Vol. 261, No. 13, Issue of May 5, p p . 6132-6136,1986 Printed in U. S. A.

THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 0 1986 by The American Society of Biological Chemists, Inc.

Maize Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF mRNAs ENCODING ISOZYMIC FORMS*

(Received for publication, October 22, 1985)

Mark H. HarpsterS and William C. Taylor5 From the Department of Genetics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720

The isozymic forms of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (P-enolpyruvate carboxylase) involved in photosynthetic CO, fixation were shown by protein gel blot analysis to consist of 100-kDa subunits. The non- autotrophic isoform found in roots is comprised of 96- kDa subunits and is about 50-100-fold less prevalent. Further analysis of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase iso- forms made use of cloned cDNA probes. Two cDNA clones were isolated from a library constructed from maize leaf poly(A) RNA. The largest clone was comple- mentary to about 25% of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA, which is 3.4 kilobases in length. The quantity of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA in green, ma- ture leaf tissue was estimated to be 0.20% of poly(A) RNA, whereas P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA in roots was about 100-fold less prevalent. We used ther- mal denaturation of a P-enolpyruvate carboxylase cDNA probe hybridized to RNA gel blots to estimate the degree of sequence difference between mRNAs en- coding different P-enolpyruvate carboxylase isoforms. There appear to be at least two prevalent P-enolpyru- vate carboxylase mRNAs in green leaves which are significantly different in sequence, as are P-enolpy- ruvate carboxylase mRNAs in roots and shoots. The hybridization pattern of maize genomic DNA Southern blots indicates that P-enolpyruvate carboxylase is en- coded by a small gene family.

Many plant species which inhabit desert or semi-arid trop- ical environments employ a unique form of COz fixation called C4 metabolism. A set of specialized enzymes and a specialized leaf morphology called “Kranz anatomy” provide C, plants with physiological adaptations to these environments. Fixa- tion of atmospheric CO, and the first steps of photosynthetic carbon reduction are catalyzed by this set of Cq enzymes which are compartmentalized in either of two morphologically and functionally distinct cell types, bundle sheath and meso- phyll (reviewed in Refs. 1-3). The vast majority of higher plants lack these adaptations and fix GOz directly via the reductive pentose phosphate or Cs pathway.

C4 plants exhibit higher rates of photosynthesis than Cs plants, especially at high temperatures and high light inten- sities (4) and in saline and arid environments (3). C4 plants

*This work was supported by Grant PCM 7826789 from the National Science Foundation and Grant 82-CRCR-1-1083 from the Competitive Research Grants Office of the United States Department of Agriculture. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “aduertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

f Present address: Advanced Genetic Sciences, 6701 San Pablo Ave., Oakland, CA 94608.

3 To whom correspondence should be sent.

also show an apparent lack of photorespiration, an energy- consuming process which results in the loss of carbon from the reductive pentose phosphate cycle ( 5 ) . Some of these properties are thought to be dependent upon the activity of a prevalent phosphoenolpyruvate (P-enolpyruvate’) carboxyl- ase (EC 4.1.1.31) in leaf mesophyll cells. Atmospheric GOz is initially fixed by P-enolpyruvate carboxylase to form a four- carbon acid which is reduced and then transported to bundle sheath cells where it is decarboxylated to provide COz for refixation by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) (reviewed in Ref. 6). P-enolpyruvate carboxylase, with its low K , for C02, and the subsequent flow of the four-carbon organic acids to the bundle sheath cells, acts as a “C02 pump” to increase the GOa to O2 ratio in bundle sheath cells such that the reductive pentose phosphate cycle operates more efficiently (7, 8). In plants utilizing the more common C, pathway, atmospheric COz is fixed directly by ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase.

P-enolpyruvate carboxylase plays more than one metabolic role, its precise function depending on the organ and plant in which it is found. In C3 plants, a non-prevalent form of P- enolpyruvate carboxylase fixes GOz with malate as an end product (9,lO). It has been proposed that the malate generated in this reaction may function in cell osmoregulation (11, 12). This is a minor reaction compared with the generation of malate as a photosynthetic intermediate in C4 plants. P- enolpyruvate carboxylase also functions as an anaplerotic enzyme in both plants and bacteria (13, 14). The enzymatic properties of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase have been reviewed by O’Leary (15).

Previous studies have suggested that these different func- tions are catalyzed by different isozymic forms of P-enolpy- ruvate carboxylase. Chromatographic and kinetic properties of P-enolpyruvate carboxylases isolated from dark-grown and light-grown maize leaves were found to be different as were those of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase from maize roots (10,16, 17). Two chromatographically separable peaks of P-enolpy- ruvate carboxylase activity were found in leaves at different stages of development. One of these may have been a non- autotrophic form of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase because it had a K,,, for phosphoenolpyruvate similar to that of the enzyme isolated from maize roots. Recently, Harpster (18) extended the chromatographic analysis of maize leaf isoforms t o earlier stages of development and found that P-enolpyru- vate carboxylase from roots and newly germinated shoots had identical DE52 column elution profiles. These two P-enolpy- ruvate carboxylase activities also were not inhibited by the addition of leaf P-enolpyruvate carboxylase antiserum in con- centrations which inhibited about 50% of the enzyme activity extracted from leaves. All of these data demonstrate that the

The abbreviations used are: P-enolpyruvate, phosphoenolpyru- vate; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate.

6132

1 Maize Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase mRNA 6133

C4 plant maize has at least two isozymic forms of P-enolpy- ruvate carboxylase, one of which is used for photosynthetic Cor fixation.

We describe the isolation of cloned cDNA probes for P- enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA and show that P-enolpyru- vate carboxylase isozymic forms are encoded by a small gene family. We use a cloned cDNA probe to identify different P- enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNAs present in roots and leaves which encode different isozymic forms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant Material-An inbred line of maize (B 73, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Johnston, IA) was used in all studies. For experiments involving leaves and leaf shoots, seeds were germinated and grown as previously described (19). For preparation of root tissue, seeds were spread evenly on heating pads in covered sand benches. Seeds were germinated and grown at 30 "C and kept moist by an overhead sprinkler system.

Protein Purification and Antibody Preparation-P-enolpyruvate carboxylase was purified from green, 9-day-old maize leaves according to the method of Hague and Sims (20). P-enolpyruvate carboxylase activity was measured by monitoring the decrease in AM,, of the coupled P-enolpyruvate carboxylase-malate dehydrogenase spectro- photometric reaction (21). P-enolpyruvate carboxylase antiserum was prepared by subcutaneously injecting 1 mg of purified P-enolpyruvate carboxylase in Freund's complete adjuvant into a white female New Zealand rabbit. One month following the initial injection, a booster injection of 100-200 pg was given. Total serum was collected 2 weeks later. All protein determinations were conducted using a modification of the method of Lowry (22).

Protein Gel Electrophoresis and Blotting-Leaf or root tissue was ground to a powder in liquid nitrogen, followed by further grinding in 100 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5, 2% 2-mercaptoethanol, and 24% (w/v) sucrose. The homogenate was centrifuged at 15,000 X g for 30 min at 4 "C, after which the supernatant was brought to a concentration of 3% (w/v) SDS, 50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5,2% 2-mercaptoethano1, and 12% sucrose. Protein samples were then heated to 100 'C for 5 min and subjected to electrophoresis a t 10 mA through an SDS-polyac- rylamide gradient gel (23) until the bromphenol blue dye track reached the bottom of the gel. Polypeptides were electrophoretically transferred onto CNBr paper, and the blot was reacted with P- enolpyruvate carboxylase antiserum, followed by 'sI-labeled Staph- lococcuv protein A (19).

Preparation of Polyadenylated mRNA-RNA was isolated from leaf and root samples which had been harvested directly into liquid N2 using the procedure of Schmidt et al. (24) with minor modifica- tions. Tissue was first ground to a powder in a coffee grinder chilled with dry ice and then thawed to room temperature in 2 volumes of 4 M guanidinium thiocyanate (25), 20 mM diethyldithiocarbamate, 0.1 M 2mercaptoethano1, and 25 mM Tris-HCI, pH 8.0. The homogenate was centrifuged at 16,500 X g for 30 min, followed by ethanol precip- itation and phenol extraction. Poly(A) RNA was isolated by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography (26).

Preparation of Cloned P-enolpyruvate Carboxylase cDNA-Leaf poly(A) RNA was isolated from seedlings that had been germinated and grown in the dark for 7 days and then transferred to constant light for 48 h. Approximately 200 pg of the RNA was denatured in 50% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide and layered onto a 36-ml 15-30% (w/ v) sucrose gradient which was then centrifuged in a Sorvall AH-627 rotor a t 24,000 rpm for 18 h at 4 "C. One-ml fractions were collected, ethanol-precipitated, and then translated in vitro (Amersham re- ticulocyte lysate). Fractions shown to be enriched for P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA were used to construct double-stranded cDNA (27) which was inserted into the PstI site of pBR322 using homopol- ymer tails (28). Three-hundred ampicillin-sensitive, tetracycline-re- sistant colonies were screened by differential hybridization with in vitro labeled poly(A) RNA samples (29). One differential hybridiza- tion consisted of poly(A) RNA from dark-grown shoots compared with illuminated leaves. Another used RNA from sucrose gradient fractions adjacent to the ones used as cDNA templates. Gradient fractions were chosen which showed high translational activity for all of the same polypeptides except P-enolpyruvate carboxylase (18). Hybridization was in 5 X SSPE (1 X SSPE is 0.18 M NaCI, 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, and 1 mM EDTA), 0.1% SDS, 0.1 mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, 0.1 mg/ml polyadenosine, and 50%

(v/v) deionized formamide for 40 h at 40 "C. Filters were washed for 2 h in 2 X SSPE, 0.1% SDS. and 50% formamide at 42 "C and exposed to x-ray film for autoradiography.

RNA Gel Blots and Hybridizations-RNA samples were separated by formaldehyde-agarose gel electrophoresis (30) followed by blotting to nitrocellulose. Hybridization conditions were identical to those described for colony filter hyhridizations except that temperatures were changed as noted.

DNA Gel Blots and Hybridizations-DNA was prepared from maize leaves as described by Murray and Thompson (31). Restriction en- zyme digestion conditions followed the recommendations of the sup- pliers. Hybridizations of gel blots were performed with the same conditions as those described for colony filter hybridizations except that temperatures were changed as noted.

RESULTS

Electrophoretic Analysis of P-enolpyruvate Carboxylose Iso- forms-The polypeptide composition of P-enolpyruvate car- boxylase from roots and leaves a t different stages of devel- opment was determined by first subjecting homogenates to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. P-enolpyruvate car- boxylase polypeptides were identified on gel blots with P- enolpyruvate carboxylase antiserum. In all stages of leaf de- velopment, P-enolpyruvate carboxylase antiserum recognizes a single 100-kDa polypeptide (Fig. 1, lanes a and b). We have previously shown that the prevalent isoform(s) of P-enolpy- ruvate carboxylase are first detectable when the foliage leaves emerge from the coleoptile a t about 5 days after germination and that significant levels of protein accumulate in complete darkness (19). Shoot samples were taken prior to leaf emer- gence.

In the lane containing total root protein, however, P-enol- pyruvate carboxylase antiserum recognizes 96-, 114-, and 77- kDa polypeptides (Fig. 1, lane c). P-enolpyruvate carboxylase was purified from primary roots and shown to consist of only 96-kDa polypeptide subunits (Fig. 1, lane d). The 84- and 77- kDa polypeptides which react with leaf P-enolpyruvate car- boxylase antiserum have been found only in roots, and their identities are unknown.

Isolation of P-enolpyruvate Carboxyhe cDNA Clones-A library of cDNA clones was constructed and screened as described under "Materials and Methods." Nine clones were selected and used to hybrid select their complementary mRNAs which were then translated (32). The translation products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis before and after immunoprecipitation with P-enolpyruvate carboxylase anti- serum (33). I n oitro translation of leaf poly(A) RNA gave a translation product of 100 kDa and another of slightly higher molecular mass (Fig. 2, lane a) . Hague et 01. (34) have shown this higher molecular mass band to be the precursor form of pyruvate-orthophosphate dikinase and the 100-kDa polypep- tide to be P-enolpyruvate carboxylase. The major translation product of clone pPC1 was a 100-kDa polypeptide, plus several smaller polypeptides (Fig. 2, lane b). The 100-kDa polypeptide was immunoprecipitated by P-enolpyruvate carboxylase anti-

a b c d e

FIG. 1. Identification of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase poly- peptide subunits. Blots of soluble proteins, which had been electro- phoresed on 7.5-15% SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gels, were reacted with P-enolpyruvate carboxylase antiserum. Lane a. S-day dark- grown leaves; lane b, leaves from 7-day dark-grown + 72-h illuminated seedlings; lane c, 3-day roots; lane d, partially purified root P-enol- pyruvate carboxylase; lnne e, purified leaf P-enolpyruvate carhoxyl- ase. The figure is a composite of blots of several different gels.

6134 Maize Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase mRNA

" -' a b c d

100 kDa

FIG. 2. Identification of a cDNA clone, pPC1, complemen- tary to P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA. In vitro translation products of poly(A) RNA samples were separated on 7.5-15% SDS- polyacrylamide gels. Lane a, total green leaf poly(A) RNA; lane b, RNA selected by hybridization to pPC1; lane c, immunoprecipitation of translation products from lane b with P-enolpyruvate carboxylase antiserum; lane d, immunoprecipitation of translation products from lane b with pre-immune serum.

serum (Fig. 2, lane c), identifying pPCl as a clone comple- mentary to P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA from green leaves. The two diffuse bands present in lanes a and b were endogenous translation products of the reticulocyte lysate. Some of the other bands shown in lane b are immunoprecip- itable (lane c) and may indicate premature translation ter- mination, internal initiation, or proteolytic cleavage of P- enolpyruvate carboxylase polypeptides. Cleavage was unlikely because the same banding pattern was observed when protease inhibitors were included in the translation reaction mixture (data not shown). Considering the high molecular mass of P- enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA, which cosediments with 26 S mRNA in a sucrose gradient (17), perhaps it was ineffi- ciently translated because of periodic translation termination due to mRNA secondary structures or RNA degradation (cf. Ref. 35).

Another P-enolpyruvate carboxylase cDNA clone, pPC2, was identified by its ability to cross-hybridize to pPC1 and its ability to hybrid select an mRNA whose translation prod- uct was immunoprecipitable by P-enolpyruvate carboxylase antiserum (data not shown). pPC2 was used as a hybridization probe because the size of its cDNA insert, 880 base pairs, was larger than that in pPC1,445 base pairs. The cDNA insert of pPCl is identical in restriction sites to one-half of the cDNA insert of pPC2 (data not shown).

P-enolpyruvate Carboxylase Gene Expression in Leaves, Shoots, and Roots-Poly(A) RNA isolated from green leaves and roots was fractionated in denaturing gels and blotted. Hybridization of the blot with pPC2 identified a single size class of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA in leaves and roots, 3.4 kilobases (Fig. 3, left). The concentration of P- enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA in each organ was quite different, however. From our recalculation of an earlier re- ported value (19), we estimate that P-enolpyruvate carboxyl- ase mRNA constitutes 0.20% of total poly(A) RNA isolated from green leaves (9 days post-germination). Since 100 times as much poly(A) RNA was loaded into each root lane as was

loaded into each leaf lane, we estimate that P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA represents 0.0025% of root poly(A) RNA. Given the sequence difference between the pPC2 probe and the root form of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA (Fig. 3, right), this may be an underestimate of the amount of P- enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA in roots.

The relatedness of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNAs in roots, shoots, and green leaves was measured by hybridizing replicate blots of gel-fractionated mRNA to the same pPC2 probe under identical conditions. Post-hybridization washes were performed a t increasing temperatures for each replicate blot. An example of one set of blots is presented in Fig. 3 (left), where the pPC2 probe is shown to be less related to root than to leaf P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA. The data from all experiments are compiled in Fig. 3, (right). in which relative band intensities are plotted as a function of post-hybridization wash temperature. There is an abrupt de- crease in the amount of pPC2 probe hybridizing to root or shoot RNA between 45 and 50 "C, suggesting that there is a single form of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA found in either shoots or roots. The melting profile for leaf mRNA, however, is broader, with a T,,, of 54 "C. The broad melting profile suggests that there is more than one form of P- enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA present in leaves, one of which is identical to the pPC2 probe. Because the form of P- enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA found in shoots is about 100-fold less prevalent than the leaf forms, shoot P-enolpy- ruvate carboxylase mRNA contributes no more than 1% of the melt profile of leaf P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA, unless its quantity increases dramatically during leaf devel- opment. The T,,, of hybrids formed between the pPC2 probe and shoot or root mRNA is approximately 47 "C, indicating an average sequence difference of 7% between root or shoot P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA and the leaf forms of the mRNA (36). The different forms of P-enolpyruvate carbox- ylase mRNA in leaves could be as much as 10-12% different in sequence.

This kind of thermal denaturation analysis has been shown to give accurate quantitative estimates of sequence related- ness of heteroduplex molecules. Whereas immobilization of DNA or RNA has significant effects on rates of hybridization, it does not affect the denaturation process. For example, McKeown et al. (37) estimated the degree of sequence dissim- ilarity between different Dictyostelium actin genes by mea- suring the T,,, of hydroxylapatite-bound hybrids. DNA .?e-

quencing studies (38) confirmed their estimates. Dunsmuir et al. (39) found that petunia leaf mRNAs encoding different forms of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein would hybridize to a given cDNA clone bound to nitrocellulose. They showed that mRNAs encoding different forms were differen- tially eluted by increasing temperatures.

From these data, it is not possible to determine whether the P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA present in roots and shoots is also present in leaves. It can be concluded, however, that there are leaf-specific P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNAs which are not present in roots and shoots. There appear to be a t least three forms of P-enolpyruvate carbox- ylase mRNA in maize which exhibit significant differences in sequence. One form of present in roots and may also be the same form found in shoots. At least two forms are present at much higher levels in green leaves.

I t is important to emphasize that the P-enolpyruvate car- boxylase cDNA probe which we have used in our hybridization analyses, pPC2, represents only 25% of the total length of P- enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA. Until we obtain sequence information, we do not know to what extent we have measured

Maize Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase mRNA 1.0 3-

L R L R L R L R

.3.4 kb

0 hl

n \

0 \

6135

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ', 37 42 47 52 57 62

TEMP(*CC)

FIG. 3. Size and relatedness of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNAs. Left, replicate blots were prepared from the same gel of 0.1 pg of leaf (L) and 10 pg of root ( R ) poly (A) RNA. Blots were hybridized with the same pPC2 probe at 37 "C for 40 h using the same solution as with the colony filter hybridizations, after which they were washed at the prescribed temperature for 2 h in 5 x SSPE, 50% formamide, and 0.1% SDS. Right, thermal denaturation of pPC2 probe hybridized to leaf (O), shoot (M), and root (A) poly(A) mRNA. The intensities of the autoradiographic bands indicating probe hybridization were measured with a Transidyne General densitometer and normalized against the intensity of bands present on autoradiographs of 37 "C washed blots. The relative intensity of hybridization at each temperature was used to construct the plot. Each point is an average of two separate experiments.

sequence divergence in the untranslated or coding regions of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA. Preliminary analysis' of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase clones isolated from a library of genomic maize DNA indicates that pPC2 is homologous to the 3' end of the gene.

P-enolpyruuate Carboxylase Gene Family-Because we can detect a t least three unique P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNAs, it is probable that they are encoded by different genes. To arrive at an estimate of the number of P-enolpy- ruvate carboxylase genes, we hybridized pPC2 probe to South- ern blots of genomic DNA which had been digested by a variety of restriction enzymes. Following hybridization, du- plicate blots were washed a t 42 or 60 "C in the hybridization solution. In all lanes of both blots, two prominent bands are evident (Fig. 4). Because these restriction enzymes do not cut within the cDNA insert of pPC2, each band of hybridization may represent a different P-enolpyruvate carboxylase gene. The presence of introns and sequence differences between genes may give rise to restriction sites not found in our probe, thereby making multiple bands correspond t o a single gene. Preliminary analysis of a P-enolpyruvate carboxylase genomic clone has identified such a site. An EcoRI site is present in an intron in the 3' region covered by the pPC2 probe, thus giving rise to the two most darkly hybridizing bands in the EcoRI lanes of both Southern blots.' We do not expect het- erozygosity of any P-enolpyruvate carboxylase genes because our plant material came from a highly inbred line.

The presence of weakly hybridizing bands on the 42 "C washed filter shows that there are genomic sequences with reduced homology to the pPC2 probe. Given that the thermal stability of pPC2 hybridized to root mRNA is lower than it is to leaf mRNA (Fig. 3, right), it is likely that some of the

' J. Keller, J. Yamaguchi, and W. C. Taylor, unpublished data.

17 kb

,9.5

,5.2

A(42OC) B(6OoC)

FIG. 4. Hybridization of pPC2 to maize genomic DNA blots. Each lane contains 15 pg of genomic DNA digested with a different restriction enzyme. Filters A and B are replicate blots from the same gel which were washed in hybridization solution at 42 and 60 "C, respectively, following hybridization. Abbreviations of the restriction enzymes used are as follows: B, BamHI; R, EcoRI; H , HindIII; K, KpnI; and X, XbaI. Purified X phage DNA cut with HindIII was used as a size standard.

minor bands shown on the 42 "C washed filter (Fig. 4) corre- spond to the gene(s) encoding non-autotrophic P-enolpyru- vate carboxylase. I t is also possible that at least one of the weaker hybridizing bands contains a gene encoding a photo- synthetic P-enolpyruvate carboxylase.

DISCUSSION

In this study, the different isozymic forms of P-enolpyru- vate carboxylase in maize were shown to be encoded by a

6136 Maize Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase mRNA

small gene family of about three to six members. At least two of these genes encode prevalent, leaf-specific isoforms in- volved in the photosynthetic fixation of atmospheric COz. This conclusion is based on the thermal denaturation pattern of the pPC2 probe hybridized to RNA blots, which suggests that there are at least two different, prevalent P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNAs in maize leaves. Whereas it is clear that these leaf mRNAs are significantly different from each other in base sequence, it cannot necessarily be concluded that they encode corespondingly different polypeptides. Preliminary mapping of a cloned maize P-enolpyruvate carboxylase gene suggests that pPC2 corresponds to the 3’ 25% of the mRNA. It is therefore possible that much of the sequence difference between prevalent leaf P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNAs lies in their 3”untranslated region. These results confirm and provide a genetic explanation for earlier reports of multiple leaf P-enolpyruvate carboxylase isoforms with different en- zymological and chromatographic properties (10, 15, 16,40).

All of these data suggest significant divergence in the genes encoding maize leaf isozymic forms. Because our cDNA probe spans the 3”untranslated region of its complementary mRNA, it provides a different measure of the evolutionary history of these genes. If one assumes that the 3”untranslated region of a gene is under very little selective pressure, our data suggest that the duplication of P-enolpyruvate carbox- ylase genes to give rise to those encoding leaf isoforms was not a recent event. Nevertheless, the genes encoding prevalent leaf isoforms appear to be coordinately regulated. Martineau and Taylor (41) have shown that the onset of accumulation of prevalent leaf P-enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNAs is coin- cident with the maturation of mesophyll cells.

Our data suggest, but do not prove, that there is a single non-autotrophic isoform of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase in maize. The enzymological, chromatographic, and antigenic properties of the root and shoot isoforms are identical, sug- gesting a single non-autotrophic form in both organs. P- enolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA from both roots and shoots exhibits identical thermal stabilities with the pPC2 probe, also suggesting a single form. A more complete understanding of the relationship of the root and shoot isoforms will have to await further study. Another topic for further study will be to determine which isoform of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase op- erates in stomatal guard cells, or whether the guard cell isoform is different from all others so far described.

Analyses of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase gene families will likely provide insight into the evolution of the C4 pathway. To date, its evolutionary history is obscure. It has been found in a wide range of plants from both monocots and dicots, and there are a number of examples of C3 and C4 plants within the same genus (1). The apparent polyphyletic origins of C4 photosynthesis suggest that different lineages of C4 plants may have arisen independently in response to similar selective pressures. One of the primary events in the evolution of Cq plants may have been the development of a regulatory mech- anism which generates a novel pattern of P-enolpyruvate carboxylase gene expression. Future studies should elucidate the sequence relatedness between genes encoding photosyn- thetic and non-autotrophic P-enolpyruvate carboxylase iso- forms, especially those which have functional counterparts in C3 plants (ie. the form in leaf stomatal guard cells which also fixes atmospheric COz).

Acknowledgments-We thank Dr. T. Nelson for many helpful discussions and Drs. A. Barkan, K. Enevold, and W. Timberlake for

critical comments on the manuscript. We thank Pioneer Hi-Bred International for their gift of B 73 seed.

REFERENCES 1. Downton, W. J. S. (1971) in Photosynthesis and Photorespiration

(Hatch, M. D., Osmond, C. B., and Slayter, R. O., eds) pp. 3- 177 Wiley-Interscience, New York

2. Laetsch, W. M. (1974) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 25,27-52 3. Shomer-Ilan, A., Beer, S., and Waisel, Y. (1979) in Encyclopedia

of Plant Physiology, New Series (Gibbs, M., and Latzko, E., eds) Vol. 6, pp. 190-201, Springer-Verlag, Berlin

4. Hatch, M. D. (1978) Curr. Top. Cell. Regul. 14, 1-27 5. Heber, U., and Krause, G. H. (1980) Trends Biochem. Sci. 56,

6. Hatch, M. D., and Slack, C. R. (1970) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol.

7. Hatch, M. D. (1971) Biochem. J. 125,425-432 8. Jensen, R. G., and Bahr, J. T. (1976) in CO, Metabolism and

Plant Productivity (Burris, R. H., and Black, C. C., eds) pp. 3- 18, University Park Press, Baltimore

32-34

21,141-162

9. Bassham, J. A:, Benson, A: A., and Calvin, M. (1950) J. Biol. Chem. 185,781-787

16. 17.

18.

19.

20. 21.

22.

23. 24.

25.

26.

27.

28. 29. 30.

31.

32.

33. 34.

35.

36. 37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

10. Ting, I. P., and Osmond, C. B. (1973) Plant Physiol. 51,448-453 11. Willmer, C. M., Pallas, J. E., and Black, C. C . (1973) Plant

12. Bowling, D. J. F. (1976) Nature 262,393-394 13. Kornberg, H. L. (1966) in Essays in Biochemistry (Campbell, P.

N., and Greville, G. O., eds) Vol. 2, pp. 1-3, Academic Press Inc., Ltd., London

14. Wong, K. F., and Davies, D. D. (1973) Biochem. J. 131,451-458 15. O’Leary, M. H. (1982) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33 , 297-315

. Mukerii, S. K. (1977) Arch. Biochem. Bioohvs. 182.343-351

Physiol. 52,448-452

Hayakawa, S., .Matsunaga, K., and Sugyama, T. ’(1981) Plant Phvsiol. 67,133-138

Harpker, M:H. (1983) Ph.D thesis, University of California,

Nelson, T., Harpster, M. H., Mayfield, S. P., and Taylor, W. C.

Hague, D. R., and Sims, T. L. (1981) Plant Physiol. 66,505-509 Lane, M. D., Maruyama, H., and Easterday, R. L. (1969) Methods

Bensadoun, A., and Weinstein, D. (1976) Anal. Biochem. 70,

Chua, N.-H. (1980) Methods Enzymol. 6 9 , 434-446 Schmidt, G. W., Bartlett, S. C., Grossman, A. R., Cashmore, A.

R., and Chua, N.-H. (1981) J. Cell Biol. 91, 468-478 Chirgwin, J. M., Przybyla, A. E., MacDonald, R. J., and Rutter,

W. J. (1979) Biochemistry 18,5294-5299 Aviv, H., and Leder, P. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 69,

1048-1412 Efstradiatis, A., and Villa-Komaroff, L. (1979) in Genetic Engi-

neering, Principles and Methods (Setlow, J. K., and Hollander, A., eds) Vol. 1, pp. 15-45, Plenum Press, New York

Berkeley

(1984) J. Cell Biol. 98,558-564

Enzymol. 13 , 277-283

241-250

Rowekamp, W., and Firtel, R. (1980) Den Biol. 79,409-418 Maizels, N. (1976) Cell 9,431-438 Lehrach, H., Diamond, D., Wozney, J. M., and Boedtker, H.

Murray, M. G., and Thompson, W. F. (1980) Nucleic Acids Res.

Bunemann, H., Westhoff, P., and Herrmann, R. G. (1983) Nucleic

Kessler, S. W. (1981) Methods Enzymol. 73 , 442-445 Hague, D. R., Uhler, M., and Collins, P. D. (1983) Nucleic Acids

Strohman, R. C., Moss, P. S., Micou-Eastwood, J., Spector, D.,

Wetmur, J. G. (1976) Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 5, 337-361 McKeown, M., Taylor, W. C., Kindle, K. L., Firtel, R. A., Bender,

Firtel, R. A., Timm, R., Kimmel, A. R., and McKeown, M. (1979)

Dunsmuir, P., Smith, S. M., and Bedbrook, J. (1983) J. Mol.

Stiborova, M., and Leblova, S. (1983) Photosynthetica (Prague)

Martineau, B., and Taylor, W. C. (1985) Plant Physiol. 78,399-

(1977) Biochemistry 16,4743-4751

8,4321-4326

Acids Res. 10 , 7163-7180

Res. 11, 4853-4865

Przybyla, A., and Paterson, B. (1977) Cell 10, 265-273

W., and Davidson, N. (1979) Cell 15, 789-800

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 76 , 6206-6210

Appl. Genet. 2 , 285-300

17,379-385

404