The Obligation of Developed Countries to Accept Refugees

7/25/2019 The Obligation of Developed Countries to Accept Refugees

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The Obligation of Developed Countries toAccept Refugees


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Niamh McKeeeff Toole

Ma! 1"th# 2$1%

Table of Contents

Definition&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&"

'ac(ground&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&)*

+ignificance&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&11

,-pert&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&)1"

Role of Control&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&))1.

/ogic of ,vil &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&)21

Case +tudies&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&))

01 reece&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&))&2"

02 +eden&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&23

0" erman! &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&)""

4nternational Organi5ations&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&61

Canadian Connections&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&))6%

+olutions &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&))*1


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Definition

Refugee: one that flees; especially : a person who flees to a foreign country or power to escape

danger or persecution. 7ebsters Dictionar!

As defined b! the 8nited Nations Convention relating to the +tatus of Refugees 9and as

amended b! the 13%. :rotocol;# a refugee is a person outside their on countr! ho has an

appropriate fear of persecution and is unable or unilling to return to their home countr!) A refugee

is an! person ho has fled their countr! due to fear of persecution# ar# violence# or natural disasters)

A refugee ma! have legitimate fear of persecution due to race# religion# political vies# social groups#

or nationalit!) Refugees are all people fleeing from unfavourable conditions in their home countries) 1

Refugees flee for a number of reasons# all related to undesirable living conditions in their countr! of

origin)


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orld# particularl! through southern ,urope# creating logistic nightmares and collective angst over

the developed orld>s capacit! to cope# raises the Euestion? 4s the developed orld obligated or

financiall! able to ta(e them all in# shelter# feed# clothe and educate or train those ho need it A

large proportion of this surge arises from the +!rian conflict) The +!rian Civil 7ar commenced in

2$11 and continues to this da!) Man! innocent +!rian people have been caught in the crossfire of

this ar and have fled to save their lives) The natural egress is to surrounding countries# namel!

Tur(e!# /ebanon# ,g!pt and ordan) Those headed north often carr! on to ,uropean destinations)

+ome ,uropean countries have been more accommodating than others# but all have limited resources#

and# a limited suppl! of goodill) There is a raging debate# particularl! in those ,uropean countries

most disproportionatel! affected# over the e-tent of the developed orld>s obligation to ta(e the

refugees in)


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Background

There have been refugees since the time humans have lived together) There is constant strife

in the affairs of men# it is in our natureF thus# it often becomes necessar! to flee) One of the first

recorded migrations of refugees as the 4sraelites in Canaan in .6$ 'C) Ten Ass!rian tribes ere

e-pelled from their lands and left) 7here the! ended up is the subGect of religious and historical

debate) 4n


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education) :oor education standards are a problem in Tur(e!# ordan# /ebanon# ,g!pt# and 4raE) The

number of child refugees reaching schooling age is increasing# !et in Tur(e! alone hundreds of

thousands of +!rian children are not attending school) There are .$$#$$$ +!rian children living in

Tur(e! and currentl! 6$$#$$$ are not in school)H 4n ordan# tent! percent of children are dropping

out of school to or() Man! of the children ho are not attending school are begging on the streets#

or or(ing at lo pa!ing Gobs) Appro-imatel! 3$#$$$ +!rian children living in ordan are currentl!

receiving no formal education) 4n /ebanon# the Ministr! of ,ducation increased schooling for +!rian

children in 2$1%# !et 2$$#$$$ are still not receiving an! formal education)3Most +!rian parents value

education highl!) No doubt the! find this state of affairs distressing)

There is also a lac( of access to Eualit! healthcare in neighbouring countr! refugee camps)

4n /ebanon# for e-ample# healthcare is private and ver! e-pensive# so man! refugees rel! entirel! on

the 8nited Nations igh Commissioner for Refugees 98NCR; healthcare aid) The 8NCR>s

funding is limited and there are onl! certain conditions that Eualif!)


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ceasefire negotiations# often bro(ered b! the 8+ or other credible intermediaries# have failed to

produce an! lasting peace)


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reasons Afghans form the second largest group of refugees after the +!rians# ith appro-imatel!

6$#$$$ see(ing refuge in ,urope in 2$1*)12

,conomic refugees hope to escape povert! and find economic opportunit!) Most of the Me-icans

ho illegall! cross the border to the 8+ are economic refugees) 4n the 13H$>s# ")* million migrants

entered the 8+A from Me-ico) Over *$$#$$$ of these ere illegal migrants) The standard of living

in the 8+ is much higher than in Me-ico) The minimum age in Me-ico is less than S* per hour)

Man! Me-ican police are corrupt and freEuentl! demand bribes# houses are overcroded and small#

and there is a high rate of crime) Citi5ens of this developing orld flee to the developed 8+ due to

the promise of double their dail! age ever! hour# affordable housing and medicine# better housing#

and less crime) 4n recent !ears there have been less Me-icans fleeing to the 8+ due to Me-ico>s

improving state) There are e-panding Gob opportunities and man! citi5ens are becoming hopeful for

their econom!)

4llegal Me-ican refugees are a hotl! debated subGect in the 8+) :resident 'arac( Obama

granted temporar! legal status and or( permits to millions of illegal Me-ican migrants) JMass

amnest! ould be unfair) Mass deportation ould be both impossible and contrar! to our character)

7hat 4>m describing is accountabilit!a common sense# middle ground approach? 4f !ou meet the

criteria# !ou can come out of the shados and get right ith the la) 4f !ou>re a criminal# !ou>ll be

deported) 4f !ou plan to enter the 8)+) illegall!# !our chances of getting caught and sent bac( Gust

ent up)1"

) Obama>s stance as that there ere too man! illegal migrants to deport all at once# butthere still ill be conseEuences for illegal migrants) Most Democrats agree ith :resident Obama)

:residential candidate# Donald Trump has said that if he becomes :resident he ould li(e to

build a all along the 8+=Me-ico border to halt illegal border crossings) Trump believes that the 8+

has no obligation = moral# legal# or financial = to accept Me-ican economic refugees# @4f 4 in# da!

1 of m! presidenc!# the!Lre getting out and getting out fast)16 e ants illegal refugees out of the

8+ and he doesn>t ant an! more coming in) Most Republicans support legal immigration# but

clearl! Trump has a lot of support in his part! for his tough stance on illegal immigration)

12Mali(!ar# elena) @Afghanistan? The Other Refugee Crisis)@ - Al a/eera #nglish) N)p)# 1% +ept) 2$1*) 7eb) 1HMar) 2$1%)

13Miller# Ue(e ) @Obama to ive /egal +tatus to Almost * Million 8ndocumented 4mmigrants)@ "ime) Time# n)d)7eb) 1% Mar) 2$1%)


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4t appears the Democrats and Republicans have ver! different vies as to hether the 8+ has

an obligation to accept Me-ican economic refugees) 4t is often the case that countries do not elcome

economic refugees as openl! as conflict or environmental refugees) 4n fact# in the O-ford dictionar!

those fleeing povert! are not included in the definition of refugee) Conflict refugees arguabl! have

the greater need as the! face immediate danger# hereas economic refugees do not) ,conomic

refugees often disguise themselves as conflict refugees in order to gain entr!)

,nvironmental refugees are those ho flee their countr! due to environmental causes such as

land loss# and natural disaster) An e-ample of environmental refugees ould be those generated after

C!clone +idr hit 'angladesh in November 2$$.) This c!clone as the orst in 1* !ears) 4t as a

categor! 6 storm reaching inds up to 21* (mh) 7hen it made landfall on November 1*# 2$$.

'angladesh e-perienced mass flooding) The land in 'angladesh is flat and lo# ith a comple- river

s!stem hich is fed b! melting sno from the imala!an mountains) This geograph! ma(es it

easier for flooding to occur) C!clone +idr left a counted "#66. dead# and a suspected 1$#$$$)

Thousands ere inGured or displaced and man! ere left ithout homes to return to) undreds fled

to the 8+ because the! had nohere else to go) The compliance to accept environmental refugees is

greater than that to accept economic due to their greater need and higher chance of returning home)

Depending on ho badl! destro!ed their home countr! as# environmental refugees ma! be more

li(el! to ant to return home)1*

There is a legal obligation for developed countries ho have signed either the 13*1 or the

13%. Refugee Convention to accept refugees) The 13*1 Refugee Convention as created after 771

hen hundreds of thousands ere displaced across ,urope) The! are documents that define ho is a

certified refugee) 4t also defines their rights as a refugee and the legal duties of states) The 13%.

:rotocol merel! removed restrictions from the 13*1 Convention and amended the treat! to include

refugees internationall!) +ignatures include 162 different states on both conventions) This means

that certain countries ho have signed have legal obligations toards refugees) ,ven illegal

14Trump# Donald) @


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refugees have the right to not be sent bac( into harm>s a! under this treat!) @The principle of non=

refoulement# hich prohibits the return of a refugee to a territor! here his or her life or freedom is

threatened# is considered a rule of customar! international la) As such it is binding an all +tates#

regardless of hether the! have acceded to the 13*1 Convention or 13%. :rotocol) A refugee see(ing

protection must not be prevented from entering a countr! as this ould amount to refoulement)1% A

fe developed countries ho have signed this treat! are Australia# 'elgium# Canada# Denmar(#


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Significance

4t clearl! matters hether the developed orld has an obligation to ta(e in refugees) t become contributing

members of the receiving countr!# or orse become detractorsF there ma! or ma! not be a legal

obligation to ta(e refugees inF and# there surel! is a financial limit to hat receiving countries can

provide)

4s this a global issue 7ell# refugees# b! definition# cross borders) +!rian# Afghan# ,ritrean

and other refugees often cross man! borders) +ome of them are on their a! to central or northern

,urope) Others are on their a! to being distributed around the orld# including here to Canada#

here the ne Trudeau overnment has pledged to ta(e in 2*#$$$ +!rian refugees as a starting point)

That said# from a global perspective# the refugee issue is not Gust about geograph! or logistics# it is

about hat (ind of orld one ants to live in) o refugees are treated defines our humanit! and


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sets precedents = hich ma! have implications for ho receiving populations are treated one da!

hen the tables are turned)

The ,uropean 8nion 9,8; is the orld>s largest econom!) As such the ,8 is the largest

trading partner to H$ non=,8 nations# including Canada) The massive inflo of refugees into the ,8

is creating political and economic strains that endanger the bloc) s largest member# leave) 4f

'ritain ere to leave# this ould significantl! ea(en the ,8 and disrupt the flo of trade) The

sheer volume of refugees is putting serious economic strain on various ,8 members# including

reece hich as ban(rupt to start# and even erman!# the economic poerhouse of the bloc)

Negative press surrounding the refugees is apt to put a damper on tourism# and the ,8 is heavil!

dependent on tourism)

Canada>s ne /iberal government has pledged to accept 2*#$$$ +!rian refugees) This is

relativel! small number of refugees# certainl! hen compared ith the roughl! 1#$$$#$$$ erman!

is tr!ing to settle) Assuming the costs of settling the 2*#$$$ are not e-orbitant# this influ- could

prove Euite beneficial to Canada) 7e are faced ith a declining birth rate and an aging population#

demographic trends that bode ill for economic groth) According to Conference 'oard research

associate Kareem ,l=Assal# @4mmigration ill continue to be crucial to Canada>s prosperit!) 7ithout

immigrants# Canada faces labour shortages# a smaller ta- base# and increased strain on our medicals!stem and pension funds) 4ndeed# in the absence of high immigration levels# Canada>s population

ill shrin(# our econom! ill suffer# and our standard of living ill decline) 1. Research shos that

a large proportion of refugees are ell educated# and# the! often set up their on businesses) ard

or(ing refugees# and entrepreneurial refugees in particular# help to gro our D: and hence the ta-

base)

On the other hand# it could be argued that the costs of ta(ing in the 2*#$$$ are# in fact# e-orbitant) 4t

is estimated that the 2*#$$$ ill run up S1)2 billion in direct costs over a si- !ear period) That>s a lot

of ta- mone!) This is mone! that# arguabl!# could be spent on e-isting needs such as better

17El-Assal, Kareem. "Why Canada Needs a National Immigration Action Plan." The Conference Board of

Canada, 8 Apr. 2015. Web. 25 Mar. 2016.


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education# healthcare and infrastructure for those ho alread! live here)


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partisan research organi5ation that e-amines the process of immigrant integration ith a vie to

improvement) The 4mmigrant 4ntegration /ab promotes social Gustice and better immigrant health)

Dr) ,gmont and his team are constantl! searching for a!s to improve the integration of

immigrants)1H

Dr) ,gmont has led several anti=povert! and anti=hunger agencies) e has ta(en on leading roles in

educational# religious and humanitarian organi5ations) Dr) ,gmont believes in volunteerism and is a

former :resident of 'oston Cares# an organi5ation that connect volunteers to the need!)


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the histor! of immigration to 'oston) e currentl! lives in 'oston ith his ife# +usan and four

children)21

There is little doubt here Dr) ,gmont>s s!mpathies lie) Dr ,gmont is confident that the developed

orld has moral# legal# and financial obligations to refugees) e believes that the countries ith the

greatest resources are obliged to help refugees)

7hen as(ed hether the developed orld has a moral obligation to accept refugees# Dr)

,gmont replied# JQes# there is a moral obligation& 4t is ver! close to a universal truth that e have

an obligation to each other>s elfare) 4t>s the olden Rule) Do to another countr! 9or their people;

hat !ou ould ant done to !ou) Dr) ,gmont adheres to the olden Rule in his or( ith

refugees)

7hen as(ed hether the developed orld has a legal obligation to accept refugees# Dr)

,gmont replied# JThere is an 4nternational Agreement of the 8N convention under the 8N

declaration of uman Rights Article 1"# that states there must be shared respect among nations) The

8N high commission for refugees as founded b! the agreement that e>d assist refugees) And

indeed it as) The 8N Convention Declaration of uman Rights# Article 1" sa!s# J,ver!one has the

right to freedom of movement and residence ithin the borders of each +tate) ,ver!one has the right to

leave an! countr!# including his on# and to return to his countr!) According to this article# refugees are

legall! permitted to cross borders)

7hen as(ed hether the developed orld has a financial obligation to assist refugees# Dr)

,gmont tal(ed about the 8nited +tates> abilit! to cope ith this refugee crisis and man! more)Dr) ,gmont could not sa! for certain Canada>s abilit! to financiall! support refugees# but he

seemed adamant on the 8nited +tates> abilit! to) JThe 8nited +tates too( in the largest number of

refugees under :resident Reagan 92$$#$$$; and e thrived on the necomers) As long as e are as

e are no# e can support an!here to 16 of a million refugees) 4n Canada# the countr! is big and

the population is small) 4f refugees are given the opportunit! then the econom! generall! gros as

the population gros) e thin(s Canada>s incoming refugees are li(el! to be an economic boom for

them# although he admitted he did not focus on Canada in his studies)

Associate :rofessor 7est! ,gmont believes the developed orld has strong moral# legal# and

financial obligations to refugees) e believes the moral obligations are reason enough to support

as!lum see(ers) /egalities ere spo(en of concerning the 8N Charter# and he strongl! stressed the

21@7,+TQ ,MONT)@ *#S"0 #$M+'") N)p)# n)d) 7eb) 2H Mar) 2$1%)


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8nited +tates> financial abilit! and dut! to support refugees) The solutions he presented to the recent

+!rian influ- of refugees# called the refugee crisis ere to continue accepting and integrating these

people into societ!)

Expert #": oger $etter% E!eritus Professor

O-ford 8niversit! ,meritus :rofessor# Roger Uetter is an e-pert on refugee affairs and forced

migration) Throughout his thirt!=five !ear career as a professor he highlighted the need for

international intervention and cooperation concerning refugees) e has a mind=set to accept as man!

refugees as one can ithout harming an!one) e is an educated man in the field of refugees and has

a ver! accepting mind=set concerning them)

Dr) Uetter obtained degrees from Cambridge and Nottingham 8niversities# continuing his

studies at the 8niversit! of +usse- and completing his D:hil at the 4nstitute of Development +tudies)

7hile at +usse-# his thesis dealt ith Refugee /abeling and Access) Dr) Uetter could be considered

an academic patron as he has ritten "$ peer revieed papers# ith 2$ boo( chapters# and 1$

considerable research reports) e rote V/ands of No Return> in 2$12# and co=rote VRefugee

Communit! Organisations Dispersal> in 2$$*) e received an editing position for the 2$12 V7orld

Disasters Report> b! the 4nternation ) e has e-pertise on the people of sub=+aharan Africa# the ,8# and the

Middle ,ast)22

Dr) Uetter as fourth director of the Refugee +tudies Centre from 2$$% to 2$11 and is ,meritus:rofessor of Refugee +tudies at O-ford 8niversit! in ,ngland) e has acted as advisor to both

international and intergovernmental governments and organi5ations# such as the 8NCR# 8N


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migrants)26 There are man! different aspects of his teachings) One is the impact of humanitarian

assistance on refugees and as!lum see(ers# the shelter and settlement policies# and effects that e-ile

or repatriation have on refugees) Recentl!# the cause and conseEuences of ,uropean constraints ith

the life of refugees and their integration into societ! have pla!ed important roles in his research) As

ell as the environmental impacts of climate change on population displacement and migration) Dr)

Uetter has been or(ing ith the 7orld 'an( to establish devices measuring macro= and micro=

economic impacts of as!lum see(ers and advocate the advancement of responses in situations of

forced displacement)

Dr) Uetter presents man! solutions to the current refugee crisis) e states that ,ngland and other

developed countries need to reassess the basis of the merger of the 13*1 convention of refugees and

the 13%. protocol) The 13*1 Convention concerning +tatus of Refugees is the legal document that

defines ho is considered a refugee# their rights# and the legal obligations of states) The :rotocol of

13%. removed all geographical and temporal restrictions from this Convention) e pressed that it is

important to loo( over more effective programs surrounding the resettling of the recent massive

influ- of refugees from countries surrounding the countr! of origin hom are accepting high

numbers and have been heavil! impacted and burdened b! refugees) Dr) Uetter states that thin(ing

about opening up the Vavenues for humanitarian protection> as a step forard# as ell as developing

long term strategies for the refugees remaining in the transitional countries 9Tur(e!# ordan#

/ebanon; because their opportunities here the! are no are slim) Another suggestion made at an

attempt to solve this issue as to loo( into creating more efficient a!s for regular migrants to movearound) e pointed out that if it is difficult to migrate normall! then these people ma! begin abusing

the protection that refugees are offered)2*

23,meritus :rofessor Roger Uetter# lobal ,-pert on Refugees and


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ole of Control

Control of the +!rian refugee crisis is unevenl! divided) 7ould be refugees ma! e-ercise their free

ill to flee# and are in control of hich direction the! set off# but that>s about it) 4t is up to receiving

governments ho man! refugees the! ill accept# hich refugees the! ill accept# hat living

conditions the! provide and hat support the! provide) oever# leaders and governments have less

control over accepting refugees than it ma! at first appear as there is often a strong division ofopinion beti-t government members# voters and supposedl! allied nations)


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could ta(e !ears) 4+4+ occupies a large sath of territor! across +!ria and 4raE and brings in S1 to S"

million a da! through illegal sales of oil)2%

@4f destro!ing 4+4/ becomes the near=term polic! goalhich seems the li(el! outcome of

sa!ing !ou are going to Lroll bac(L the groupthen 1$#$$$=1*#$$$ troops vastl! understates the true

commitment# hich ill actuall! reEuire !ears# direct militar! action on both sides of the 4raE+!ria

border# tens 9if not hundreds; of billions of dollars# and man! more than 1*#$$$ troops) 4+4/ is an

inherentl! resilient organi5ationloo( ho far the! have come since getting Vrolled bac(L during the

+urge in 2$$. hen 1*$#$$$ American troops ere occup!ing the countr!) 2.

/arge scale militar! action such as this ould probabl! result in thousands of additional

civilian deaths) 4n the short term this ould li(el! lead to more rather than feer refugees)

the bad gu!s AND provide amnest! to ordinar! +!rians caught in thecrossfire) Or can the!

4t is not ala!s eas! to Vta(e out> the bad gu!s or# for that matter# to even (no ho the! are)

Afghanistan provides a vivid e-ample of this comple- problem) 4t is generall! accepted that in the

13H$s the 8+ 9not so covertl!; built and armed the Taliban to form an effective resistance to Russian

invaders) After all# at that point the Russians the evil communist nuclear empire = ere still the

arch enemies of the 8+ the good and Gust defender of democrac!) oever# hen the Russians

26@4+4+ Ma(es S6$ Million Monthl! Oil Revenue# +elling to +!ria 'ashar Al=Assad overnment)@ &%S'ews) C'+4nteractive# n)d) 7eb) 2H Apr) 2$1%)

27Michael ' Kelle! and Mi(e Nudelman) @,ver!one 7ho 7ants To Destro! 4+4+ Needs To Kno One ardTruth)@%usiness nsider) 'usiness 4nsider# 4nc# 2$ Aug) 2$16) 7eb) 2* Apr) 2$1%)


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ultimatel! gave up and retreated# the 8+ lost interest and left a resentful Taliban to flourish) s problems

ith force) Turning bac( to +!ria# perhaps eliminating 4+4+ is simpleF still# ho>s to sa! leaving al=

Assad in charge ould not turn out better than putting the rebels in poer

4t is not ala!s possible to provide amnest! to refugees either# even hen !ou have the

resources to help) erman! has sung open its doors to allo in a million plus refugees) Canada

has ta(en in some 2*#$$$ and has plans for man! more) The 8+# hoever# a countr! four times the

si5e of erman! and ten times the si5e of Canada is letting in feer than Canada) :resident Obama

ould li(e to let in man! more but 8+ politics on>t allo it)2H ,thnocentric Republicans are in

charge and the a! is shut) s parliament passed a special la alloing the arm! to use non

lethal force against refugees ho are vieed as a threat) This includes the use of rubber bullets# tear

gas grenades# and net guns)"$

28+pencer# Robert) @Obama 7ants More +!rian Refugees in the 8)+)@ihad *atch) ihad 7atch# 23


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Angela Mer(el has appealed to her fello ,8 members to each do its part and share the

burden eEuitabl!) 4f the burden ere shared proportionatel!# there ere be a lot less social and

financial strain) Most members# hoever# are not capable of eEuitable distribution) The ,8 as a

hole is in an economic slump and man! individual countries are in increasingl! dire economic

straits) 4mmigration as a hot button issue in man! ,8 states before the refugee crisis# so there is no

reserve capacit! or goodill to deal ith a spi(e in necomers) As in the 8+# politics have tumbled

in the path of humanit!) The shame is that a united response ould be far more effective)

+ome measure of control also resides in neighbouring countries hosting large refugee camps)

The Tur(ish government# for e-ample# could grant +!rian refugees the right to or( in Tur(e!) After

all# here there is no economic future# there is no future at all) No doubt the Tur(ish government is

afraid average Tur(s ould vie the refugees as competing for scarce opportunit! hen in fact the

refugees are more li(el! to e-pand the economic pie) +imilarl! in ordan# ,g!pt# and /ebanon there

are or( and education las that preclude refugees from permanent settlement) No doubt a general

lac( of education# economic malaise and instabilit! (eep neighbouring countries from offering much

more than dead end camps) Of course this is the most that has been offered to displaced populations

in the region historicall!# and precedent# no matter ho unsuccessful# often prevails)

Man! countries in the region are not letting an! +!rian refugees in at all) 4n /ebanon# the

refusal to accept more +!rian people is understandable) Refugees alread! comprise one Euarter of/ebanon>s population# and there is rampant overcroding) 4t is less understandable h! +audi

Arabia# Kuait# Patar# and the 8nited Arab ,mirats 98A,; are refusing to let an! fleeing +!rians

in) +audi Arabia and Patar are anti al=Assad and have contributed militar! and financial resources to

+!rian rebel groups) :rivate donors in Kuait have begun arming +!rian rebel forces# and the 8A,

strongl! opposes 4+4+# launching air stri(es against them) As these countries have contributed to the

+!rian conflict# the! have advanced the refugee crisis) There is a lot of potential amnest! capacit!

that has gone unused)"1

30/ane# Oliver ) @ungarian 'order


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&ogic of E'il

There are man! roles pla!ed concerning refugee crisis>) There is the role of the refugee#

those ho help them# neutral parties# governments ho choose hether or not to accept them# and

then there are those ho cause the conflict forcing them to leave in the first place) The dictators and


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governments ho have made conditions in their countries so aful that their on people are forced

to flee because the! can no longer live there) oever# as bad these people ma! seem their actions

are reasonable hen a person loo(s at the issue from their point of vie) This is called the logic of

evil)

Man! of the pla!ers in the +!rian refugee crisis are# in some a!# more or less# behaving

badl!)

To begin# e have 'ashar al=Assad) Dr) al=Assad# an Ophthalmologist b! training# had no

intention of entering politics) As the second son of afe5 al=Assad# the authoritarian leader of +!ria

for "$ !ears# he as not in line to inherit poer) This all changed hen his older brother# 'assel#

died une-pectedl! in a car crash) +everal !ears later 'ashar>s father died and ithin a month 'asharran unopposed for role of :resident) 4n spite of this undemocratic start in office it as hoped that

'ashar ould prove a more tolerant and Gust leader than his hard line father) Alas# nothing changed)

:olitical opponents of 'ashar ere often tortured# imprisoned# or murdered)


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and 4+4+ are less li(el! to be elcoming) Thus :utin is doing hat he can to help al=Assad beat bac(

challenges to his poer

Ne-t e have 4+4+# an organi5ation that practices evil as polic!) Members claim their goal is

an 4slamic Caliphate but actions spea( louder than ords) 4+4+ is a criminal organi5ation that uses

religious propaganda and e-treme violence to plunder valuables# sei5e poer and use omen) The

vast maGorit! of Muslims do not support 4+4+# strongl! suggesting this organi5ation has little to do

ith 4slam as it is usuall! perceived and practiced)

The +!rian rebels are loo(ed upon favourabl!) After all# the! have been pushing for

democratic reforms and civil rights) 4f the! gain poer# this ma! in fact come to pass) Or not)

4dealistic revolutionaries have a a! of seeing things differentl! hen the! finall! gain poer)


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McKee 2%

Case Studies

Case Stud #1: (reece

/ocated in +outhern ,urope#reece has a population of 11)$" million people) The capital

cit! is Athens# ith a population of %%6#$6% people) reece is the 3.th largest countr! in the orld)

4ts coastline e-tends 1"#%.% (m and it borders the 4onian +ea in the est# the Aegean +ea in the east#

and the Mediterranean +ea in the south) 4t is currentl! governed b! :ro(ops :avlopoulos# the

seventh :resident of reece) e is a la!er# universit! professor# and politician) :avlopoulos as

Minister for the 4nterior from 2$$6 to 2$$3 and as elected ead of +tate in 2$1*) The Ne

Democrac! part! is currentl! in charge# a liberal conservative part!)""

reece is one of the closest and easiest ,uropean countries to access hen leaving areas in the

Middle ,ast such as +!ria# 4raE# and Tur(e!)


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McKee 2.


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McKee 2H

incoming refugees) The hotspot approach concerns establishing ,8=run reception centres in ,8

member states that are on the front lines of the refugee influ-)"H The ,uropean As!lum +upport

Office 9,A+O;# the ,8 'order Agenc! 9s office sa!s deported refugees are to be# J:rotected in accordance ith international

standards) "3Despite this agreement to deport illegall! fleeing migrants# man! are still attempting to

cross the Mediterranean to get to ,urope) A da! after the agreement as signed# on March 21st

2$1%# the amount of refugees arriving on the ree( 4slands using the Aegean +ea has risen) 'efore

.am# 1#%%2 refugees had entered ree( borders) This as tice the amount that had come the da!

before the agreement as signed) 8nder the agreement 6#$$$ ,8 state personnel are to be deplo!ed

to the ree( 4slands to prevent refugees from continuall! entering b! illegal boats) '! une of 2$1%#

the ,8 and Tur(e! ould li(e to see at least %#$$$ relocations of refugees and b! mid=Ma! 2$1% the

goal is for 2$#$$$ refugees to have been relocated)

4n 2$1*# 6$$#$$$ refugees landed in /esbos from sea) The island of /esbos is (non for registrating

high numbers of refugees) s refugee registration s!stem on the ree( 4slands

/esbos# Chios# and +amos has been put under scrutin!) The s!stem is favouring +!rian nationalities

over those of 4raEi# Afghan# or other bac(grounds) 4t has been called the three tier s!stem as itseparates incoming refugees into three separate categories) The highest tier and favoured migrants

are +!rian families# the second tier still receiving similar preferential treatment is +!rian males# also

including Qemenis and +omalis) The third and loest tier of this three class arrangement is 4raEi and

Afghan refugees)6$ The treatment at these camps is higher Eualit! for camps containing +!rian

38@+chengen? reece Responds


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McKee 23

refugees because in the e!es of the ,8# the! have a better claim to as!lum)


30/65

McKee "$

Also since this agreement came into pla!# ree( police officers have been struggling to maintain

peace in the detention camps) Due to the ne deportation agreement and also the filth! conditions of

man! detention camps# protests have begun) On April 1st# 2$1% several migrants ere hospitali5ed

after a stabbing at a detention centre in Chios) Three migrants ere inGured hen police used stun

guns to brea( up a protest in a Chios detention center) After this violence# eight hundred angr!

migrants tore apart the ra5or ire fence surrounding a detention camp in Chios and then al(ed

along the port in obGection)62 These detention centres are becoming overcroded) On /esbos# the

,8>s Moria camp is currentl! holding 2#"$$ refugees but the ma-imum is 2#$$$) To add on to the

stress of this# .%% more refugees arrived e-pecting to be accepted on Tuesda!# March 22nd) ,ven in

mainland refugee centres there have been outcries against overcroding) 4n the 4domeni refugee

camp there have been man! clashes folloing sets of rumours giving refugees hope)

7hen refugees are said to be Vtrapped> or Vstranded> in reece# the maGorit! of them are in places li(e

4domeni# b! the Macedonia border or :iraeus :ort# near the Aegean +ea) :iraeus :ort is located near

Athens and as ell (non for its ferr! rides until the past month hen it became a large shelter for

refugees) There are currentl! a total of *#.6* refugees and migrants delling in :iraeus :ort)

Refugees have ta(en over most passenger areas and are ver! croded) s contribution to the :ort is ver! small# JAll this time# those of us ho

have been here haven>t seen an!one from the relevant ministries to come and document needs# norhave e been as(ed about an!thing that e might need#6" The government seems absent# !et basic

needs are not being fulfilled) The! are in a constant fear of not having enough food or medicine)

Refugees are camped on and around raila! trac(s in 4domeni)66 There are an estimated 12#$$$

refugees ith the maGorit! sleeping in feeble camping tents set on the mudd! fields) A smaller

42+mith# elena) @reece on 'rin( of Chaos as Refugees Riot over


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McKee "1

number of refugees sleep in large marEuee tents that the 8N set out# each containing roughl! 1$$

bun( beds) +ic(ness is ver! common and there is a groing number of children affected b!

respirator! infections# @7e have man! cases of respirator! disease# pneumonia# because the living

conditions are not OK) 6* Despite this# refugees ant to sta! in 4domeni because the! believe if the!

are close to the border the! ill be able to get into Macedonia faster if the borders open) Refugees

have received false hope man! times in the past month) s econom! shran( b! a Euarter and

their unemplo!ment rates s(!roc(eted to 2*W) The maGorit! of the bailout mone! is pa!ing offinternational loans and not entering the econom!) The ree( government has huge debt and cannot

even begin to pa! it off until a recover! occurs) Other ,8 countries are becoming impatient ith

reece and relations are currentl! fragile) The refugee crisis in reece is damaging the econom!

even more)6%

On April 2nd# a ree( farmer ploed through a campsite used b! refugees) As!lum see(ers trapped

in reece had been camping on the ree( Macedonia border for months) This farmer# /a5aros Oulis

ploed don flims! tents to protest their presence) 4t is approaching cultivation and Oulis is pressed

45:saropoulos# ohn) @4nside 4domeni Refugee Camp# Nothing /eft but ope)@ - Al a/eera #nglish) N)p)# 1. Mar)2$1%) 7eb) " Ma! 2$1%)

46@reece>s Debt Crisis ,-plained)@ "he 'ew 0ork "imes) The Ne Qor( Times# $H Dec) 2$1*) 7eb) * Ma! 2$1%)


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McKee "2

for time as he needs to produce for his cos# J4 need to plo m! field) Not somebod! elseLs field

mineX 4 have a business ith .$=H$ calves) 4 ant to produce# feed them# because# financiall!# 4 canLt

ta(e this an!more)6. Refugees are temporaril! living on man! farm lands# ma(ing the land useless

to the oner)

reece is visibl! e-periencing difficulties ith the refugee crisis and deciding their

obligations to accept refugees) 7hen the 'al(an countries shut don their borders and introduced

limits on refugee inflo# reece as forced to (eep the large number of refugees originall! intended

to cross into 'al(an countries) Qet# the! continued for man! months to accept more and more

refugees) 4n this action# reece shoed the! thought there as a dut! to elcome these foreigners)

7ith the ,8=Tur(e! agreement hoever# it seems as though reece has decided the obligation has

diminished if not completel! disappeared) 4ntroducing the three tiered s!stem on the registration

island of /esbos shoed that reece considers the! have a stronger dut! to certain t!pes or

nationalit!>s of refugees) 7ith humanitarian organi5ations ithdraing their support in reece the!

are shoing their lessoning dut! to help refugees) These actions ma! come across callousl! and

therefore prompt people to believe refugees do not need to be accepted) :rotests in registration

centres and camps have caused inGuries and even (illings) +ince the halt in the outflo of refugees

from reece# man! are being (ept in 4domeni and man! in :iraeus :ort) :roviding this shelter and

aid for refugees has displa!ed reece>s helpfulness# shoing that the! believe in the moral dut! to

provide refugees ith basic human rights) reece>s past economic issues !et continued alloance ofrefugee inflo emit the sense of obligation also) Despite being in an unstable condition# reece has

for some reason decided to accept man! refugees) Man! could believe that reece accepted so much

due to some (ind of obligation) ree( people and farmers are beginning to get irritated at reece>s

insistent acceptance of refugees) This all ties together# shoing reece>s thoughts on morals# as ell

as legalities and financial status hen it comes to aid) 4t is clearl! greatl! affected b! the refugee

crisis and has made man! decisions hen concerning obligations)

Case Stud #": S)eden

47@Outraged ree(


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McKee ""

+eden is located in Northern ,urope and has a population of 3#1$"#.HH people) The capital

cit! is +toc(holm# the political centre of +eden ith a population 1#2*"#"$3 people) +eden is a

constitutional monarch! ruled b! King Carl IB1 ustaf) is reign began in 13." after his

grandfather died) The :rime Minister of +eden is s and is higher than an! other ,uropean

countr!>s) +eden could not handle so man! refugees# and has run out of resources) The! ere not

read! for this mass migration and no food# housing# and other basic necessities are in short suppl!)

Js interior minister has ordered

preparation for an increase in deportations) Migration authorities have been told to arrange charter

48@+eden# eneral 4nformation)@ eneral 4nformation about +eden) N)p)# n)d) 7eb) 23 Mar) 2$1%)

49Nelson#


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McKee "6

flights in order remove denied as!lum see(ers) Of the 1%$#$$$ as!lum applications that +eden

received last !ear# H$#$$$ of them ma! be reGected)*$ Refugees are beginning to reali5e that +eden>s

elcoming e-terior is no brea(ing don) The amount of applications has decreased since the

announcement of deportation) 4n November in 2$1*# +eden began increasing border controls to

decrease the 1$#$$$ arriving across the border ever! ee() A bridge from +eden to Denmar( as

closed off to man! refugees in anuar! 2$1% hen border officials began as(ing for passports and

driver>s licenses)

This !ear# an e-pected **W of applicants are to be denied as!lum in +eden) The ,8 Commission

has voiced its support for +eden>s deportation decision) The Commission said that member states

have an obligation to return all those ho have no grounds for as!lum) *1 As +eden is clearl! tr!ing

to limit the amount of refugees# stricter residenc! permit rules have been introduced as ell as

s!stematic photo 4D) All travellers are being chec(ed) ,ver!one coming in on train and man! b! car

are being as(ed for their documents to prove the!>re legal) +eden alread! refuses to accept

economic migrants) The right to famil! reunification is being limited and given a longer processing

time) Ne as!lum see(ers are onl! being given temporar! residence permits# a step don from the

previous promise to a permanent living situation) 'efore announcing these ne measures# the :rime

Minster of +eden spo(e to the public# @4t pains me to sa! that +eden is no longer able to accept

the high number of as!lum see(ers eLre seeing toda!) 9&; The situation is unsustainable) The

+edish :rime Minister has been highl! critical of other ,8 member states in the past because of

their uneven proportions of refugees) e said that +eden no longer has an! other choice and thatpeople must begin to see( as!lum in other countries)*2

+eden is full) 4t does not have the capacit! or the resources to accept more refugees) 4n Malmo#

tents are overcroded as are all hotels and auditoriums being used to lodge refugees) JAs of no# e

50Crouch# David) @+eden +ends +harp +ignal ith :lan to ,-pel up to H$#$$$ As!lum +ee(ers)@ "he $uardian)uardian Nes and Media# 2H an) 2$1%) 7eb) 26 Apr) 2$1%)

51@+eden? H$#$$$ Could 'e ,-pelled after Refugee 4nflu-)@ - Al a/eera #nglish) A/ a5eera# 2H an) 2$1%) 7eb)1$ Mar) 2$1%)

52@+eden +plit over Move to Tighten As!lum Rules)@ - "he 1ocal) N)p)# 26 Nov) 2$1*) 7eb) 2. Mar) 2$1%)


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McKee "*

have no accommodation) 7e have nothing) *" Agencies have run out of food as ell as beds) The

entire +edish tourism industr! has been halted) The +edish Migration 'oard is converting all

tourist facilities into as!lum centres for refugees) This means there ill be nohere for vacationers

to sta!# as ell as no hotel beds in tons at all) This industr!# that made S"2 billion a !ear for

+eden# not including the S12 billion brought in off of food is no being shut don completel!) The

tourism industr! emplo!ed 1%$#$$$ +edish people# man! of hom ill no be ithout Gobs)

+edish as!lum centres are also becoming overcroded and violent) On March 6th of 2$1%# a 13

!ear old man as stabbed to death at an as!lum centre north of /indesberg in Central +eden) To

men ere arrested at the scene and a third turned himself over to the police after fleeing) The police

found the victim at the +tora as!lum center# 2$$ (m est of +toc(holm) e as ta(en to the hospital

here he died a fe hours later) Another stabbing occurred a month previous to this hen an as!lum

see(er as stabbed to death and three others ere previousl! inGured) This stabbing occurred in

/iusne# 26$ (m north of +toc(holm# @The! had eight to nine (nives) 4 as stabbed in the bac( hen 4

as helping one of m! friends ho as holding bac( the arm of a gu! ho had a (nife) The fight

as beteen at least 1* as!lum see(ers) A 22 !ear old social or(er# Ale-andra Me5her as stabbed

to death at a !outh as!lum centre) Qoussaf Khaliif Nuur# a 1* !ear old +omali=born refugee as

arrested for her murder) Ale-andra as tr!ing to brea( up a fight beteen the 1$ refugee children

she as in charge of) +upposedl!# Qoussaf Khaliif Nuur ma! not even be 1* as often gron men lie

about their age to get fast trac(ed into +eden ith the rest of the children) The :rime Minister#

+tefan /ofven visited man! of these centers# JOne of the problems is that the! are living in crampedconditions) 4dleness is another issue and e ant to or( more closel! ith educational bodies and

even sports federations so the! can (eep positivel! occupied hile the! ait) The slol!

deteriorating living conditions in the as!lum centres are promoting tensions amongst refugees)

+eden has been seeing trends in se-ual assaults since s

Ostersund has released a statement encouraging omen not to al( around after dar( in a ton in the

north)*6 There ere reports of eight se-ual attac(s done b! Vmen of foreign appearance> over the

53Traub# ames) @The Death of the Most enerous Nation on ,arth)@


36/65

McKee "%

course of to ee(s) All these attac(s have occurred outdoors# and despite being after dar(# victims

report that none of the men ere drun() This is hat promoted police to as( omen to sta! indoors

after dar() On s rights and promoting gender eEualit!# and this ma! be a step bac( from

this)

+eden>s simming pools have come unsafe places of se-ual violence against omen) Man! !oung

male refugees have been reported to se-uall! touch and even assault omen in public +edish pools)As a result of these assaults# !oung male as!lum see(ers are no being given lessons on ho to

properl! treat omen and gender eEualit!) :ool emplo!ees have been folloed home and threatened

for as(ing these refugees to stop) 4n 2$1"# !oung refugees thre obGects in a pool and ruined the

interior) This pool as shut don and permanentl! closed in 2$1*) JTo e-pect men from a culture

that vies omen as menLs slaves to behave li(e +edish men is not Gust stupid == it is dangerous) **

Man! +edish people are outraged b! these events and refuse to visit public simming pools

an!more)

Man! are angered over the numerous suggestions that the ,uropeans should be adapting to the threat

of refugees) Ma!or of Osterund# Ann=+ofie Andersson believes this also# J4tLs rong if it calls on

55CarlEvist# 4ngrid) @+eden? +e-ual Assaults at +imming :ools)@ $atestone nstitute) N)p)# . Mar) 2$1%) 7eb)12 Ma! 2$1%)


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McKee ".

omen to adapt to the criminals) 4t ris(s leading people the rong a!# if the victims must adapt to

the perpetrators) *%:eople of +eden do not ant to bac(trac( from their advance in advocating for

genre eEualit!# hoever it seems that this is e-actl! hat the refugees are causing) Man!

immediatel! blame the refugees for all their problems) Citi5ens of Osterund point out that there is an

as!lum centre 1$ (m outside the ton that holds 3$$ refugees mainl! from 4raE# +!ria# and

Afghanistan) The! believe that this is the source of the assault problem) Contrar! to this belief#

J,ver!one is sa!ing that there are immigrants responsible for this) 'ut the! are ala!s blamed hen

something goes rong) opefull! the police ill eventuall! arrest these ps!chopaths and then e

ill see ho the! are)*.

Case Stud #*: (er!an

erman! is located in Central ,urope and has a population of H$)%2 million people) 4ts capital cit! is

'erlin ith a population of ")*$2 million people) erman! is a parliamentar! democrac! governed

b! :resident oachim auc() The federal government is composed of the Chancellor and their

ministers)*H

4n the summer of 2$1*# erman! opened its borders to refugees# and the! started to pour in# mostl!

from +!ria and 4raE) To date erman!>s Chancellor# Angela Mer(el# has maintained an open border

polic!) Chancellor Mer(el has made it clear that erman! ill accept refugees regardless of hothe! have made their a! to erman!# even though the ,uropean 8nion has a la reEuiring refugees

to appl! for as!lum in the first ,8 state the! enter) 4nitiall! erman citi5ens opened their arms to the

refugee hordes) '! the end of 2$1*# hoever# it as estimated that about 1 million refugees had

ta(en advantage of Chancellor Mer(el>s invitation# and tensions ere rising) The erman people

56:olice Defend 7arning for +olo 7omen in Northern +eden)@ - "he 1ocal) N)p)# $H Mar) 2$1%) 7eb) * Ma!2$1%)

578lf Andersson 4n Ystersund# +eden


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McKee "H

started as(ing hen the inflo ould end and ho all the refugees ould be supported) Angela

Mer(el>s on supporters began to Euestion her polic!) +(epticism deepened folloing reports that

mass se-ual assaults ere perpetrated b! +!rian refugees on erman omen in Cologne during Ne

Qear>s ,ve celebrations)

As more and more refugees have entered erman!# it has became clear that authorities have

not planned far enough ahead) Opposition politicians have been as(ing ho erman! ill be able to

absorb so man! refugees ith no special plan for integration) '! the end of 2$1*# man! in Mer(el>s

on part!# the conservative Christian Democrat 8nion :art! 9CD8;# had begun to Euestion her

refugee polic!) Thirt!=four members of the CD8 endorsed a letter to Angela Mer(el sa!ing that her

polic! had gone too far# JThe open borders polic! e are no implementing is not in line ith either

,uropean or erman la# nor does it reflect the CD8>s programme) *3 The! also as(ed hen the

influ- ould end and ho erman! could manage to ta(e in so man! over such a short period of

time) The signatures on the letter belonged to less poerful CD8 members# hoever the letter has

caused a schism among erman conservatives) There is no doubt that Angela Mer(el>s popularit!

has decreased greatl! since August of 2$1*) The Alternative for erman! part! 9Af; is a right=

ing populist part! founded in 2$1" that has advocated ithdraal from the common currenc! 9the

,uro;# and# a more restrictive polic! on immigration# specificall! refugees) 4n March 2$1% regional

elections# the Af :art! on in three separate regions of erman!) 7hen Angela Mer(el initiall!

opened borders to refugees# to thirds of the erman population ere supportive of her position)

No it seems erman! is starting to reGect her refugee polic! in favour of a more restrictiveapproach)

/i(e man! estern countries# erman! is saddled ith an aging population and a lo birth rate)

iven this situation# it has been argued# erman! needs a large influ- of !outhful immigrants# and

fift! percent of incoming refugees are under the age of 1H) This also means there ill be more !outh

reEuiring education and# ultimatel!# competing for Gobs) Then again# immigrants often ta(e Gobs

shunned b! natives# and# ill become contributing ta-pa!ers once the! find or() Jerman! has a

d!namic econom! and an aging population) The! have a relativel! lo proportion of omen in the

labor force compared to other industriali5ed countries# so the! need labor) 4t>s not clear that this is

e-actl! the labor the! need# but in the long term people ill be able to adapt if the facilities are

597agst!l# +tefan) @Mer(el Ta(es Control of Refugee :olic! as Crisis Deepens =


39/65

McKee "3

available to them for education and training) %$ Neland asserts that erman! should vie the

refugees as more of an asset than a liabilit!)

Man! erman conservatives are upset ith Mer(el>s plan because the! believe that refugees import a

culture of rape and violence) This belief ma! arise from reports concerning the events that too( place

in Cologne on Ne Qears ,ve) 4t as reported that as man! as 1$$$ male refugees arrived in large

groups and reportedl! raped do5ens of omen) A tent!=five !ear old oman named +ara ho as

later intervieed at a police station described hundreds of Vforeign> men surrounding them# J4

grabbed m! girlfriend 4 do social or( ith omen ho are affected b! violence and told her?

VDon>t loo( an! of them in the e!es) Keep hold of !our purse)> Then 4 got frightened# told them

V/eave me in peace> ith a hand gesture an!one in the orld understands that) %1There are man!

accounts similar to +ara>s) The assaults in Cologne have been revisited in the press for months and

this no doubt contributes to a denunciation of Mer(el>s refugee polic!) Man! believe that refugees

are violent people ho have no place in the developed orld) 'ut is this fair

There have been at least %$$ se-ual assault reports filed pertaining to the events that too( place in

Cologne on Nes Qear>s ,ve) 4t as initiall! reported that the maGorit! of the assailants ere

refugees) The interior minister for erman!>s state# North Rhine=7estphalia reported that# @'ased on

testimon! from itnesses# the report from the Cologne police and descriptions b! the federal police#

it loo(s as if people ith a migration bac(ground ere almost e-clusivel! responsible for thecriminal acts& All signs point to these being north Africans and people from the Arab orld) 'ased

on hat e (no no from the investigation# as!lum see(ers ho arrived in the past !ear are among

the suspects) %2This report# along ith others# outraged man! erman citi5ens) 4t caused man! to

thin( that it is because of Chancellor Mer(el>s Vopen border> polic! that refugees ho ould assault

60orn# eather) "he Atlantic) Atlantic Media Compan!# 12 +ept) 2$1*) 7eb) . Ma! 2$1%)

61+male# Alison) @As erman! 7elcomes Migrants# +e-ual Attac(s in Cologne :oint to a Ne Realit!)@ "he 'ew0ork "imes) The Ne Qor( Times# 16 an) 2$1%) 7eb) 12 Ma! 2$1%)

62Osbourne# +amuel) "he ndependent) 4ndependent Digital Nes and Media# 11 an) 2$1%) 7eb) * Mar) 2$1%)


40/65

McKee 6$

omen ere able to find refuge in erman!) erman citi5ens# and the rest of the developed orld

ere told that refugees ere responsible for these assaults# and so the orld as angr!)

oever# as reported a month later onl! three of the fift!=eight men arrested over the Ne Qear>s

,ve attac(s ere refugees from +!ria or 4raE) As Associate :rofessor of Macro :ractice at 'oston

College 7est! ,gmont said# JThese attac(s ere not mostl! migrants = there as a mi-ed group) 4t

as not unli(e man! sad moments that have happened in the 8+) This mostl! raises the problem ith

Ne Qears and the alcohol consumption) Of course# blame as placed on necomers) :roper

research has shon that refugees are not to blame for all of these assaults and perhaps erman press

should not have immediatel! Gumped at the suggestion of refugee attac(ers) Contrar! to this# police

still report that the maGorit! ere of the Arabic and African orld)

A schoolmaster at a grade school in :oc(ing# 'avaria sent a letter home to parents as(ing

girls to refrain from earing tops or blouses# short s(irts or minis(irts hich could lead to

misunderstandings) Due to the inabilit! to organi5e the massive number of refugees# erman! has

sent man! of them to :oc(ing# erman!) A shelter holding over 2$$ refugees has been set up

adGacent to 7ilhelm=Diess=!mnasium) This shelter invo(ed panic amongst school teachers#

inducing the headmaster# Martin Thalhammer to rite a letter home enforcing a ne dress code#

@The +!rian citi5ens are mainl! Muslims and spea( Arabic) The refugees are mar(ed b! their on

culture) 'ecause our school is directl! ne-t to here the! are sta!ing# modest clothing should be

adhered to# in order to avoid discrepancies) Revealing tops or blouses# short shorts or minis(irts

could lead to misunderstandings)%"

Man! parents too( this letter ith stride# hoever there havebeen some complaints) Another letter from the same 7ilhelm=Diess=!mnasium as ta(en home

reassuring parents that e-tra securit! measures ere being ta(en# @


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McKee 61

open erman!>s borders# there as alarm) erman! did not have the infrastructure in place to

process these arrivals efficientl! because too man! came all at once) There are currentl! ee( long

aiting lines for as!lum see(ers) Nearing the end of 2$1*# refugees slept outside on the streets for

months aiting to get in line for as!lum) oever# erman! did not have the time or resources to

provide registration# funds# identification# health services# and secure accommodation) Registration

offices are slo to recogni5e and identif! refugees = especiall! if the! do not have the appropriate

documents# and those doing the registering are often suspicious) The processes put in place for

securit! reasons hich no entail fingerprints and photos ta(es da!s) There has been failure to

secure sufficient housing for refugees in advance) The! are currentl! being lodged in hatever

vacant buildings the government can get their hands on# often not suited to the purpose) These

buildings include ever!thing from aircraft hangars to former +tasi headEuarters# even erman

citi5ens are no being as(ed to ta(e in refugees if the! can)

/and lords have discovered the! can obtain higher rents from the government for refugees)

As a conseEuence# regular erman citi5ens are having difficult! reneing leases at affordable rates)

:olice forces have found themselves unable to cope ith the increased demand for their services and

as a result# thousands are being brought bac( out of retirement) 4n the education department also#

schools are calling for 2*#$$$ more teachers throughout erman!) The healthcare division is

undergoing strains as ell) Man! refugees are being elcomed to their ne homes ith fruits

thron at them# and Third Reich songs being sung) The housing situation for refugees in erman! is

not organi5ed# J4 ish 4Ld sta!ed in +!ria and not come here) 4 dreamed erman! ould be better# butitLs so bad) 7eLve been sleeping in the cold) No m! bab! is sic() %6 The aiting lines and

conditions in the refugee shelters are so difficult that refugees are beginning to regret their decisions

to flee to erman!)

Anti=refugee movements are spreading across erman!) Man! erman conservatives ho are

against Mer(el>s polic! are angered b! the presence of refugees) ,ven those once supportive of

Mer(el ma! be finding themselves somehat suspicious in the face of reported se-ual assaults)

Refugee shelters set up across the countr! are attac(ed dail! b! anti=refugee hordes) Man! shelters

are set on fire# shot at# flooded# or have roc(s thron at their indos) These attac(s have been

increasing as more refugees have been accepted) Alread! in 2$1%# 222 refugee shelters have been

attac(ed ith more than 1$$ refugees receiving inGur!) ust outside of 'aut5en# +a-on! a bus

64"he Atlantic) Atlantic Media Compan!# n)d) 7eb) 13 Ma! 2$1%)


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McKee 62

transporting refugees as forced to stop hen a mob of anti=refugee hospitalit! people surrounded it

and bloc(ed the roads# J7e ere scared to get off the bus because e thought the people anted to

(ill us or tear us to pieces) 7e anted to sta! inside the bus and return to Chemnit5# here e ere

beforehand) 7e ere Gust scared)%* :eople surrounded the bus so it as unable to move an!here

and the! started shouting anti refugee comments such as @o homeX@ and @7e are the peopleX@ To

da!s after# a refugee shelter in 'aut5en# +a-on! as destro!ed b! arson) Reports read that tent!

drun( men atched as it burned# clapping and cheering) Also# to drun( !oung men attempted to

prevent firefighters from putting out the flames) This shelter# set to house up to ")3$$ refugees as

the usarenhof hotel until the erman government converted it into a shelter) 4t as about to receive

its first load of refugees hen the arson as committed) The careta(er of this particular shelter is

also a part of the anti=refugee campaigning part!# Alternative for erman!) 4n 2$1*# there ere 1#$$$

attac(s on refugee shelters# five times the attac(s that occurred in 2$16)

On October 1Hth# 2$1* there ere elections held in Cologne# erman! for the ne ma!or) enriette

Re(er# a erman la!er and independent politician as in the running for these elections) +he

campaigned as pro=refugee hospitalit! and has encouraged acceptance of Angela Mer(el>s polic!) A

fe ee(s prior to the election# enriette Re(er as stabbed b! a 66 !ear old anti=refugee activist)

e as a Cologne citi5en ho al(ed up to her as she as standing ith her four colleagues at an

information stand# and he stabbed her in the nec() Mrs Re(er as in a coma for ee(s# including on

October 1Hth hen she as elected ma!or of Cologne) The attac(er had a histor! of past

Vconservative actions>)

erman politician# Angela Mer(el# in the position of chairoman of the Christian

Democratic 8nion became erman!>s first female chancellor in 2$$*) +he rose to poer in the

,uropean 8nion after 2$$* national elections) The Christian Democratic :art! a centre right part!#

supporting free=mar(et econom! and social elfare programs# hoever it is conservative on social

issues) This part! is one of erman!>s most successful and a believer in ,uropean integration ith

close relations ith the 8nited +tates) Angela Mer(el issued an Vopen door> polic! in 2$1* here 1)1

million as!lum see(ers stranded in ungar! ere able to enter erman!) There has been a great deal

of criticism over this polic!) The Christian Democratic 8nion and the Christian +ocial 8nion are in a

65Oltermann# :hilip) @Crod Cheer


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McKee 6"

coalition and the C+8 has been openl! critical concerning Angela Mer(el>s decision to accept 1

million refugees and even threatened filing a court case if Mer(el didn>t reduce her refugee Euota in

2$1*) As C+8 head and 'avarian :rime Minister orst +eehofer said# 4n the ne-t 16 da!s# e ill

submit a ritten demand to the federal government to reestablish legall! regulated conditions at the

borders) 4f it does not do so# the 'avarian government ill have no choice but to submit a complaint

to the


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McKee 66

amount of refugees fleeing to ,urope) 7hen Mer(el and Davutoglu met# leaders discussed collective

strategic action in attac(ing Aleppo# curbing illegal migration# combatting traffic(ing organi5ations#

and bringing together the to countries> aid organi5ations to +!rians at the border) As a result#

erman! has agreed for ,urope to ta(e refugees from Tur(e! and Mer(el has called on NATO in her

attempt to enlist Tur(e!>s help ith the crisis) The ,8 and Tur(e! formed a plan to cease the mass

refuge flo to ,urope) Tur(e! agreed to this plan as long as# the! are promised to receive earl!

membership to the ,8# and Z" billion to carr! it out)%HTur(ish :rime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu and

,8 :resident Donald Tus( met and agreed that incoming refugees to reece ill go through

processing and then be sent bac( to Tur(e!) There is much controvers! over this agreement

4n the past Mer(el has encouraged other countries to open their borders because# JThe numbers [in

erman!\ need to be reduced even further and must not start to rise again# especiall! in the spring)

4n this situation# Ms Mer(el is encouraging ,uropean countries to open their borders to +!rian

refugees to ta(e on a part of the load from erman!) Mer(el is attempting to help refugees get

settled in ,urope# and so her on countr! has announced open borders and ta(en in thousands of

refugees) erman!# hoever is not built to sustain these masses of people and so she encourages

other ,uropean countries to open their borders and evenl! distribute +!rian refugees throughout

,urope) This is Angela Mer(el>s plan to redistribute refugees throughout ,urope)

4n solution to the refugee crisis# Angela Mer(el calls for a Goint ,8 decision) +he urges safe

admittance of refugees to countries ith a careful screening process) Ms Mer(el also believes

refugees do not have a right to choose hich ,uropean countr! or state the! ill receive as!lum in#@There is actuall! no right that a refugee can sa! L4 ant to receive as!lum in this specific ,8

state>#@%3 Mer(el is ar! of reece admitting too man! refugees as the! could disable reece>s

econom! onl! a !ear after it fought to sta! in the ,uro5one) Mer(el sa!s there is no upper limit for

erman! in accepting refugees)

688nluhisarci(li# O5gur) @erman! and Tur(e! Ma(e Ne :lans to ,ase the Refugee Crisis# Again = +ee More At?ttp?)gmfus)orgblog2$1%$212german!=and=tur(e!=ma(e=ne=plans=ease=refugee=crisis=again0sthash)PN*%nC2)dpuf)@$ermany and "urkey Make 'ew !lans to #ase the Refugee &risis< Again ) Theerman Marshall


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McKee 6*

4n dut! to evenl! divide refugee

numbers)

To deal ith the chaos of disorgani5ation# Chancellor Mer(el has created a tas(force to deal ith

erman!>s refugee crisis) +he has assigned each minister an area of responsibilit! concerning

refugees# hether it>s education# healthcare# transport etc) The issue of refugees is to be discussed at

ever! cabinet meeting to great detail) Mer(el replaced her Chief of +taff# :eter Altmaier hen he

began voicing his concerns over her open door polic!) +he is attempting to reform the government

ith a plan as to ho erman! is going to deal ith the refugees)

70@Mer(el 7arns That Refugee Crisis Tests ,uropeLs Core 4deals Nes D7)COM "1)$H)2$1*)@D*.&+M)N)p)# n)d) 7eb) 12 Ma! 2$1%)


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McKee 6%

erman! is e-periencing this outrageous mass of migrants from +!ria and 4raE and have

accepted the maGorit! of them into their countr!) The! are e-periencing anti=refugee mobs# and

se-ual assaults blamed on the refugees# and causing school teachers to panic) Angela Mer(el seems

to be doing ever!thing in her poer to help her countr! !et continue being hospitable to as!lum

see(ers) +he has organi5ed terms ith Tur(e! and the ,8 concerning deportation of refugees and

prevention of illegal migrants) There is pressure on Chancellor Mer(el because she is the first female

Chancellor of erman!# and she ma! also be attempting to amend the rongs erman! committed

during the olocaust of 7orld 7ar 2) There has been a divide in erman! over this refugee crisis

mostl! beteen right ing conservative and those ho support Mer(el) An estimated 1)* million

refugees are e-pected b! the end of 2$1%# !et erman! ma! not be able to handle them all)

+nternational ,rgani-ations

The 8nited Nations igh Commissioner for Refugees 98NCR; aids and protects people

forced to flee due to violence# conflict# and persecution) The! ere set up in 13*1 to aid 1 million

people still homeless after 7orld 7ar 2) The 8NCR has identified 1*)1 million to be refugees of

concern) These refugees are distributed across the orld ith he maGorit! in sub=+aharan Africa 96)2

million;# then Asia and the :acific 9")H million;# ith ,urope closel! behind 9")* million;# and the

Middle ,ast and North Africa 9" million;) The 8NCR guards the rights and ell being of refugees

ith the goal to help them rebuild their lives in dignit! and peace) To do this# the 8NCR uses three

solutions? volunteer repatriation# local integration# or resettlement into a "rd countr! hen it is

impossible for the refugee to remain or return to their home countr!)

The 8NCR helps refugees originall! b! providing emergenc! life saving assistance through

clean ater# sanitation# health services# and shelter items) The! provide blan(ets# sleeping mats# and

sometimes food) After this is ta(en care of there is refugee registration# and alive on as!lum


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McKee 6.

applications) The 8NCR gives advice on developed orlds to appl! for as!lum in = it controls 9in

part; if countries receive man! applications) After refugees reach their resettling countries# the

8NCR offers programs on generating income and appl!ing for Gobs)

There are a handful of countries ho ta(e part in the 8NCR>s resettlement program

including the 8nited +tates# Canada# the Nordic countries# and 4tal!) There are all developed orlds

ho have decided it ma! be their obligation to accept refugees singled out b! the 8NCR) The

resettlement states are tas(ed in providing refugees ith legal and ph!sical protection# giving them

certain civil# political# economic# social# and cultural rights) 4n 2$16# 1$"#H3$ files ere submitted

for resettlement consideration) Around ."#$$$ refugees departed to be resettled in different

countries) The 8NCR is a supporter of refugee resettlement and believes it to be success most of

the time# JResettlement is a life=changing e-perience) 4t is both challenging and rearding) Refugees

are often resettled to a countr! here the societ!# language and culture are completel! different and

ne to them) :roviding for their effective reception and integration is beneficial for both the resettled

refugee and the receiving countr!) .1 The! believe refugees bring reards to the communit!#

including perseverance# fle-ibilit!# adaptabilit!) Once refugees are resettled in countries# non=

governmental and governmental organi5ations provide services beginning the societal integration of

the refugee)

The 8NCR believes that refugee camps should onl! be temporar! situations) The! highlight their

abilit! to relocate refugees in camps) Alternatives often include living on land or housing the! rent#

on# or informall! occup!) The! believe in enabling refugees to live in peaceful and lafulcommunities ill support their decisions to ta(e responsibilit! for their lives) This is all apart of the

8NCR attempting to resettle refugees into safe an secure areas).2

Concerning the ,8=Tur(e! agreement# the 8NCR is encouraging countries to absolutel! ensure

that all safet! precautions are ta(en) The! do not obGect to the deportation of those ho are not in

danger and have not legall! filed an application for as!lum# as long as these people are treated

properl!) The overcroding and filth! living conditions in as!lum centres in reece are disapproved

of b! the 8NCR) 4nside of Tur(e! the! have as(ed for admittance to returned people in order to

ensure their absolute safet! and protection) 7hen shon the la! out of the ,8=Tur(e! agreement#

71@8NCR? The 8N Refugee Agenc!)@ (')&R 'ews) N)p)# n)d) 7eb) 2. Apr) 2$1%)

72@8NCR? The 8N Refugee Agenc!)@ (')&R 'ews) N)p)# n)d) 7eb) 2. Apr) 2$1%)


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McKee 6H

the 8NCR did not approve# @The collective e-pulsion of foreigners is prohibited under the

,uropean Convention of uman Rights) An agreement that ould be tantamount to a blan(et return

of an! foreigners to a third countr!# is not consistent ith ,uropean la# is not consistent ith

international la) The 8NCR has critici5ed these terms although the! do elcome the ,8>s plan

to financiall! support Tur(e! as it has Vta(en more refugees than all ,8 states combined>) ."

The 8NCR# along ith Medicin +ans


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McKee 63

JClearl!# ,urope is illing to do an!thing# including compromising essential human rights

and refugee la principles# to stem the flo of refugees and migrants to ,urope) 4t is

time ,uropean leaders stop fuelling the polic!=created ,uropean migration crisis and

provide the onl! realistic and humane response? safe and legal passage and humanitarian

assistance and protection to those in need) .*

M+< is clearl! upset ith this agreement) The! are a humanitarian aid organi5ation and it is onl!

e-pected that the! be frustrated if conditions violate human rights)

M+< has been or(ing in +!ria in an attempt to treat +!rian civilians in need) 8nfortunatel!# M+ve never done it so fast) This is e-pected to cost S%H$ million)

7hen ustin Trudeau became :rime Minister# he attempted to follo through ith settling

2*#$$$ +!rian refugees before the end of 2$1*) This happened


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McKee *6

refugees permanent residences in under to ee(s# but due to the large number of +!rians is ta(ing

months)

4f Canadians decide the! ant to elcome +!rian refugees into societ! there are so man! a!s the!

can be helpful) All citi5ens have to do is ma(e the necomers feel elcomed b! conversing and

engaging ith them) Canadians ould have to be friendl! and elcome them into a social setting)

To elcome refugees one can tal( ith them and help them to get to (no the language) Canadian

authorities ould set up social programs that ould help ith integration) 7hen tr!ing to integrate

refugees# language classes should be set up for those ho do not spea( the native language) Da!

cares should be provided for children hose parents are bus! searching for Gobs) Refugees should

have the opportunit! to acEuire ne s(ills the! ma! need for the or(force) ob opportunities that

pertain directl! to each refugee>s desires should be provided if possible) The! should be alloed the

schooling reEuired for these s(ills) Children need a proper education# preferabl! alongside Canadian

children)

4f# despite their /iberal government>s decision# Canada decides to be unelcoming toards

the incoming refugees then man! problems ould arise) This immigrant population ould be

isolated from the rest of societ!) 4t ould create man! barriers for them as there ould be no social

programs created for support) Man! ould not (no the language and ould have no opportunit! to

learn it# leaving them helpless in an! social situations) 4f the! do not become functioning members

of societ! then the! ill sta! in their on communities and live together under impoverished

circumstances) This disaffected population ould become dependant on social elfare and be at ris(of criminal behaviour) 4f the! felt secluded from the rest of societ!# the! ould become resentful and

perhaps stri(e out) 'ut also# someho refugees ould need to ma(e mone! to survive) 4f societ! is

reGecting them their abilit! to obtain careers ill be limited and ris( of criminal activit! ould spi(e)

Over time# if the isolation continued and crimes ere continuall! carried out there ould be a

possibilit! of refugees beginning to support terrorist organi5ations) 4f this occurred# Canada ould

have a lot of problems)

Canada is also ver! connected to refugees in the sense that the! entered the +!rian conflict in

2$1* hen the! declared ar against 4+4+) 4n ustin Trudeau>s campaign for :rime Minister# he said

he planned on ithdraing si- Canadian C


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McKee **

8+ led mission against 4+4+) The move to get rid of Canadian Gets as idel! regarded as

inappropriate# hoever in the mission against 4+4+# Canada participated in onl! four of the 113

coalition airstri(es in +!ria# hereas in 4raE the! launched 16$ against 4+4+) @4t is important to

understand that hile air stri(e operations can be ver! useful to achieve short=term militar! and

territorial gains# the! do not on their on achieve long=term stabilit! for local communities) 7e ill

be supporting and empoering local forces to ta(e their fight directl! to 4+4/ so that (ilometre b!

(ilometre the! can reclaim their homes# their land and their future) To counter his removal of these

Gets# Trudeau has increased the number of elite Canadian Commandos to help train Kurdish

peshmerga fighters in northern 4raE# increasing the number from %3 to 2"$) This ill also increase

the number of Canadian soldiers deplo!ed in +!ria from %*$ to H"$) As ell# in the ne-t three !ears

ustin Trudeau has promised to provide SH6$ million in humanitarian assistance) The Canadian

government has found S2.$ million to Vbuild local capacit!> in ordan# and /ebanon) 4n addition#

S62 million has been set aside to redeplo! staff and eEuipment to the +!ria) To e-tend the militar!

mission in 4raE and +!ria# S2%6 million has been contributed) /astl!# S16* million ill be provided

for non=militar! securit! efforts# such as counter terrorism plans) Canada is (eeping its support

personnel in +!ria# enough for one CC=1*$ :olaris aerial refuelling aircraft and to C:=16$ Aurora

sp! planes) Trudeau has completel! reneed Canadian militar! commitment since he became :rime

Minister) There ill be training# caution# and assistance provided for 4raEi forces raging ar against

4+4+) +mall ammunition ill be provided# as ell as a fe helicopters to help ith emergenc!

medical evacuations)Canada has also contributed ph!sicall! in the +!rian conflict) The Canadian Armed


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McKee *%

Due to this contribution to the +!rian conflict on Canada>s end# man! ma! believe there is

clearl! an obligation to help +!rian refugees) 4f Canada has ph!sicall! contributed in an!a! to

escalating the conflict then the! can be deemed responsible for the refugees the! generated in this

sense) Canada ma! begin accepting refugees believing the! are responsible)

The Canadian government has alread! decided there is an obligation to accept refugees) @4t

as right to put a special priorit! on +!ria given it as a huge global crisis) 4tLs threatening the

,uropean 8nion in a profound a!) +o 4 thin( e ere right to step up to the plate) H$ ohn

McCallum# Minister of 4mmigration believes there is a moral obligation to accept refugees) Canada

strongl! believes in their moral obligation to accept refugees) This ma! be caused be due to

recogni5ed historical failure during 7orld 7ar 2) The M)+) +t) /ouis as a ship carr!ing 3$.

erman es see(ing shelter) 4t as turned aa! first b! Cuba# then b! America# and finall! b!

Canada) More than .$ !ears later# a memorial as placed at alifa->s :ier 21# the :ier these refugees

ould have doc(ed at) To this da! Canadians are upset about reGecting those 3$. people in need)

The! believe# as one of the most privileged nations in the orld# it is their dut! to offer protection for

those underprivileged) Canada is ver! involved in the international societ! as the! are apart of man!

alliances# agreements# and memberships) The elcome of refugees is often beneficial as Canada is

ala!s searching for a!s to further develop their social# political# and economic interests)

Canadian modern da! refugee polic! as placed in action folloing 7orld 7ar 2 hen the! started

to participate more freEuentl! in global affairs) 'eteen 136. and 13*2 the! admitted 1H%#$$$

,uropean refugees# and in 13*%# ".#$$$ ungarian refugees ere resettled in Canada) 4n 13%H up to11#$$$ C5echoslova(ian refugees ere ta(en in and in 13.H the 4mmigration Act of Canada

announced that refugees ere no a separate class of immigrants) This as the first formal refugee

s!stem established in Canada) After the Act as publicl! released# Canada began going to greater

lengths to advocate humanitarian values and to resettle refugees around the orld) 4n the .$>s and

the H$>s# Canada responded ith great efficienc! to refugees from China 9Tibet;# 8ganda# Chile#

/aos# Cambodia# and Bietnam) These responses caused the 8NCR to reard their entire nation

ith the Nansen Refugee Aard for their VmaGor and sustained contribution to the cause of refugees>)

One ma! sa! that Canada continued to uphold their (ind reputation toards refugees from 2$$3 to

2$1" hen the! granted permanent residenc! to 122#6H% refugees)

80Nes# C'C) @Accepting +!rian Refugees +eparates Canada from the Trumps of the 7orld? ohn McCallum =C'C)ca Metro Morning)@ &%&news) C'CRadio Canada# $1 Mar) 2$1%) 7eb) 2H Mar) 2$1%)


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McKee *.

Canada>s polic! often tends to lean toards national economic goals) ungarian refugees in

13*% ere seen as adaptable and ere elcomed hen Canada needed more labourers) :resentl!#

Canada faces man! demographic challenges and increased migration levels ma! or ma! not help

maintain a competitive econom!) Canadian government argues that refugees boost the national

population and labor force# contributing much to the econom!) Refugees have educated s(ills and

or( e-periences that could be regarded as beneficial to the Canadian econom!) A nel! established

National 4mmigration Centre is researching evidence bases anal!ses on the socio economic impact of

immigration to Canada)

Canada is a founding member of the 8nited Nations 98N;) The 8N is an organi5ation that

see(s to maintain international peace and securit!# and achieve international co=operation in solving

international problems of an economic# social# cultural or humanitarian character# and in promoting

and encouraging respect for human rights) 4t is# therefore Canada>s Gob to contribute in these areas)

A a! of doing this ith the current refugee situation ould be through accepting them into Canada)

Canada is# in conclusion# highl! interconnected ith refugees) The! have the poer to

accept or den!# help or abandon) As a developed first orld nation Canada has the resources and

space to aid refugees in their search for a ne home) The! have alread! pledged to elcome

thousands and ill most li(el! continue to do so in the near future) Canada has been active in +!ria#

contributing in part to the increasing refugee flo) This pla!s an important factor hen deciding

their moral obligation to accept) The! have clearl! alread! decided to be accepting and elcomingof the refugees based mostl! on morals) Refugee

Documents

The Obligation of Developed Countries to Accept Refugees