysanthemum. S. . . 'CSVa kikumon (C, W), kikunomon"(S). A Japanese impetial ctest, consisting of

an opgn crysanthemum'flower. -S.-Illus.

VV.

(OCSW kilin. [Chin,l C)ein. opth. A rnSthological unicOrn-like monster, fabled

tohaveappearedatthebirthofConfucius. Klinin [Jap.]; kylin. S.)OCSiJe' kimono. i. Garments. 2. Aloosetobe,fasteningwithzsash,thechief

outet gatment in Japan. s. A gown made in imitation of -it and worn as a

morning- or lounging-gown by European and American worn'en. .Illus. S. Illus. .W.

O kimonoed, atij. Dressed in a kimono. Quot. from Yng. Gentlew., "One

accustomed to the kirnonoed' beauties of Japan." '

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CSW kin. [Chin. and Jap.] A weight of abDut one and one-third pounds. avoir-

dupois;, catty. S.CS kinfun. Goldlaequet,inpowderedfbrm. [<Jap.klmpun] S.CS kingio. Avatiety ofg61d-fish. S. .

CS kinkan. Same as keineeuat(=a small tree (Cittg.s Japonica) cultivated in China

and Japan; also, its acid fruit, tesembling an orange in color, but about the size'

and shape ofaplum, used fbrapteserve, and l2rgely exported. [<Chin. ,kin keag golden otange]) S.-A Japanese name for the little orange-like fruit more




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eommonly known as cumquat. It is a dwzrf species, axt:evs .ILIpom'ca, now gtown to some extent in the southern Utiited States. C.

. CS lcinko. Comrnetcial trepang. S.-[1ie trepang ot beche-de-mer. C, (Note: not given as Japanese.) W Kinkozan ware. A Jzpanese pottetfy made at IAwata and bearing the signatute

of the family Kinkozah. The ware is noted fbt its tich brown ovetglaze on small

bowls and ;ats. Thete is also a ptofusely decgtated Awata ware signed "

Kin-

kozan r' in red.

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S kinsatsu. Papermoney; abank-note.

CS kinsen. Golawire,usedbytheJap2neseinenamel'-wotk. S.

C Kioto warq under ware. Cetamic ware madg in or neat the city of Kioto in

Japan. Immense q"ahtities ofpotteryand porcelain are made thefe) and many

characteristic varieties are imitated with great success; but the name. i"s given

specially to a hard yellow ware with crackled glaze peculiar to'Japan. ,

t / t OCSW kiri. Atree, thepaulownia. S.

CSi)e' kirimon, kirinomon (S). One of the two imperial crests of Japan, beating

threeleavesandthreefiowersofpanlownia. See.illus.undetmon.-S.Illus. VC'.

CS kirin. Sarneaskilin. S.-[Jap..kere'n,Chineseldfin,afabulousanimalsaidnot

'to

tramp on liye insects ot t6 eat livd grass.] Same as kelin. C.

C Ki-seshime lacquer, undet laveuer. ,See seshimee laagner.

C Kishiupottery. EarthenwaremadeatWakayania,intheprovinceofKii,JaPan.

C , kisu. Same as eile(gisu. '

CS

' kitamakura. A diodontoid fish (Eumyctetias tivulatus)., S:-Also known a'

t t "efeebide"andakumebu/(:u. C. ' L

C ki-urushi lacquerl undes lactzuer. Ctude lacguet, the sap of the Rhas' vemictl?r"

of'Japan.

C Kiyomidzupotcelain,underporcelain. AvatietyofJapaneseporcelainthebody

of which is said to be artificial, cem'posed of clay mixed with powdered silicious

stohe and having peodliarities also'in the composit･ion of the glaze.

C , Kiypmizu potiery, undetpottay. A kfnd of pottery rnariufactured in the"Kiyo-

" rnizu disttict, Kioto, Japaq. Alsio written Ki7emideu. See Klilomin!caporcelain. '

OCSW koban,alsokobang,cobang. Anoblonggoldcoinwithroundedcorners,

formerly current in Japan. Also spelled cabang. Compare Obang. IIIus. C. -Illus. S. t

S kobetsu. [Chin.] A hQuse-tax. (Note: evidently a Japanese word.)

S kobi. IIrhe second line pf defen-se in the Japanese army, in which service lasts ten t t tt t t yeqts. --

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OCSi"V' kobu. The kombu. S.-An important broad-fronded edible seaweed,

Laminare'a swmhan'na; fbund on the coasts of Japan, and especizlly of Yezo, the

niost northetly of the fbut latrge islands. where it is known as' ie;omb" (which see) C.

OCS koi, The common carp . Cptprinus cat:pio, fbund in the tivers of Japan. C:

OSVO' ' kby'i A yeast obtained from fetmented rice, sweet in taste, and used fbr

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various purposes. S,-A ,fetment used by the Japanese in making sake ot tice-

wine. It is produced by leaving steamed tice exposed to the air at ordlnaty tem-

perature untila fungus growth mEkes its appearance. Used as an infusion, it

acts upon starch, converting it into maltose and dextrine, and ultimately into

glucose, susceptible of Elcoholic fermentation. ･' C.W koku. See measure (= io t6 or s7.6 galon$.)S kokumin. The Japanese tettitorial atmy, composed of soldiers over 38 years of age, who have finished theit service in the kobi. Setvice in this division (2 yeats arid 8 months) finishes the soldiegs' term of 2o years.CS kom.bu. A seaweed (Laminatia iaponica) eaten by the Japanese. S.--:[Jap;

Chin. k'un-pu.] A Japanese coatse, edible seaweed, also called kobu, (which see), great quantities of which arc gathered on the coasts of Yezo and elsewhere

and prepared fbr use as pickles, seasonefs, relishes, vegitables, sweatmeats,' and,

in powdeted fbrm, as tea. Exttact fro'm Nat. Geag. Mag. C. (Note : though ultimately ttaced back to the Aino language, this etymology is right. See

'the

paper,"T6-a go-i kantyako ",

the Bzanka, May, ig4o･) '･

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S"V' konjak. {pron. kon'jak] [Jap. kon-jaku] ('"a) A tuberous-rooted･araceous

plant (Amorphopha!lus rivieti koniak) cultivated in Japan. Meal is made from

the tubers. S. ' .

CS koro. An incense-burner, usually highly omamented. S. , '･

OCSW koto. A Japanese musical instrument, having a long box ori which ate

stretched i3 strings, eaeh with a bridge. It is played with both hands like a hdrp

and tuned by shifting the bridges. IIIus. S.----IIIus. C.

C kozo, Thepaper-mulberry,Popvri"spmpL7mpi`lera, ,'' '

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OCS kuge. A court noble 6f Japan; the pourt nobles collectively : oppo$ed to

daimio. Compatebpt{ke. Quot. fromGtiMs,theFbrim. S,-[Jap.,==Chin.,ke(ng

kin, `public'

ot ducal families.] C.' (Note:･the etymology given by C. is

incortect, the word having been originally coined in Japan.)C Kuma-utushi lacquer, umder laciper. Lacquer colored wlth lampblack, used

fbr drawing fine lines in the shading of feathers, hair, etc., on gold lacquer.C Kumo tea ot spider-leg tea, under im. A fine grade of Japanese basket-fited

tea of needle-shaped make.

C Kura. In Japan, a building without large windows and unfit fot residence, ar-

ranged as a thotoughly fire-pto'of stotehouse fbt valuables. It fotrns a separate

place of storage, .where the pfoprictot's wotks of art and other treasures ate

kept. ･ ,

CS Kuromatsu, A pinaceous,tree (Pinus thunbergii), gtowing inthe Philippine

Islands, whose timber is prized fbr dUrability. S.CS Kuromoji. Bet. .AnyoneofseveralAsiatictteesofthegenusBenzoin. ,One

yields a valuable wood and anothet the fragrant kuromoji oi]. (S).[Jap. kuro-

moji<kuto, blagk,-l-moji, cotton gauze.] Any one of several

'species of shrubs

ot small ttees belonging to the laurel family, especially Ben(oin sericr'amu, B.

avebeZlainm, B. citriedonasnv, and Litsea glancu. Sevetal of the species, particularly

l ･,

h

"




.

'

,

ssz KEIIII NL`4KAIIMA

the first named yield a gray:sh-whi'te, silky, fragrant wood which is used fbt the

manufagture of tooth-.sticks. From tihe foliage of several species a volatile oil

is obtained. C. '

OCSW Kuroshiwo ot Kurosiwo. The Japan Current, S, . .

OCS kuruma. The jinrikisha. S.-Quot. from L. Hearn, Gimpses of U)z12ineihar Jdpan. C. , .

O kurumaya. Arlckshawman.

C Kutani ware. Pottety and porcelain first made at Kutani, Japan, but afterward

produced at other places. Its most charactetistic style of decoration is in red

･ and gold.

C kuwaroku. See kw2zoku.

CVei kwan. A Japanese unit of weight, equal to i.ooo,momme or 8.28 pounds

avoitdupois. C. ･ .･

SV7 Kwannon. The Japanese goddess of metcy, who is teptesented 'as

having

eleven faces and a thousand hands. She cerresponds to the Chinese Kwan-Yin

.and to a male bodhisat of Tibet. [Jap. kuwan-on] S. (Note : S. and W. give

Kman-Ylin also.)

CSW kwazoku. The Japanese noble class, including both the kuge or court

nobles and the daimios. AIso keutzokei. S. 'CSW makimono, Anything rolled up; speci £ , a lon.Mg picture ot writingkePt

rolled up and not hung. Compare kukemene. Illus. S. , .

S manzai. Itinerant dancers and ballad-singers who petfbtm at New-Yeat's time. "

W masu. Asrnallsalmon(Oncotphynchusmasou)ofthetiversofJapanandnorth- '

etn Asia. It is an importapt fbod fish: ' .'

OCSV7 matsu. A large pine (Pinus} 'sinensis>

of China and Japan, whose tough

durable wood is used fbr furniture and indootwotk. The roots, burned with the

oilofBrassica orientalis, furnish the Chinese lampblack. S.-The most common

ttee of Japan, a plne which attains great age and size, Pinas Massoniaua, It is a

fine tree fbr avenues, and its wood is valuable fbr house carpentfy' and furnittire.

C.-An ornamental and valuable timber pine (Pinus Masso'niana) of the Malay

Atchipelago, China, and Japan, widely cultivated. VU.

C midzu-ame. A syrup mdde･in Japan by the addition of water to ame. See

ame.

OCSVi' mikaao. The sovereign of Japan: a title u$ed .chiefly by fbteignets; , J J

tately by the Japanese e,xcept in poetry. ,Compare shogun. S.

SW mikado type, See locomolive. VU.-(Undet locemuotive) milaxdo foconeotive, a

freight locomotive, having a 2-wheeled leading track, fout paits of coupled driv,-

ers in a short wheel-base, apd a pair'of trailers. S.

CW mikado-yellow. Ditect yellow. W.-A ditect cotton coaltar colot of the

stilbene type,. prepared by the action of caustic soda with p2ra-nitto-toluene=

, sulphonicacidintheptesenceofanoxidizingagept. Itdyesunmotdantedcotton

yell.ow in a salt bath. C.

QCSX"V' mikadoate. The oMce Df rnik,ado. N.E,D. C.

.




teny

JAPANESE VORDS IN FOREJCN DIcr10NARIES ss3

C Mikawachi porcelain, undetporeelain. Same as Mhadoporcelain. Also wtitten Mlaua1'i.CSW mino. A thatch-like :ain-coat ot cape made of hernpen fibers, Iong gtass,

rushes, or the like laid close together, and bound in place at the top by plaiting or by some similar means : used in Japan by coolies, fhrm-laborets, etc. Illus. C.-Illus. W.C Mino pottery, underpoderv. A pottefy which derives its name from the province of Mino, Japan, where it is made.,SVa

' mioga. A Japanese plant <Zinziber mioga) of milder flavor than the common

'ginger.

S.

C INfi Shima ware, undef uare. A variety of pottety having a characteristic style

of decoration which wa$ introduced into Japan by Kotean potters. Extract

from S. W. Bushell, Oriental CZ,n Art, , 'C Mi Shima Karatsu pottery, undetpottecy. .Karatsu pottery, made in Japan, in

the Mi Shima style of decoration. See Karatsespotlecpt and Miz' Sblnea ware. '

SibV' Mitsukurind. [NL..aftetPre£ KakichiAtfitsubuEoftheUniversitYofTokyo.]

ZooL A remarkable genus of sharks having thq snout prolonged into a fl.at

blade exteriding far beyond the rnouth. A single species, the goblin shatk (M. '

owstoni), is known from the coast of Japan. It constitutes a family A{k7szakefridae. W.

･･

S mutsukurinidae. Iich. A family of sharks, generally united with thE Odontas-

pidiae ot Carchariidae : proposed name for the goblin shark of Japan, , Mitsu-

kufina [t. g.] . 1' '

CS mitsumata. A low shrub, Ecigeworthia palvtrtfenci, of the family Daphnaceae,

n4tive to China an.d Japan, and cultivated'･in the latter country fbt its bark. The

,. bark is used in the manufacture of the best gtades of paper, especially when mixed

with'fibet ofthe kozo and the.ganpi. C.CS rl}iya. i. AshrjneorShintotempleinJapan. 2. IM-] Theresidenceofthe Mikado of Japan, 3. [M-] The title of the childten of the Mikado. S.C . Tniyakite. [Miyakojima, an island of Japan,+-ite.] In petrol., pyroxene-andesite - -

occurrmg

on IiC[iyakoiima, in which the pyroxeng is a rnang2niferous babingtonite.'

Petefsen, :Sgr. (Note: tead Atlii a)eofima for Atfi]ake'ima,) '

'

W mo. [Jap.<Chin. mao, a-hair] See mensare (= tT-. tin; o.oe:2 in; o.o3 mm.)

coin (=-,ig rin; 2.oo cent.), weight (===Ti･o tin; o.os8 gr. ot 3.76 mg.). ,

OCSN"e' mokum. A Japanese alloy used chiefly in otnamenting silver and goldt

pieces. Wap. rnokume],. S.-A kind ofalloy, first introduced from Japan, used

in decorative work on gold and silver articles. W. -

OCS momme. A Japanese unit of weight, equivalent to 3.7ss gtams, or nearly

6o grains. C, - '

OCSW men. i. A persopal or family cognizance or cfest ; much used in decora-

tioqs. Such badges belonged particulatly to the 'ancien-t･

feudal families of theX

territorial nobility. They are usually conventional designs representing some

natutal object, as a leaC flovier, bird, wave, etc., composed of symbolical geo-

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554 KEIIII NAKAJIMA ' t / metric21 figures. The imperial mon is the chrysanthernum,.now used as the Japa- ' t t nese national emblem. Comp2rg ke)kunomon. Illus. S.-Illus. W. 'CS mon 2. A Japanese money Qf account, the ten thpusandth part ofasilvcr '

yen, equal to so cents. C. , '

C monogatari. In Japanese litetatute, a stery; a natrative. Extract from the

Athaeneorm. '

'

C moroko. Same as h`pa.

OCSW mousmee, An unmattied Japanese gitl: spesi £ , a girl who setves tea. S.

OCSW moxa. r. Acottonymaterialfbrcauterizing,preparedinChinaandJapan

from cettain specics of Attcmisia, especially A. Moxa and A. chinensis ; also any

oneoftheseplants. 2. Asubstaficcforsimilaruseobtainedfromothersources,

as from the fungus smaddl (Polyporus fbtmentatius), etc. 3. .S2irg. A cylinder

6r cone of cottonwool placed on the skin and fired at the top fbt putpo$es of

cauterization; also, the operation'of thus cauterizing.-gnlaanic mexe, mexa per-

fbrmed by an electriczlly,incatidescent wirc. S. (Notc: both C. and S. give this L ,

wordas [Chin.and Jap.], which is incettect. The O. is correct, giving [Jap.' moietusa, contracted from nvoe ketsw burning herb.]. W. gives a correct etymology.

too.)

OSW moxibustion. [2fter combastibn] 5burg. Cauterization by means of moxa. S.

O Moxocausis. [Mod. L., from Gr. keieL£is burning]=moxibustion.

C, 'Murana$hiji lacquer. A variety of Japanese lacquer with s'mzll gold flakes in t t

- irtegular clusters. See nashiji laayer.

'

W Murata rifle. [Aftet General Baron Meuala, Japanese othcer.] MM A bolt

gun with tubular magazincl under the hartel holding eight cattridges. It was the

Japanese infantry atm until aftet the war of i8g4 with China.

W Nabeshima ware. [Aftetthe Nabeshima, chiefs ofthe province of'Hizen, Japan, And pattons ofceramic 4rt] See Hizenporcelain.

C naegite. [Naagi+-ite.1 A silicate of uranium and therium found in placer tin-

washings at Naegi (Nayegi), near Takayama, Japan. It varies in color frorn gteen

to gtay and brown, and is ptobably isomorphousWith zircon. It'exhibits matked

radioactivity. , ''

･C Nageia, [NL. (Gaertner, i788) from nagi.'the Japanese,name of IVirgein Ncrgill

A genus of plants of thc family Taxaceae. See podocarpus and native deal.

(Note : the accepted rerm for N`rgsia N`rgf', howevet, seems ar present Pedocarp"s

'itrgi')

C Nakanuri lacquer. A pure Iacquer freed from water, exposed to the light, and '

stirted･till it becomes black : used as a basis, or underdecorating, oh which' the

finishing lacquet is afterward placed. .W

･ nakqdo. A middlernan in marriage negotiations;

CSW nandn. See nandiua. W.-The sacred bambbo, Nandeua Domestica. C.CSW' Naridina. [pron. nannbinu.] Bot. A monotypic genus ofChinese and Japanese elect $htubs of the family Betbetidaceae. N. domestica is the so-called sacred

bamboo of China, a hapdsome shrub with ternately compound leaves and temiiqal t t '

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JAPANESE IYORDS IN FOREIGN.DJCTTONL,4IUES ･ sss '

'

compound panicles of.white flowers foIlowed by fed berries : used by the Chinese ,

fof decorztipg altarsS temples, etc., and called by them tein-chok. It is gfbwn extensively in the southern United States. S.C nandinine. Anamorphous,poisonous, pulverulentalkaloid,CigHieO-N4, con-

tained in the root-bark of Naha7ua domestiba, from Japan. ,C nashiji., A kind of Japanese lacquet, having a pear-eolored grouriq sprlnkled

'with

gold-lea£ [l-7ans. Jap. Sec. III, 8. '

'

C Nashiji lacquer, under laceuer. A variety of Japancselacquersprinkledwith '

gold, in imitation of the. skin of a pear. Alsp called aventnv'n laayuer.C nekozame. [Jap. neko, eati+zame, shark.] A shafk, Hleteredonthas72ipem'cim, of

the family Hketeredbntidae. (Note :,, read cat fbr eat.)

OCSW netsuke.

' A small toggle ot button carved in ivory or

'wood, attached by

the Japanese to their pipe-cases, medicine-boxes, belts, etc. The carving as a

rule teptesents some landscape or object from nature, as a tree br flowets. See. illus. under inro. Also'netszaJe:io. Quot. from GriMs. S. t tC nibu. An oblopg square-cornered silver coin with unttlrnmed ,edges, fbrmerly curtent in Japan. -SIJV' Nichirenshu,

' A Japanese Budcihist sect, fbunded by a ptiest named Nichiren.

who died in ii'8o. S. (W. gives only IV?thiren. a Japartese Buddhist sect.)CS nigori. In speakihg the Japaneselanguagc, the substitution ofsonantconsonants

for surds, in order to facilitate utterance; as shima-iima fof shima--shima, yarie-

bune for yane-fune,'ctc. {Jap. Iiterally, lmpurity.] Quot. from Keane, Man. Past and PresenL Han nigoti, literally,

` half nigoti

', ihe mark

'eplaced after h

or fto sh6w tihat it is nigoti or impute and takes the sound ofp. C.

C Nikkei oil, undet oil. A Volatile oil bbtained,i'n Japan by distillation with water

of the 1eaves and young twigs of annamomnu lo"nein'i, the Japanese cinnarnon or '

cassia-bark tree. ' ･'

' ･

C Ninsei ware. Pottery rnade by Ninsei, the greatest ceramic attist of Japan. whose work extended through' the first half of the seventeenth century.

Sninsoku. Acoolie. , . '

S Nippon. Japan. AlsoDaiNippon.O Nipponian. OforpertalningtoJapan,Japanese. .OS Nipponisrn. [1ie futtherance ofJapanese interests. O,-i. A characteristie

or trait of the Japanese. 2. A Japanese word or mode of expression. S. .

C Nishikide ware. A variety of Satsuma potrery with decerations resernbling '

btocade, made by Japanese potters in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

Nso called hrocaded ware and brocadedpainted mare. '

'

CS nishikiye, sing' and pL [Jap.<ni, two,+shhkiL golor,-Eye, 4 pictute, 'drawing.]

C.-JaPanese prints ptoduced by a method ofcolot-ptinting by hand frem wooden

blocks cut with the grain･instead oftravetsely : developed inthe i8th eentury. S-

(The etymology ought to be Uap.<nishiki, brocade,+ye, a picture,])

C 'nishti.

A small rectangular Japanesc silver,cQin, worth half it bu : no longet

made or used. See bu.'

/

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The English

1

.-

Society of Japan

'K ･

ip ,

/- /

" - t

sf6 ' .'KEijINAKAJITMA

' '

CSI)e' n6. The classical drama of Japan, consisting of dignified dancing, accom-

panied by chotic singing, the dialog beirig tecited by two 2ctors, who mQve

about the stage, wearing rnasks to indicate the charactets they are pottraying. ./ Quot. from,G. T, Ladd, Rare Days in .lbpan. S.L-Extr. ftom Okakura, Jdleals '

'of'the East. C. ･ '

SVV noti. A gelatinous reddish seaweed (Porphytalaciniata), used as fbod by Japa- nese and Chinese. S.

OCSW norimon, norimono (S). Any kind ofpalanquin or sedan-chair; especially.

an open light frame suspended from apole somewhat like'a shott hammock.

Compare kago, palanquin, pole-sling, sedan, ctc. S. '

C Nuritate lacquer. A pure lagquet to w.hich has been added water which had

, becn used with a whetstone and conthins fine particles of the stone in suspension: used on cheap ware.'

' . '

eCSW obanorobang. AfbtmetgoldcoinofJapan,varyingin･valuefromabout

$i7upwards. Itwaschiefiyusedfbrpresents. W.

OCSW obi. AbroadsashwornbyJapanesewomen. Illus. S.

CS ogL The Japanese folding fan. S. t t

.CS ogi otoshi. A game in which a.fan strung with bells is placed on a table while

6 6hi, P,ig.Y2t,S,.thrglli,,t,h,ei.r.fa,

g allS

E

in ,?'ohi, , .iii.ge in th6 eastem part

of K"ana-

zawa,･Japan. , '

C oki-anago. The off-shore conger-eel, Cbirgredeis nvagtFstene"s.

C oki-gisu. A Japanese name of Pterothisstas gisu, a fish of the famiiy PteroXhissidoe, ,

. found in the deep waters of Japan.

''

C okimono. An otnament or

'figute placed in the alcove or slightlY, raised portion

of a Japane'se room. The name is also applied to 'smaJ,

1 table otnamcnts, such as

papet-weights, etc. Quot. from Enayc. Bnt.

C

Oribe wate.

. Eatthenwate

oK porcelain made by Shino Otibe', in the provincc ofOwari,Japan. See Shinopottecy. .

'

C Owari ware, under ware; Pottery and porcelain made in Owati Province, one

of the principal ceramic centers of Japan. , .

CW Raku Pottery, under potlecy (C), Raku ware (VO'). Earthenware oflight gray '

clay and of a coarse texture, with a heavy glaze, ･usually

ted or black. It iS made

at･various places in Japan, particulatly'in Kioto. Extract ftom E. S. Molse,

..]lapanese Pofiec7･

C tengeso clover. Ashagalas Sinic7is, a clovct-like plant latgely gtown in Japan fbr green manure and for forage. It is often sown in rice-fields aftet hatvest

and plowed under the next spring.

'

CW ri. i. A Japanese mile. It i$ divided into s6 cho, and is equal to about 2.4s

English miles. See eho. C. .

, C ri. 2. A Japanese unit of area, equal to is.s square kilo-meters. (Note: thls n'

' ought to be given as

" h6-ri ", er s'quare ri.)

:OCS tickshaw. [Colloq.] Sarne as7'inn7eisha. S, ' .

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JAPANESE WTORDS JN FOREIGN DICTIONAIUES ss7

W rin. i. See ttteasme (=Ti6 bu Or o.or2 in. ot o.3 mm.), za,e4ght (==Ti-. fun or o,sg

gr. or 37･s7 rng･)･

CVe' rin. 2. A Japanese bronze ot btass coin, exactiy similar in form to the Chinese

cash, and equal in value to the thousandth part of 2 yen. See fi andlen. C.C rio or tiyo. [pron. te-o] A Japanese ounce, or the same value as the Chinese

liang; especially an ounce of silver; a tael. ･'

C RO-iro Iacquer. A variety ofJapanese lacquer ofa pure black or greenish black' color.

'"

'

SW ronin. A discharged or ostracized samutai; an outcast; litetally, a wave-

mah, as one cast adrift. S. (Note: though W. gives the etymology as from

Chinese, thi$ is anothcr case gf a Japanese word coined out of Chinese charactets.) gC Ro-umshi lacquer. A datk green vatnish made by adding to branch lacquer a

small proportion of tooth-dye, which is prepated by boiling tice-vinegEt in whjch

iron flings have been placed, and by afterward exposing it to the rays ofth'e sun ' fbr several days, '

eCSi"a' saka i. A fermetrted liquor made from rice.' ･2. By extension, in Japan

anyspitituousliquor. Also'mkee; sake. S. '

'

OCSW samisen. A guitar-like instrument with three sttings, played with a p]ect- tum. Seeillus.underalbg. S.-Illus. W. ･ .

OCSW

' samurai, siirg. and pl. Undet the feudal systeni, a mernber of the soldier

class con$tituting the lowet nobility; 2, military.retainet: sometimes including

the daimios. They wete supported by the feudal chiefs to whom they were

attached, and were distinguished by the privilege of wearing txiTo swords, Their

numerous privileges were abolished after the･ fa11 of the shogunate. S.C sasa. [Jap. zasa]. Any one efseveral ispanese b2mboos belonging to thegenus

Bamb"sil and h2ving very slender Sterns from one to six feet in height. '

OCSiJU sasanqua. An eastern Asiatic shrub (Thea sasanqUa), with elliptic crenate '

shining lcaves and white flowers having s or more obevate petals. Severa1 varie-

ties are in cultivation. S.-Also sassaneikx. A theaceous plant of China and

Japan, often cultivated in English gatdens. It has ftagrant leaves and seeds' that

yield an oil. W.' 'C , sato-imo. In Japan, the tare, CZiladiwve Colocaria, the' starchy rhizomes of which

are'one ofthe fbod-staples ofthe natives. See imo. r

' .

W Satsuma. A' variety of mandatin orange often gtonm in Florida. /tOCW Satsuma wate. :. Pottery made in the province of Satsuma, in the island

of Kiusiti, Japan. It has ari extrernely hard paste, is pale-yellow ot brownish-

yellow in color, and is covered with a vety minute qrackle. 2. A pottery made at

Stoke-uPon-Trent in England, imitated in the main from the Japanese Satsuma. , C. .

CW sawara. See Relinospora,=[NL (Siebold and Zaccatini, i842)] A fbrmer

genus of coniferous ttees, now united tQ C)bamaec)tpan's, from which it ,has been

distinguishgd by the conspicuous tesin-ducts in the seed-coat. Several species ' are often cultivated in America under the name tetinospora. They are also '

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s

s.

'

KEJLJT NAKA,[IMA 558 '

known as Japanese cyptess-C. (R.) obima as the Japanese ttee-ofthe-sun, C.

(R). pisijlera as sawara. They atein.use for lawn decoration, and for hedges,

especialy the golden retinospora, consisting of cultiyated varieties (var. azarea)

of both these species, with 'yellowish

fbliage. C.. (W. gives Jawara E)tpress.)

1"eT se. See measut'e (===rL. tan or iig.i6is sq･ yd･ ot gg.:74,sq･ m･)

C Seiji ware. Japanese stone-ware or porcelain having a neuttal gray ot celadon

glaze. OCSW sen. A Japanese copper or bronze coin, equal to the one-hundredth part

of a yen or dollar; a Japanese cent. One and two-sen coppet pieces an,d five-,

ten-,.twenty-, and fiffy-sen silver pieces are in citcul2tion. Illus. ,C.-lllus. S. O sentoku. A vatiety of'Japanese'bronze. Quot. from'Enayc. Bn't.,

"A golden

yellow-btonze called sentoku"; lllastr. London Neevs, "That-,..charactetist.ic

Japanese alloy, sentoku, a sort of yellow bronze which is vety soft and tesembles

brass Father than true bronze."

OSW seppuku. Same ag bara-kerL S. ..

C ･ Sesbime lacquer, under bueuer. A mixture of pure lacquet with finely powdeted ' charred wood and a glaze made from seaweed : used in Japan for priming coats.

A kind Qbtained firom the Iawet btanches of the laequer-tree is called fei-seshiivee,

C Seto ware, tinder uare. Pottery; stoneware, and porcelain made in thevillage of ,

Seto, Provincg of Owari, Japan. Among the most common varieties are a stone-

viare with celadon or pale green glaze, and a potcelain with blue dccoration's.

CSW Seven Gods of Happiness or Luck. In the popular Japanese conception

of Buddhism, seven devahs or deities who promete ot insute material and spititual

welfare. They are Benten, goddess oflove; Bishamon, god ofwat'; Daikoku.

god of wealth; Eblsu, god of abnegat;on; Fukusokujin and Jurojin, gods of

longevity; .and Hotei, god of generosity. S. (Note: tead E"keirokay'ia fbt

Ftek"rokejtin.) '

-'

OC shaku. i. In Japan, a stick or baton of wood or, ivory, which was fotmerly

･ carried ai coutt, and was hcld in a certain rnanner to give the body a dignified

catriage on state occasions. When the ogi or folding fah was' invented, it toek

the place ofthe shaku. Salwey, Fizns ofJltpan. C.

OCS"V shaku. 2. The Japanese fbot, containing i2 tsun or inehes, ancl equai te

about iig English inches. C. (Note : tsunis the Chinese inch; cL sun.)

OCVeJ shakudo. A Japanese alloy of copper with from one to ten pcrcent. of gold,

much used for ornamental metal-work. It hqs･ 'a bluish-black ,patina,

produced

by boiling in a solution of copper sulphate, alum, and verdigris, which removes

some ofthe coppet and, exposes a thin Mm ofgold. Extr. from VUProneshopReceipts. ' c.

'

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O sharawggi, ebs. Also sharawadgi. Chinese want of symmetty, or studied

'beauty

of itregulartity..

'

,

S 'shibi.

The 21bacore. - '

OCSi"e' shibu-ichi. An alloy consisting of three patts of copper and one of siive'r :

used in decorative art by the Japanese, S. ' ''

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JAPANESE ffPrORDS IN FOKEIGN PICTIC}NAR.IES ssg

OCS shikimi, Bof. A 3aPanese sacred tfee <Illiclum･reiigiosimi) whose bark i$

bufned as incense during certaifi teligious rlte$. S,

OCSW shikimiC, aof. i. Of or .pertaining to the shikimi. 2. Designating the

acid compound (CvHi60,) present Sn the fruit ef the Japanese $hikirni. S.

OC shikimin. A colotless, poisonous crystalline g!ucoside contaSned in the seecls

of ILCZ?ìuev rel4gtostua (Japanese shikimi). C. '

OCW shikimo!. Sameassafro!. C.

C Shigaralri pottery. Eatthenware made at Shigaraki, Vtovince of Omi, Japan･ It is of a reddish tint, with a tough surface, often having a heavy xunning glaze

over the surface glaze.C Shiga's bacillus. Bacihas Shigae, which is found quite genetally iri case ofdiat-

fhca, dysentery,.and gholefa infantnm, 'and

is believed ,to be their causet

OCW Shimese-pewder. IFor Shimonese, aftesc the 3apafiese lnicrentef, Mas2shika

S;bimomose, Kogakubachi.] A ptepatatien o £ picxic acid used by the Japanes¢ iR ,.

the wat with Russia, igo4-os, to ch2tge high explosive shells, W.-Quet. frem

Aneer･ inventer. C. (Note : C. gives shimese and O. sfiineesite, whilc the S. gives .

Shimonose, the inventor. Read Kqgekethakashi fot Kogakubachi･)/

OCSiOe' shin. In Chtha and Japan, a god. Ve'.--`[Chin. and Jap.] i･ A god ot ---

spirit, or'the gods or spirits collectively. 2. [S-] Among Protestant missioneries

and native ptotestant Chtistians, God; the Supreme Being. Compare Shangti,

S･ (Note: so fat as the Chinese chatacter, shini goes,ithe definitions ate ttue

of Japanese, but if a word is taken as something consisting ef $ound and sense,

they hold･.good only in Chinese.>

C Shino pottery. A tough, hard pottexy, with z coarse whlte cracklea glaze7 PtO-

duced in the ptovince of bwarl, Japan, usually in thc fbtm of bowls, plateso afid

ihcense-boxes. Eactr. from E. S. Morse, .i4panese Potlery.CS Shinotawaro. One ofa bteed of domestic fbwls with very Iarge tai!s･ S･---

See foPanese long-ltidedJbwts, under 1ltpanese. C. (Note : Shinotawato is a cor- `

ruption of Shinowarato, rrrcnning the breed at Shinowara, a village in the prow,nce

of Tosa, Japan. See the T7ansaetions tlf fhe Asiatic Sourèty ofJkpan, Vol. XXVll,

Part i, B,' " Note on a Leng-tailed Bteed ef Fowls in Tosa," by Basil Hall Cham-

betlain. Cf. Tosa ft)wl.)

SW Shin Shu. A progressive sect of Japanese BuddhistS fbufided by Shifiran

(u7i-i262). Justification by faith in Budidha is their chief creed, as opposed to

the common Buddhlstldea ofsalvation by work. They are the most influential

sect in Japan and their temples numbef about i4,ooo. Their doctrines are said

to border on Chtistianity. S.

OCSVa' 'Shnto.

The primitive cu!t of Japan, in its cssence 2 species of anCeStOf-

worshiP. Shinto, latgely superseded or rather absotbed by Buddh!sm'since its

introductiWon in th¢ i6th century A, D., has had a rcvival since the revolution of

i868, and is sti;1 a iiving powe,r among the people of Japan. It seems to have

been otiginally a dcification ofthe fbrces ofnature, which later became identified

as hero ancesto:s. It has ks own divinities, temples, pries'ts, wotship, apd rites.



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But its central beliefis implicit obedience to the mikado as the direct descendant

and actual representative of the sun-goddess, Amaterasu. In the fbrrn in which

itis held by some educated Japanese, it is practically deism. Extr. from Enayc.

Bnt. S.-The system of nature- and heto-worship which forms the indigenous

religion ofJapan. Its geds number about r4,ooo, and are ptopitiated by offe.r-

Ln.g,,og,(5'2,2knl,,bkgig:`.c,ed,,dz",gi-"g.',.Tg,e'f,//hef.,d,è'ty.ks,",.}:`lk{･ftsnchg,gll･:.s cteative pair. The system inculcates reve;ence fbt ancestors, and recognizes

certain ceremonial defilements, such as contact with the 'deadl

for purification

from whlch there ate $et fbrms. It possesses no ethical code, no docttinal

system, no priests, and no public worship, and its temples and shrines contain

noidols. Seekanei. C. (ThoughallthedlctionariesgivethiswordasJapanese from Chinese, it is one originally coin'ed in Japan.)OCSW Shintoism. Same as Shinto. C.-A commen but erroneQus equivalent to

Shinto. iJVr. '

OCIOa Shintoist. One who believes in and practises Shinto. C.

O Shintoistic,,atij. Belonging to or chatacteristic of Shinto.

O Shintoize, v. To render Shintoistic. ,

OSW shipp6. Cetam. Japanese cloisonne-enamel ware. S.

CS shitozame. ' A galeorhinoid shark (Mustelus matiazo). S.

CSW shizoku. T. The gentry or middle class. 2. T}ie gentry collectively, as

distfngulshed from the heimin ot comrnon 'people

and the kawzoku or nobillty.

s.' 'i"er .sho. See measure (=i-.- t6 or o.38 galon).

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OCSW shogun. During the existenceofthe feudalsystem in Japan, the hetedltdry

commafider-in-chiefof the army, When the rr}ikado adopted the Chinese rnilitary

' system, about the 6th century A. D., in ordet tb subdue the aborigines, he con-

ferted this title on the commanders of his expeditionaty armies. In time, it'became

the custom to gtant the ontce {o one ef the two noble clans of Taira and Mina-

moto, whose rivalties caused the wars of the ioth and uth centuties. The title

gradually became heteditaty in some branch of the Minamoto clan, of which the

Tokugawa line, beginning with Iyeyasu, held it from i6o3 tQ iS67, when the

last shogun resigned and the oMce was abQlished. Undet the,shogunate a sott

ef feudalism, suppotted by daiinios, was establjshed in Japan, and the shogun

cotnpletely obscured the mikado, in whose narne he ptofefised to tule, th? re.la-

tion resembling that of the mayors of,the pa!ace to the last of the Metrovmgian

kings of the Ftanks. He was 1rnown to foreigners as.tycoon. The capital of

the shoguns was first at Kamakura in Sagami, and then at Yedo, while the mikado

,resided constantly in Kioto. S. '

OCSW Shogunal, anj. Pertaining toashogun or the shogunate. S.'

OCSVO' Shogutinte. The ontce or prbrogative ofa shogun; 21so, the petiod of

,'tule byashogun or the shoguns. S. '

O Shogunite. (rare) A partizan Qg the shogunate. Quot,-frotn Sir E. Arnold,.

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JAPANESE ?YOIII])S IN FOREIGN DJCTIIONARIES s6r '

Seas andLantlr. "

The rebels,, ot Shogunites, were defeated."

OF,h.O,g.U"Alll'lli.P,/--,th,?..gU,a:,ei,..9.??lv,F,O.ffl,ill.9:7gZ',,Zn,d.C,ff,te,Mi,.g..th.",,rl･Z,9f,n"'"'

OS

s.hoji.

The semitranspatent papet slides used by the Japahese in the daytime of

winter

to

compose

the sides of the house, instead of the wooden sliding doQts (amado) intended fbr protection at night. S. .

OW

sbomio. [Jap. sho-miyo, <Chin. hsiao, small,+ming, name, person, title.]

Jap. One

ofa low grade of watrior nobles. W. (Note : this is a case ofa Japa-

riese word coined out of Chitfese chata'cters.) '

C

SIrunkeilacgue4 undetkeay"er. [Jap. Shunkei,name oftheinventor.] A variety

･

of Japanese lacquer produced by mixing oil with the sap of the lacquet-tree

(Ithas vetvrzttfexaj. It is of a yellowish color and needs no polishing. When

applied to furnitute, being transparent, it shows the flatural grain of the wood

beneath.

C Shunuri lacquer, undet 2hrezzer. A Japanese lacquer ofa pure ted color : sarne as

cotal Dr vermillion lacquer. "

C Shu-urushi lacquer, undet lacener. , A ted lacquer whicb requireS ino final polish-

ing. See Shanuri lacever. e '

OCSW 'sikq.

A pseudaxine Japanese deer (Cervus sika) similar to the red deet ]' mtroduced into Iteland. S. '･

OCSW skimmia. [NL (Thunbetg, r784), <Jap. s,kimmi, in mij'eneaskenvmi, the

J2panese name.] (C) A genus of hatdy shtubs of the farnily Rutaceae, with

leathery, dotted leaves, white Howets in terminal clusters, ,and fleshy, ovoid two-

to fbut-stoned dtupes. Of the half dozen species natives of Japan and the

Hlmalayas, several ate in ornamental cultivation, S. (Note: inijama-skimmi . ought

,to be rniyama-shikimi,)

C Skimmene, A colorless dexttototatory liquid, CiuHi6, contained in the oil

from LS)hr'mmia Jbpenica. It boils at i7o-i7sOC.

C Skimmetin. A colotless prystalljne cornpound, C,H603, prepared by the actionc, ofdihite acid on skimmin. It melts at 22IeC.

C Skimmin. A colorless glucoside, Ci,Hi60s, contained in Skenvnvia JbPonica. It

crystallizes in needles and melts at 2ioeC.

C Soia [NL.,(Moench, i7g4), from sagJig, the Japanese name of a sance prepared from the beans.] A genus of plants of the family Fabaceae. It contains about 2o

species, chiefly twining herbs of the Old World tropics. The genus is of general interest･because it inclpdes'the soY-bean, .Soia Soja, an etect,,hairy, bean-like

plant from Chinz and Japan that is now grown in the United States fbr soiling

and gtecn-manuring. ･ The genus,is closely allied to Phaseelvs, V?gna, and Dofilflhos,

. ･from which iv is distinguished by very technical charactets. Illus.

C '

Soma pottery, under potiery. A varicty of eatthenwate made in the province of. Iwqki, Japan, frequently bearing a decerative design of.a tethered hotse and the

crest of the house of Soma. Extr. from,E. S. Morse, fopanese Pettay. ･

CSVVi soroban. The Japanese abacus. C.---[Jap,<Chin. sgntnpan] S. (Notel the ''

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true etymology seems from Chinese through Korean. S. gives'ssutnPan, under

which a brief history of abacus in Asia is also given.) .

OCSVU soy. i. A sauce ot liquid condirnent prepared in China and Japan ftom the

' soy bean with other ingredients; genetally known as Japancse soy or Chinese '

soy. 2. The soy-bean ot pea, a sm'all erect hetb (Glycine hispada) of the bean

family; of India and China, cultivated fbr its seeds ahd fot fbrage in the United

States. The flout ptepared frorm it is used as a food for persons aMicted with

diabetes. S.

OSi"V soya. [<Du. soya, soja: see soy.] Also saio, sooja, soia. In recent use

also attributively, as soya-bean, -oil, -plant.

O.

OCW soy-bean. 'See

say, 2. C.

C soy-pea. See say, 2. C.

CSicor sugi. A coniferous ttee, Cmptemeria J4penim, the Japanese cedar. It is the

largest tree of Japan, gtowing i2o feet high, with a long straight stem ; the wood

. is compacti vety white, soft, and easily wQrked, rnuch used in house-building.

It is found also in northern China, and is lecally planted as a timber-tree, but

rgquites moist fbtest v4ileys for success. C. (Note ; W. gives Jltpan ced2ir also.)

'W sun, See meas"re (==TL. shaku or r.Tg3'in.)･

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S sushi. Boiled rice seasoned wlth vinegar and mixed with fish, vegetables, etc.

S suzu. A bell of brass and bronzE svhich produces a shtill sound when shaken.

S suzuri. An inkwell made of stone, en which a c2ke of lndia ink is moistened with

water.

OC tal)i, A low sock of white or black cotton wotn by the Japanes.e. It has a

thick sole andasepatate part fbt the great toe.' .

OCSW tai. The Japanese bteam, dijzptsophcpts cardlinalis, ot Pagr"s carcfiitain, fbund

in ot at the mouths of Chinese and JaPanese riVers, from Fuhkien in China to

Saghalin. Exttact : It is one ofthe best fishes ofthe Japanese, and is ofa beauti-

fu1 deep-red to a brown-ted gold color. I. I. Rein, .J4pan. C.-A high!y esteem-

ed sparoid fish (Serranus rnarginalis) of China and Japan. S.

CSW taikun. Seeecoon. C. ,

OCS takadiastase. [pron. takadaiasteis] [<Taka (mine), a Japanese chemist whQ

first prepared it,+E. diastase.1 A trade-name for a digestive fetment obtained

by the action ofAspetgi'des orvnyae on rice. It is used in cases of statchy indiges-

tion. Extract from Jbiir. Med Researcb. C. '

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G Takatbri pottery. Pottery rnade at Takatori, a village,in Chikuzen ptovince.of .,.

Japip. It is usual!Y ofa fine clay, coyered with brown glaze.

CW ' tan. AJapanesemeasure ofsurface, equal to .24s ofan acte. C.

OCS tatami. i. A flower-mat about two inches thick, made of,rice-straw bound

together and covered on the uppet surface with matting. 2. A Japanese rrieasure

ef surface, that of a mat 6 shaku ln' length by 3 shaku in width, or nearly 6 feet

by 3 feet. C.-Also tademi,' talaay. S. (Note: the Japancse word of the.

, second meaning is not tatami but j6, though wtitten with the same Chinese

cbargctipt as ratami.> ･

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CSW ternpo. An oval btass coin, with a square hole in the rniddle, first coi; ed in

Japan during the period " tempo

" (i83o-43 inclusive), .and now equal to'eight

rin or cash, or eight tenths ofasen. One hundred and twenty-five tempos rnake

one yen. C.

CiJ7 Tenno. [Jzp. Tenno,<Chin, tien heaVen+wafrg king.] Lit., King ofHeaven;

a title of the emperot of Japan as the head of the Shinto religion. W,-tenno.

The king of heaven; emperor : same as Chinese tien huavrg : a title fifst adopted

in Japan in 782. C.CW t6. A JApanese gtain ot Iiquid measure containing iog7,s2 cubic inch'es, ot

a little less than half an imperial bushel. C.-(=rifi koku ot 4･76 galons.) W･S toami, A Japanese cone-shaped throwing-net having p6ckets about the margin,

in which the fish become entangled.

OS t6fu. Bean-curd:apopularfbod. S. , ･'SW

tokonoma. An alcove in the living-room of Japanese houses'in which a

kakemono or picture is usually hung. S,OCS torii, si}rg. and pL The gateway ofa Shinte temple of ofa tope: propetly

comptising two uprights with three supet-imposed cross-pieces. Illustrated with

the- great Torii ofthe Shinto Temple on Miyajima Island, Inland Sea, Japan, S. Illus. C. Illus. W. 'C Tosa fowl. A Japanese breed of domesticated

'fowls, named frorn the provihce

of Tosa, characterized by the extremely long sickle-feathers of the male. ' These

reach a Iength of from six to fburteen feet. (Note : cf..Shinotawaro and Yoko- hama fowl,) "･VVT

Tosa school. Reintivrg. The Yamato school;-so called because one of its

masters assumed the family name Tosa.

CSW tsuba. Theguard'ofaJapanesesword. ItisflatdiskQfmctal,ofroundedot

irregulat fbrrn, and is typically tteated as an independent wotk of att, being in

general pierced with fretwork, decoratecl with low relieg engraving, damaskeen-

ing, or the like. Illus. C. ,C tsubaki. The Clanvefia Jbponz'ct;, used extensively in Japanese decorating aft.CW tsubo. A Japanese measure ofsurface, being a sguare ken, or 3fi.6' square feet.

C+-(==sLo se or 3.gs square yards ot 3.3os8 square meters.) 'iOe'.

CSW Tsuga. Bet.' A genus' ofvaluable trees ofthe pine family-the hemlocks-

having pendulous branches, scattered flat leaves, whitened beneath, appearing

two-ranked, and small btown cones an inch or less in length. S.-[NL. (Cat- riere, i8ss), Jap. tszge, the name of T. Arar`{gz',,Iit.

`

yew-leafed '

or `

evetgreen.'],

. . .Two species ate fbund on the Atlantic and 2 on the Pdcific side of North Amer-.

ica, and 2 in Asia...Tsnga Arancrgi (T. Siebo22dlii) of Japan, the otiginal specics,

r fbtms large fbrests on Fusi-yarna and other mounfains, is planted about temples,

and yields a fine-grained yellowish timber, much used by the Japanese and Chi-. . nese fbr.tuming and fbr furniture. Its variety nana, a dwarf species 3 feethigh,

known as fime tsflcga, is there a favorite gatden shrub. T. deneesa (T. Bmaoniana), ,the tang-sing of Bhutan-a tall tree with gracefuI drooping. brancble,ts, used fpt

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incense by the Hindus-is one of the halndsomest fbtest-ttees of the Himalayas,' 6ften growing to frem 6 to 8 feet in diameter. C. 'C Tsugatu lacquer, A variety of Japanese lacquer with marbleq or veined efft]cts

in vatiou$ colots.

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C Tsuikoku lacq'uer, under lacezrer. See Tsth'sh" laceuer.

C Tsui-shU lacquer, under lacetter. ' A carved or embossed cinnabat laqquer-w2re

6tiginally made in Chin2, whence the best specimens still copae, but introduced

into Japan in tihe teign of Go-Tsuchi (i46s-isei). The lacquer is thickly Iaid

in successive coats to a depth of three sixteenths of an inch ot' more, and then

deeply carved with arabe$ques, flowgrs, bitds, etc., thus diffi)ring frorn Kl makuna

laceuer, 'in

which the wood is catved and then lacquered. There is also a black

embossed or carved lacquer called lsue'-feoke laeener. '

S Tsukiji. A part of the city of Tokyo where fbteigners may ;eside ot own pro-

perty. Also 1rnown as "the

Foteign Concession," ･

C tsunami. A great tidal distutbance which rnay be caused by earthquakcs, vol-

canic etuptions, ot batometric depressions. Extt. from W. H. Hobbs, Earth- ' ' euefees. , ..

.

C tsupa. Sce tsuba.

OCSW tycoon..The title assumed by the shogun of Japan about the time (iSs4) of Commodore M. C. Perry's treaty. See shageue. [<Jap. taikun <Chin. la,

great,+kez{n, prince.] S.-[Also imkufn; said to have been coined in i8s4 by a

preceptor of Iyesada, the shogun, as a fitting title fbt his master in the treaty

which he was then eoncluding with Commodore Petry. The phrase, however,

seems to have been used much earlier, having been applied to Iyemit,su (i623-

4g), the third of the Tokugawa shoguns, in a letter sent by his govefnment to

Corea, in order to imptess the " barbarian " Coreans with,his .greatness.]

The

title by which the shoguns of Japan wcre known to fbrcignets from thesigning

of the treaty negotiated in r8s4 by Commodore Matthew Perry, on beha!f of the

United Statcs, and Iyesada, the shogun and supposed "

temporal emperor "

of

Japan, to the end of the shogunate in i868, but nevet recognized by the

',

Japanese. Extt. from Mitfotd, Tlades ofOid.JZIPan. C.

OCSi"a tydoonate. The othce,ofatycoon. S.' '

O tycoonism. The systpm ef temporal government by the tycoon. Quot. from

E. W. Clark, Liji, ofJ4pan ; " Shidzu-oka...becarne the St. Helena of Tycoonisrp."

C udo. An ornamental plant, Aratia ccrduta, cultivated in Japan and China as a

vegetable. The edible pottions of the plant ate its young shoots, which are

blanched by being coveted with eatth. In the wintet the cr.isp white stems.are

used fot salad like celety. From Natue.

Cugui. Sameasa}eabarta. ･

･- .

SVVT uji. AdiseaseofsilkwotrnsinJapancausedbytheuji-fly.(Jap,nji,maggot.) S.

SW uji-fly;, A tachnid fly (Leskia or Ujimyia sericatia) whose larvae are parasitic

onsilkwotms'inJapan. S.

C Uiimyia. [NL. Rondzni, i87i, as Ugimyia<Jap. nji, maggot,+Gt. mayia, fly"

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A genus of tach.nid flies. Pethaps synonymous.with Leskia, ereeted fbr-the uji- ' fly of Japan, llZZi sericaria.

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CSW urushi. i. The lacquer-ttee. 2. Lacquer. S.

CSW urushic, atij.'(hem. Pettaining to or de$ignating'apoisonous acid.in the

juice of the lac ttee (Rhusi vernicifera). W.

S]"er urushiye. Jltp. Art. A color-ptint in which thedatk colorsarepainted with

a lusttous medium, commonly considered to be lacquet, W.S uta. Pros. Versification in alternate lines of five and seven syllables, usually

found in five-line,stanzas. 'C utsubo. A fish, a motay, (Zymnothoncix kedoko, fbund in the watets of Japan. Also known as kedako and kichigii-zanagi.

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O wacadash. oths. Also wacca-, waka-, wag(g) adash, wakadas(s)h. [<Jap. wakizashi.] A Japanese short $word.

S Wagwaryu. Same las Ylamalv sthoeL '

C Wakasa lacquer. A rematkable lacquer rnade in the seventeenth and eighteenth

centuries in the provin'ce of Wakasa in Japan. It is clouded with many different

colors, upon which as b2ckground fbliage and the like in gold- ot silvet-Ieaf are

added. '

CSW wasabi, A'Japanese btassicaceeus herb (Eutrema wasabi); also its thick

gteenish root, which is grated liije horse-radish and eaten wi!h fish, etc. -1)V'.

S yamabe. Atrout (Salmo petryi); the mountain ttout. ･

CSW yamamai. i. A lagte Japanese silk-worm (Anthetaea yamamai) whose latva

feeds.on the oak, and futnishes excellent silk.

' 2. Silk ptoduced by this worm.

. W. (C.givesyamanvai-sihe.)Si"Vr Yamato school. J4panese Paintii{g. A school fbunded in the uth century A.

D.byKasuga',oftheFujiviarafamily. i"e'.-AnativeJipaneseschoolofpainting

based on the old Chinese att-canons, adapted to motives fbund in court life and Japanese ttadition, dating from the iith century. S.C Yatsushiro pottery, under potterw. Eatthenware ptoguced ne2t the town of

Yatsushiro, province of･Higo, Jap2n.C Yeda-urushi lacquer; undet laceerer. Varnish obtained from the branches of the

lacquer-tree; branch-lacquet. See (eshime laceuer.

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OSI)V' yen, sing. and pL The monetary unit of Japan, divided into ioo sen, also a

gold ot silver coin of this tfalue. Since iSg7 the value of the yen has been fixed

at .7s grain of pure gold (equivalent to 2bbut $o.4g8 or 2 s. gd.). The old silver

yen is now withdtawn, and the, old,yen of gold is used at double its face value. W.S yezomasu. TheHokkaidosalmon(Oncorhyfichusyessoensis).

S Yob.i The atmy tesetve of Japan. in which the soldiet serves 4 (or s)years and 4months. ,

W Yokohama fbwl. The Japanese fowl. (Note: cf. Shinotawaro and Tosa fowl.)

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nical origin, by sorne repotted as distelled from `

kiku '

oic chrysanthepa. um but

more probably from Artemeisia ndgzxris. - x

C Yoshino lacquet, under laceaer. Lacquered ware made at Yoshino in the prov-

ince of Yamato in Japan, usually black, with pattems,in difierent colots, especially

' red. It is a dutable ware, and more common in afticles of utility than in works･ of art. ,

CSW Yoshivvara. A district in Tokyo, approptiated to prostitutes : 2pplied also

to such a disttict in any large city of Japan. S.CS yufu. Afabricmadefromthebarkofthepaper-mulberryttee. Jbetr..Anthrop. lvst. XXXI, i3i. C. (Note: neither C. nor S. gives this wetd 4s Japanese, but it is evidently an obsolete Japanese word, found in the ancient Japanese book

of poems, Mkenevo-shfi.) . , , ･

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LINGUISTIC NOTES ･ t. t t

What strikes one as strang,e while looking ovet the above list Is the

way in which the Japanese wofds are transcribed in the Roman alphabet.

Most of them are written in what is called Hepburnls spelling. This

method of representing Japanese, which' gives all the vowels their

Continental values and all the consonants their English values, was

fitst introduced by Dr, Hepurn in his fopanese-Engl7sh Diclibnaew, TokyQ,

i8s7, i87i, i873, New York, i873. Since it was the best dictionarybfits kind to appear for a long time, and its system of Romanization

was well-adapted in its own way, all the subsequent writets have'had

to adopt it, with the result which is seen in the list. Tltere are,however, a few exceptions, which may be divided into two kinds. Inthe first group there are those words spelled in what might be called

a phonetic ttansctiption, such as abyu, bonze, Bto(;kio, bywa, duinto,ichebu or itzebu irqf}i, f'innnydesha, king.

'e,

miqga, nvouswee, moxa, n'o,

saszanecrza, sdea, siomie, skineneia, tyceon, etc. Most of this group seem

to tell that they were verbally taken down by Europeans, and they

belong to the earlief stages of introduction. Of this group, too, are

some very cutiously spelled words, such as aucaha, gr'n,kgo, hani-kan',neokn7zi, nandu, sak4 sharawaggr', say, pmacadush, etc. They

'are due to

cortuption inevitable in transcription from such a remote languageas Japanese, especially when there was no dictionary to refer to. Awhole list of such cortupted fbrms is given in the O. E. D. Laftadio

Hearn, while visiting Kyoto, chanced to find at a second-hand book--store the Allantic Monthij, Vol. V, i86o, and remarked,

"

VCrhat mademe feel a little ancient,was to tecognize in the quaint spellings Ziogoon,

Tycoon, Sintoo, Kiusiu, Fideyosi, Nobanugna,-spellings of the old




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JAPANESE YORDS IN FOREIGN DJCTIONARJES s67

Dutch and old Jesuit writers,-the modetn and familiat Shogun, Taikun,

Shinto, Kyushu, Hideyoshi, and Nobunaga." Of coutse many of the

older spellings, are given in theit tnodetnized fbtms also, such as biwa

for byza,a, iabjbu fbr ilEeeba, 1'inrdeisha for .1'imm'desh.a,

shagma fot su'{zgoon,

lagkun for tycaon, etc. Yet such spellings as gobafzg, kobaag, othaag,

may be claimed to be at least a more faithfu1 renderning of thebriginal

sound than their respelled eguivalents, for'the sound of Japanese ` n '

is more like `ng 1. In the case of cango, if pronounced ka-tago,

'this

fotrr} is ttuet to Japanese pronunciation than Hepburn's fe`{go. The

word feenjde, if ptonounced like a Dutch or German word, woUld be

all right, but otherwise it would be quite unintelligible to a Japanese. In the second group"ate those words spelled in what might be called ,

a spelling ttansctiption, such as fi"rnjin, Frkurokig'z'n, 1'iutitsev, 1'iud2p,

'Klisbiu

pottery, feawanyoku, mpo, etc. It is almost certaih･that most of -

this kind,were taken down through their kana spellings, especially when

we see Vl?bsler giving the orignial Japanese fbr kwan as keza,an,' and

that for Kwannon as kowan-on, etc. This group b. elongs rather to the

latet period of introduction when Europeans were so far advanced with' their study of the Japanese language

.as tg read the kana syllabary.

As regards word-meaning, a few words ptesent some gueer modi-

fication, such as gobaag, in Jap. a checker-board, in Eng. a game ; .itvbebva,

in Jap, a one-bu coin, in Eng. a monetary unit; itiomasu, in Jap. a one-te

measure, in Eng. a unit of capaeity; mo)ca, in Jap. substance fot cautetL

zation, in Eng. the opetation of cauterizing; nji, in Jap. any maggot,

.in Eng;adisease of silk-worms; etc. ･･ .

As may naturally be expected, almost all the words in the list zte nouns,

with a few exceptions which are so mentioned. Of verbs, there are ..

two : te .i'int:i)feisha and lo Shintoixe. Compare such pairs o,f words as a

cable and te cable, a telophone and te teiZlz)hone, etc. with ajinrkisha and.

to jimrdeisha, and we see how speech-habit or grammar-sense vrorks' in English, though one mafy well wonder how to conjugate the verb e

1'inrikisha. The genius of the English tongue displays itself freely also

in such vatious ways of assimilating foreign resources as seen i4 these

derived fofms : hbnxe, -ec7,, -ess,

-ians

Shinte, -ismu,

-ist,

-isrk,'-

-ixey

shqgue, -a4

-ate, -ite,etc. Dain-, saneurai and terii are given as nouns

which take the same fbrm both in singular and plutal, perhaps on' the

analogy of Latin inflection like juprgz', radii, etc. Ylen, sen, etc., are given '

･ as uninflected, of coursie, according to Japanes.e grammar. When the words in the above Iist are taken as part of the English

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s68 KEi]T NAKA.IIMLA

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vocabulary, the guestion at once arises: To what extent have they

been naturalized? According to Mr. Gatenby nQt many otherthan

the words included in the O. E,' D.-Lof which thete are irs-can be

' claimed as real English. Theoretically, however, all of

'the 4oo words

may be recogniz,ed as English, fbr the Ceninc7, the Sinndord and TYlebster

cal1 themselves dictionaries of the " English language." But when it

comes,to the question how many of them belong to a common veca-

bulary, the number diminishes greatly. The Cbncise Oxfont Dictionacpt,

which according'to its fu11 title may be consideted to include nothing

bu't current English, gives the following ss words :-

Bonze, Bushido, dairriio, Genro, geisha, ginkgo, harakiri; jinticksha, jUiutsu, kago, kami, mikado, moxa,

'netsuke, ricksha(w), sake, samutai, Satsuma ware,

Shinto, Shintoism, Shintoist, shogun, shogunate, soy, tycoon, tycoonate, (and in･ Addenda) banzai, kakemono, kimono, Nippon, Nipponi.an, obi, samisen, shimose,

･ torii.

, The PractiicalSinndurd Diclibnany, which seems to be well;edited for a

middle--sized dictionary published in the United States, oflk:fs the fbllowr ing 36 Japanese words :-

Banzai, Bizen.ware, bonze, Bushido, daimio, geisha, ginkgo, gebang, hatakiri,

,

inro, jujutsu, judo, jinrikisha, kago, kakke, kimono, koban, mikado, moxa, netsuke,

.Nippon, obi, saki, samurai, sen, Shinto, Shintoism, $hintoist, shogun, shogunate,

･soy, soy-bean, soya, torii, tycoon, yen.

It may be concluded, therefore, that out of the 4oo Japanese words -

which are given in larger English and American dictionaries, only 3s

Qr 36 belong to everyday speech and the rest are all in rare or obsolete

usage, belonging to a special vocabulary. And if we are surprised at

'

the great numbef of Japanese words in the above list, we are again

astonished at this small percentage of real English in it.

Henry Bradley says in the Makiag of Engl7sh (Chap. III, " What English

'' Owes to Foreign.Tongues "),

" . . . .The many languages of our Indian

Empire are abundantly tepresented in our English dictionaries. The

number of Malay words in English is surprisingly .large, and though

most of them are probably known to few people, the list includes･the

familiargingiane,,goag,gnlinperzaha, lony, erzai{g-ocrlan, aneud12, kembap. China

has given us tea, and the names of the various kinds of tea;a good many

'

other Chinese words figure in out large dictionaries, though theycannot

be said to have become real English. From Japan, besides the terrns

. relating to the att and the institutions of that country, we have rrkshaw?

which seerns likely to become naturalized in an application unknown

in its native land. The Polynesian dialects yield two words that are

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JAPANESE IYORDS IN FOREJGN DICTIOATAIUES s6g ' ' '

in everyday use, inhoo and taltoo." It seems that, oftheAsiatic Ianguages,

'

Japanese has played rather a small patt in adding to the English tongue. '

NATIONS AND LANGUAGES

T.he fact that Japan has had less to offbr linguistically to England or

Amefica signifies two things. It means first that Japan, unlike India

ot Malay, has never been brought under British rule, but it also implies

that Japan has had less to offe! to the world than her neighbouring nations.

It is natural enough that India and Malay and, to some qxtent, China, being under British domination and therefore in closer contact with

England than Japan is, should add mofe to the making of English

vocabulary. Thusvocabularyalwaysaccompaniesitsspeakers. Atthe

same time, however, it always follows in the wake of civilization and ･

culture. Therefbre if the Japanese language has oflered less than the

Chinese or Indian languages to the English-speaking world it may be concluded that Japan has had an inferi6r culture, or at least that she

has had less civilization peculiar to her, though no one can prophesy ･ '

that Japan will continue to have little to offer in' future.

And then compare the above 4oo words with the nurnbet of the

English words introduced into Japanese, and we shall see how truly

the intetchange of vocabulary refiects that of culture among nations.

･ Accotding to Mr. Arakawa (" jupanized EngZ7s)b ")

the number of English '

words in Japanese is estimated as nearly 4,ooo,-ten times as many as

the Japanese words in Englishl This contrast found･ between the cultures of England and of Japan becomes moge manifest when we

take into consideration the fact that, while most of the Anglicized

Japanese words are of rare on obsolete usage, most of the Japanized English are in everdyday use and indispensable to daily life in Japan, This great disparity fbvnd between England's and Japan's cultures ,

apparently promises anything but well fot the future af Japan. But in

reality it oniy tells us of two things. .In the first place those English

words in Japanese are not only representative of Britain's superiority

･in,culture; in Japan they really represent the combined cultures of

EurQpe and America. Since Japan opened her doors to the world at

large, she has ･been trading chiefly through English. For the last'

yeats she has been te2ching English to her sons and daughtets in almost 2Il het secondary scbools and colleges. There have, of course, been

some exceptions to the tule, such as French in diplomatic circles and

Germah in medical colleges, yet on the whole English has led so much

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57o KEIP NAKAIIMA

that it is quite fair to say that, to the Japanese, English does r.epfesens

al1 the Eutopean and American thought and culture. It is no wonder

therefbre that Japanized English words should so outnumber Anglicized

Japanese, because thc latter carry only the for¢ e of one island nation.

In the second place the surprising number of Japanized English

words, though certainly a symbol of Japan's respect for the Westerncivilization, do credit to the Japanese nation on the other hand.They are nothing but a rnonument to tell how eagerly and assiduously

this people have endeavoured to assmilate what the West had to offer

anU how progtessive and enterprising they are. They prove, iri aword,the extfaordinary fiexibility and adaptability of the Japanese nation.

Thus the study of vocabulaty reveals h nation's gharactet as well as

its culture. ` ' '

Of the 4oo Japanese words in out list, the O. E. D. gives iis, while

the Clentzvc7 offets 33o. the Standunt247 and II7lrkster i8o. It is not without

interest to enquire whence this･ difference arises. , The reasons may be

fbund iri the nature of each dictionary, for the O. E, D., as its fu11 titledeclares, is essentially a philological dictionaty, aiming at tracing the

English vocabulary in its historical development, whereas the Cenxiziv,,

as its subtitle suggests, aspires to be an " encYclopeclic lexicon '1,

while

, wabster calls itself an " International Dictionaty ",

and the Sinnduni is noless eneyclopcdic with its inclusion of propet names. This difference in

their nature, of course, largely explains the diflbtence in their inclusionof Japanese words. But then one must not overlook the national

characterwhich goes into the making ofa dictionary. Like atrue Eng-

lishinan, Mr. Gatenby was vety conservative in his first paper with

tegatd to Jap"anese words in English, declaring' the American dictionaries

reckless in their inclusion of so many Japanese words, though in hissecond papef, he became more generous znd branded the d. E. D. as

still too consetvative. The same tendency is to be obs,erved in the

Uleiiversal Engthsh DictibnacJt edited by Wyld some years ago. "

There seems', howevef, to be another and more important factorthat infiuenced the editors of these dictionaries-that i.s, the relative in-timacy between nations: It seems only natural that the American

dictionaries should be more generous than the English ones in includingthe Japanese element, fbr the si,mple reason that America is far more

closely connected with Japan geogtaphically and pulturally. Just thinkof the {hundteds of American and Canadian missionaries working in

Japan, and of the two hundred thousand Japanese settled in Califofnia,

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JAPANESE urORDS IN FOREIGN DJCTIONARIES s7i

Hawaii and the Philippine Islands. Read Katherine M.-P, Cloud, Practi-cal Flewer Gardenii{g, New York, ig24, and you will find many Japanesetfees, shrubs, vines .and flowers mentioned in it :-

Andromeda j2ponica (Jap. shakunage).

Catyoptetis Mastacalnthus or Blue Spiraea (Jap. dangiku, see beni in the list).

Berberis Thunbergi Qr Japanese Barberry (megi). Ilex Ctenata, Japanese Holly (inutsuge)･. Kertia Japonica, also known as Corchoru.s Japonica (yamabuki). Kerria Japonica, flota plena (yae-yamabuki). Akebia Quinata (akebi, see the list).

Japanese wistetia (fuji, see the list). ･

Japanese morning glories (asagao). Pachys2ndra terminalis or Japanese Spurge (fukkiso). Trollius Japonicus or Globe Flowet (kinbaisD). Lysifriachia clethr6ides or Japanese Loosestrife (okatoranoo). Primula japonica, Primrose (kurinso). Itis Kaempferi or Japanese Itis (hanashobu). Helianthus Rigidus Japonica, Hardy Sunflowet.

Platycodon gtandiflorum or Japanese Bellflower (kikyo). Japancse Vitgin's Bowet (senninso), Anemone Japonica,

ibC'indflower in variety (shrmeigiku or akibotan),

Lilium Auratum ot gold-banded lily of J2pan (yamayiJri). '

'

Japanesc cypfess (sawara, see thg list).

etc. etc. r ,

'And

Iikewise, of the 4,ooo Japanized English words, those bottowed

from America are more numerous than those from England. For

example, the Japanese say depart (-ment-st6r' e) not stote, apart (-ment-house) not fiat, candy not sweets, elevator not lift, truck not lorry, '

can not tin, (skedju:1) not (Sedju:1) fbt schedule, etc. '

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JAPAN IN THE EYES OF THE WEST l

On･looking over the list, one finds Japan pethaps more fully, repre-

sented in it than one might expect. But the outline ofJapan will becomec!earer in all its aspects ifwe group the4oo words under several headings.The fo11owing is an attempt at such a classfication.

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i. GEOGRAPHICAL

Nippon, .-ism, -ian, Tsukiji, KutoshiWo, Fuii-yama.. (Hete'we see the geo-

graphical featutes of Japan briefly yet effectively represented-het mountainous

and sea-girt Iand.)

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s7z , KE171 NAKAITMA

i. MYTE[S.& RELIGIONS

Amaterasu, kami, kamidana, shin, Shinto, -ism, -ist,

-istic,

-ize,

miyn, gohei,

totii;-Bukkio, Amida, kwannon, Jodo, Shin Shu, Niehirenshu, bonze, -ian, rery,' -ess, Benten, Hotei, Fukurokuju, EbisU, Daikoku, Bishamon. Jurojin;-kirin, shatawaggi, Bushido. (In this group the two great religi6ns of Japan are well

･refiecbed. Only it should be remembered that such names as KwannOn, Benten, '

Hotei, etc., have been taken into American vocabulaty chiefly because their images' in bronze or porcelain have'been wideiy appreciated.)

3. HISTORIqAL & POLITICAL

Tenno, mikado, -ate,

dairi; cho.tei, shggun, -al,

-ate,

-ship,

-ite,

tycoon, -ate,

,-ism,

bakufu, kuge, buke, daimio, -ate, -ote, siomio, samurai, hatamoto, tenin, kwazoku, '

shizoku, heimin, Eta, yebi, kobi, kokumin, fu, ken, kentei, kobetsu, Gento. (In this sedtion we see a complete picture of Japan in her swift transition froin a feudal

system up to a modern state; a spectacle which the Wes.t has witnessed with no

small curiosity.) . ,, ,

4. CUSTOMS&MANNERS ,

Hibunci, iroha, kana, hita-gana, kata-kana, nigoti, ichiban, banzai,'man2ai,

mousmee, nakodo, ninsoku, geisha, Yoshiwara, hara-kiri, seppuku, kabuto, katana,

karimata, ,shaku, ogi, hi-ogi, jins･en, $uzu, suzuri, lnt6, netsuke, koro, hanakago,

mon, kikumon, kirimon, kago, notimon, jinrikisha, kutuma, kurumaya, hatoba,

toami, soroban, iujutsu, -ian, -ist, judo, ken (a game), egi otoshi, gobang, koto,

fuye,'biwa (a musical instrument), simisen, n6, kagura, uta, monogatari, Kano

･ school, Yamato school, Tosa shcool; Karatiu, iJVagwariu,nishikiye, urushiye, baren,

katakiti, boti, keboti, mokum, sentoku, shakudo, shibu-ichi, shippo, ,kinsen.

(Among these we discern two classes which stand out prominently; the wotds

relating to armoury and those connec{ed with the arts. This sectlon indeed may

well be taken fbr an index to the Western conception of Japan, fbr evetywhere in

Europe and Amgrica we rneet with･people who know Japan only by her exquisite

atts and military prowess.) ･ '

s. FOOD, HOUSING, CLOTHING

Ame, midzu-ame, k6ii, $ake, soy, sushi, tofu;-shoji, fusuma, tatami, hibachi,

tokonoma, kakemono, makimono, okimbno, kura;-futon. geta, hao:i, kimono,

. obi, tabi, mino, happi-codt. - (We have here a miniature sketch of Japan's dailY

life,)･ , .

6. CURRENCY & MEASURES

Oban, koban, itzebu, nibu, nishu, tempo, rio, bu, rnon, kinsatsu, yen, sen, titi ;-

rl, ch6, ken; jo-', shaku, sun, bu;-kgku, t6, ittomasu, sh6, g6;-kwan, kin, mom-

me;-tan,'se, tsubQ, tatarni;-kaifi, hiro. (This section gives another image of

Japan in her rapid transfbtmation, and such words as obdn, koban, itzebu, nibu,

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JAPANESE ueORDS IN FOREIGN DICTIONARIES s73

nishu, tempo, rio, etc., may be an gcho of the gteat quantity of Japanese co.ins

carried abroad at the Restoration period. Of the words relating to measure, only

shaku and momrne are included in the Q. E. P., probably on account of Japan's silk products in LondDn markets.) '

7. SCIENCE' '

Uji, uji-fiy, Ujimyia, Shiga's bacil!us, kakke, moxa, .-pibustion, -ocausis, taka-

diastase, Shimose-powder, Murata tifle, boninite, miyakite, naegite, shikimic,

shikimin, shikirnol, urushig, mikado-yellow, mikado type,,tsunami. (In this sele ¢ -

tion it is plainly shown how much Japan has begn 'indebted

to the West scienti-

fically. But you must not ovetlook a few words that prove that she does not lack - - t mventlve genius.)

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of 8. PRODUCTS

Bashofu, yufu, habutaye, yarnamai silk, kanten, Njkkei oil, Yomugi oil, cha,

Kumo tea, kinko;-kinfun, Ke-uchi lacquer, Kiseshime, Ki-urushi, Ku.ma-utushi; ,

Mura-nashiji, Nakanuri, Nashiij, Nuritate, R6siro, R6-utushi, Shunkei. 'Shunuri;

Shu-urushi, Tsugaru, Tsuikoku, Yeda-urushi, Guri, Hita gold, Kamakufa. Seshi-

me, Tsuishu, Wakasa, Yoshino lacquets;-Hizen porcelain, Hitado, Irnari, Kiyo-

midzu porqelalns, Awata pottery, Bizen, Gombei, Higo, Imbe; Kiyomidzu, Ohi,

Idzumo, Karatsu, Mino, Raku, Iga, Kishiu, Mi Shima Karatsu, Shigaraki, Soma,

Shino, Takatori, Yatsushlro pottefies, Awaji ware, Nishikide, Kaga, Nabeshima,

Ninsei, Mi Shima, Kutani, Oribe, Owari, Seiji, Seto, Awata, Kinkozan, Kieto,

Satsuma.

Banko, Bekko,, Kakiemon wares. (In this department we see the fbur

gteat products which have represented Japan to the West, namely, silk, tea, lacquered

and china wares. iVae

may also perceive to whdt extent China has been her teacher,

.･fbr all those fbur are the ptoducts which have made China World-famous since the

dawn of histoty, and fbr all of them Japan is indebted to her neighbouring nation.) '

' ･ g. FA.UNA

Sika, Shinotawaro, Tosa fowl, Yokoh.am4!fbwl, yamamai, jiga;-kaguta-zarne, neko-zame, shiro-zame, Mitsukurina, MitsukUrinidae, kisu, okigisu, kasube, ame-

masu, bepimasu, yezomasu, masu, ito-uwo, iwasha, iso-iwashi, igano-uwo, shibi,

bote, kitarnakpra, ,akarnebuku, ginfuku, harifuku, harisembon, hamo, anago, oki-

anago, dai-vanago, tai. utsubo, kawamutsu, haye, abuta-haye, akahara, ugui, yamg-

be, haya, moroko, ayu, koi, kingio. funa, awabi. (Frdm this gategory we learn

how much the Japanese long-tailed fowl has been appreciated abroad, and what a '

great variety of fish teem in the waters of Japan. It is well,-known that she is a

great fisher as well as a great fish-eater among nations. But the fact that so many '

Japanese fishes are mentioned in Ametican dictionaries may rather'be accounted for

by the investigation of American scholars such qs Dr. D. S. Jordan, etc.)

ie. FLORA,

(Tlmbet trees) kiri, matsu, akamatsu, kuromatsu, h6noki, keaki, Tsuga, sugi,

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574 KEILIJ NAKAPMA .

hlnoki, hiba;-(fbt industrial use) urushi, ganpi, kozo, mitsumata, katamushi,

kawata, kuromoji;-(garden plants) Aucuba, ginkgo, icho, Ginkgo-nut, Ginkgo-

aceae, Ginkgoales, akeki, sawar.a, tsubaki, sasanqua, Kadsura, Negeia, Nandina,

nandin, fuji, Akebia, bcni, kiku, sasa, shikimi, skimmia ;-(ftuit plants) biwa, hgchi-

ma, .kaki, kinkan;-(edible plants) adzuki bean, soy-beari, chotogi, daikon, gobo,

'imo,

.konjak, udo, wasabi; mipga;-(seaweeds) funori,'kombu, kobu, kambu,

nori;-(fbt green manure) rengeso clovet. (In this last clas$ it is to bg noted that

Japan is net without resources in het forestry and zgriculture, and' here also we

find sbme featutes that constitute her beautifu1 scenery. But, as in the case of t

Japan's fauna, it is the wotk of Western investigators that has cartied so rnany Japa- nese names of plant's into Eng'lish and Ametican dictiQnarles, and so

'those words

indirectly tell how much Japan has owed scientificzlly to Europe and Arnerica.)

A mote close examination of the detaiied definitions, etymological

motes, quotations and extfacts in the list, will futthet disclose who have

introduced Japan to the 1>Uest and how intimately Japan is related to

China.

Among the names of those who have done something in making

Japan known abroad, we see scatteted over the' li'st such names 'as

those of AdamS, Sir E. Arnold, Bushell, E. W. Clark, Gaertne!, GriMs,Lafeadio Hearn, Kaempfer, Keane, G. T. Ladd, Mitford, Nitobe,Okakura, I. I. Rein, Salway, Siebold, Isaac Taylor, Thunberg, Zaccarini,etc. If we consult the O. E. D., which furnishes fu11 quotationschronologically, we shall find a far grearer numbet of them. To

give just one example : "bonze,

(<Fr. honze <Ptg. 'bonjo

<JaP: honizaor hoshi.) iss2 Xavicr, EPisthe; is88 Parke, Hist, of China; isgo

Hakluyt ; i6i8 Cocks, Diac7 ; etc." Frorn such etymology and quota-tions, it is possible to. trace the sarliet stages of Europe's knowledgeof Japan, though fbtacomplete histoty one must tefer. to such as""CTenckstern,

BihLiograpip ofjltPan, Vol. I (i'477-i8g3), Leiden ; Vol, II

(igg4-igo6), Takyo ; Oskar Nachod, Bibz?bgrtiphie von14pan; Band III

(igo6-ig26, Berlin; Band IV (ig27--ig32), Berlin; BandV (ig33-i93s), Leipzig. ,,

That Japan is in close relation with China is plttnly told eithet inthe etymology or in the definition of such words as-beni, chorogi,

ganpi, ginkgo, kaki, kinkan, matsu, mitsumata, nandina, sasanqua,

udo, tai) nori (in nature) ;-Kwanpon, Daikoku, bonze, kitin, fu, kaha,soroban, tofu, soy, sun, bU, mo,･kin, moxa, cha, Karariu, shakudo,

shippo, etc. (in culture) ;- Tenno, chotei, Dairi, shogun, tycoon, shin,

etc, (in language). This great infiuence of China over Japan seems to

be so much impressed upon Orientalists in Eutope and America that

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JAPANESE urORDS IN FOREIGN DrCTIONARJES s7s '

they are apt to regard whatevet Sinograms they find in Japanese as pureChinese even when those Sinograms are mete roots in compound words.

Th.e gtyipology of these Japanese compound words out of Chinese roots;as it is given ip English or American diCtionaries, seems all right so longas one recogntzes such an etymology as teAzphone from Greek tele andGreekphene. Butitistobefearedthat,inthecase'ofJapanesecompounds,this principle of limited etymology might be neglected and even thecompounds coined in Japan might be taken fbt those coined in China.It would be like tracing the word temphone back to Gteek. To give afew instances :-

bonze. [F.<Chin.fan seng] Praet. Slana Dic. '

daikon. [Jap. dui-kon<Chin. tqi, great+ha, root.] 'C.

daimio. [Jap.. £ Chin. dei great, wa riame] ( bndise O,ofbrd Dic. (Note: Jap. Dai-aye, Chin. la-mai)rg, but thete is no such compound in Chipese.)

inro･

[Jap., <Chin..ptin, a se21 or stamp,+imtg, a ba$ket. Chin6se 1 becomes,Japa-

nese r, and Chinese -ang, -ing, -ung, and -ung usual!y become )apanese 6.] C.

[<Jap･ <Chin.lin-img] 'S.

kuge. -[Jap.==Chin.

la`ng-ha]

oban. [Jap. <Chin. lapan, lit. great seal] W, ' ,

ronin･ [Jap. rone'n, fr. Chin. la]ag, profligate, lawless-1-:ien (old sound ninj, man] VO'.

Shinto. [f(Chin. s)bin, god,+lao, doctrlne] Pract. Slana Di'c. [£ Chin, shin lae, way of the gods]

'Cbncise O)t12)rd Dic.

'Shomio･

[Jap. shemipo, fr. Chin. bsiao small+neiiag name, petson, title] i)eT.

soy. [<IJap. sc':1-en, soy] Pncxct. Slamd. Dic. (Si:ptan iB a Chinese wotd .correspond-

ing to Japanese shayas soy.)

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At any rate there seems to be among Orientalists in Europe andAmerica

a general tendency to mix together Chinese and Japanese things and

words, Otherwise there, would not have intruded into dictionariessuch etrors as :-

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Bekko-ware. A pottery of Chinese otigin. S.

jiga. [Chinese?] C, S.

'kaya.

A Chinese tree. C, W. ･

kobetsu, [Chinese] S.,moxa. [Chin.&Jap.] C, S. ,

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sharawaggi. IChinese'?] O. , '

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junk [Jap.] Pract. SlatidL Dic. This is a misprint for [Jav.] ･

Such errors may probably be attributed to the ovefflowing floodof Chinese chatacters in the Japanese language, but part of the teason'

may be fbund in the fact that mos!t of the Otientalists jn Europe and

Ametica are Sinologists rather than Japanologists; as we shall see later.

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K s76 KEijI NAKA]IMLA

Ot it may all be due to J. H. Gubbins, Dit:tionaev of' Clhinese-L14Panese'

pmbrcis, s vols., London, i88g. However that may be, no one can deny

that Japan as she is represented in English and American dictionaries

is painted with Chinese tints, And we must indeed accept this portrait

of her as truthfu11y drawn, because the wonderful progress she bas made in all spheres of 6ultute for the last thirty years is not fully fe-

presented in those dictionaries, and Japan, stripped of her modemization,

is very likely to look like a disciple of her neighbour China. ' t t ' '

THINGS JAPANESE. ABROAD

Another point our list revedls is how many Things Japanese have

been noticed, appreciated and transplanted in Europe and America.

･To begin with natural objects, the Japanese deer sika has been inttoduced

into Ireland, and sasanqua has been grown in English gatdenst In

,this domain of fiora, the Japanese plants cultivated in Ametican farms

and gardens are as fo11ows :-

Adsuki, akebia, ancuba, beni, ginkgo, hinoki, kinkan, matsu, nandina, sasanqua,

Satsuma (mandarin orange), sawata, skimmia, soia, Soja.

. But they seem to form only a srnall pottien of the whole number,

･because, as we have seen (p. s7r), Japanese garden-trees, shrubs, vines and

flowers number twenty even in a small book of gardening published in the United States: And it must be more or less the same'with the

'farms

and gardens in Europe, fbr t'he Japanese fruit kaki is on market,

we are told by Japanese travellets abroad, in France, Switzerland, Italy,

Egypt and the Dutch East Indies.

As to Japan's culture, it is interesting to learn from the list that an

irhitation of the Japanese Satsuma ware is produced at Stoke-upon-

Ttent in England. That is the reason why, of all Japanese porcelains, potteries and wa'res, only the name of Satsuma is given in the Cbncise

O)oflerd Dictibnarv. There are of course many imitations of Japanese pottety'and lacquered wares made in Germany, Czecho-Slovakia and

other countries, but they are not included in English and American

dictionaries. It is also of no small interest that our list tells of the JapEn- ese dresses, haore', ha2pi-,coat, kenvono, which have been in some fashloh

among women bf Europe and America. The fact that Japan's artistic

products have been very popular abroad is plainly told by the large

percentage of Japanese words telating to them,.though not in the defini-

.tions in the list;'

. For more detailed information ofthe present statg of Things Japanese

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JAPANESE ll70RDS IN FOREIGN DICTTONAIUES s77

'as

they are studied and represented in Europe and America, the r.eader

should refer to the fo11owing:- '

The Kdg`de" C;bisbre, XIX, 2, which includes the papers: S. Aoki, " On Japa-

nology Abroad "

(which tells that Orientalists 'in

the Vaest are mostly Sinologists

rather than Japanologists); T. Tomo6da. " On Jafanology in Germany

"; T.

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Ito, Cf

On Japanglogy in England ";

N. Saito, " On Japanology in the United '

States"; T. Kobase, "

On Japanology in France"; r. Takatori, " On Japa:

pology in the U. S, S. R.? '

The Gakayhai K. lathe of the Literaty Department, Tokyo Imperial Univetsity, No.

'

. !i, which includes Pto£ Hisamatsu's paper, " Qn the Study of Japanese Litera-

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ture in Europe and Ametica:" ''

Pto£ Hisamatsu, Oobei no Nthon linngtdeva Klen,kJcu. (See the abgve,)

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N. Iwamurq, "

Oebei nx' okem T12hri Beuako "<The Orit)ntal Culture in Europe and Arpetica),the Dai Hbrin, VII, 3-6･

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' Bu.t out list, insuthcient as it is, wil1 be enough, it is hoped, to in-

dicate the genetal trend of the VCJestem study and assimilation of Things '

Japanese. And it is no small credit to Europeans and Americans that

they have adopted so much from such an appatently insignificant countty

as Japan; it is a tribute to their keen insight and indefatigable spirit

of civilization. '

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