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7/28/2019 The numismatic iconography of Justinian II (685-695, 705-711 A.D.) / by James D. Breckenridge
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graphy
. D.
R E C E NR I D G
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
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E S R V E D B Y
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
G R MAN
N .G U C ST AD T
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eprince.
u nt
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7/28/2019 The numismatic iconography of Justinian II (685-695, 705-711 A.D.) / by James D. Breckenridge
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T S AN D M O NO G R A H S
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T S AN D M O NO G R A H S
eatiseson sub ectsrelating
y medalsanddecorations.
N CO M M T T E
E L L I NG R Ch ai rma n
U TTR E Y R .
O TT
STA F
S S R d i to r
L S O N A ss oc ia te d it or
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
U ST N AN I .... .... .... .... .... .... ... .
M E R O R .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...
I ST... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...
S . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .
A ND T H E MO S E M R E F O R M . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
O G O F TH E CO I NSO F U ST N AN I .... ...
F U ST N AN I sN W CO I NT P E S... ....
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7/28/2019 The numismatic iconography of Justinian II (685-695, 705-711 A.D.) / by James D. Breckenridge
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itsometimesseemsthatthevalueofnumis-
toricalstudiesissomethingmoreoftenack-
ted nonetheless eac hyearf indsmorethorough
aticmaterialbyscholarsin thatfield
selvesaremoreaptthanformerlytosee
historianscanbeof usetothemin their
owsofnoother singleproblem however
saremore closelyinterrelated andin
ssuchadegreeof interpretationofmaterial
of theother thantheoneundere amination
ublicationinthisseries astudyofthis sort
arafieldfromthenormalconcernsofpurely
thewriterisdeeplyappreciativeofthecon-
ublicationCommitteeoftheAmerican
hefocalpointofthe presentstudywas
ermsovertwodecadesagoby rofessor
o gede rance thewriterowesagreatdebt
guidancethroughhiswritings histeaching
courseof thepreparationofthisstudy.
erepresentedina preliminarywayin ro-
aratthe c oledesH autes tudesin1951
moresummaryaccountwasgivenatthe
antineSeventhCenturyheldatD umbarton
iginallyinthe formofadoctoraldis-
ectionf irstof rofessorA . M. riend r. and
tWeit mann towhosegeneroushelpand
slargelyowed. rofessor rnst it inger
thefindings withtheresultthatthe pre-
farsounderthan itwouldotherwisehave
aulA . UnderwoodandGlanv illeDowneyhave
ndcriticaladvice ashaveMessrs.Cyril
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a o ur d as a n d h o r Se v e n ko i n v ar i ou s w ay s . n
toformforpublication theadvice sug-
of rofessorA lfredR . B ellingerhavebeenin-
nc uratorshavebeenmosthelpfuline -
rinstitutionsand makingavailabletheir
writermust acknowledgeparticularindebted-
MlesandMrs. A . A . B oyc e andtoM. ean
tdesM dailles B iblioth q ueNationale. Study
nfarmorearduouswithoutthe cherished
y antinandthesk illedassistanc eof its
rmolov .
gementscanonlypartiallyindicatethefull
tothe manyfriendsandscholars allof
hepursuitofthis problem anattemptis
ficcontributionsatrelevantpointsinthe foot-
samosaicofcontributionsfrommany
erbal publishedandsuggested allofwhic hgo
hesis but asinthec reationofamosaic
tyforthefinalresult isnotwiththe contribu-
ae butwiththepersonwho putsthem
rmingacoherentwhole. orthefaultsand
nthete twhic hfollows thewritermust
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N
hef irstB y antineemperortoplacetheimageof
alc oinage. Whenhetook thisstep fur-
otonebuttwo uitedifferentrepresentationsof
ofChrist.Theprecedentthuscreatedwas
however andthe Christ-imagedisappeared
tinec oinageforac enturyandahalf whilethe
ornbythe c onoc lastic Controversy then
theR estorationofthe magesinthemiddle
neof ustinian I ' stwoc ointypesofChrist
olinebythedie-c uttersofMic hael I I , and
ototypeofoneoftheChrist representations
mperialB y antinecoinsfromtheninth
nwellknown andtheimportanceof
mageofChristasac oin-typeofandby itself onanumis-
eneralcirculation.ThefigureofChrist hadappeared
leady however to udgebytheuni uesolidusofMarc ian
nterianCollection illustratedbyGeorgeMac donald
gi n a nd D e v e l op m en t G l a s go w 1 9 0 5 p p . 2 3 5 & l . X ,
rsontheobverseanimageofMarcian inarmor three-
orreversetypethe figuresofemperorandempress
ehindandbetweenthem plac ingahandoneac hof
rs e le ge nd i s F E L I C T N U B T I S .
ehasbeenelucidated loc.cit. alongthefollowing
hiscoinassumesthe placetakeninR omanicono-
uba He specif ic ally replac esthef igureofTheodosius
n ce l eb r at i ng t h e ma r ri a ge o f V a l e nt i ni a n I a n d u d o i a
pearsonthelaterc oin datedc a. 450 bec ausethe
only thebridehavingtakenirrevocablevowsof
shemarriedonlytocontinuetheimperialsuccession.
oin insofarascanbe determinedgivenitsworn
dedskull longfac e beard andc ross-nimbusfamiliar
rtofothermedia.
on whichmusthavebeenstruc k invery limited uan-
nf luenc eonB y antinec oin-types orontheimperial
ristappearshereforaspecificsymbolicreason
ction.H eperformsinamore generali edwayfor
rfortheChristiani edimperialc ult.
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phyof ustinian I
novationisgenerally rec ogni ed butithasbeen
themeaningplacedinhis actionatthe
c entyears inc reasedattentionhasbeengiven
suesbyagroupofsc holarswhosespec ialc onc ernis
developedbytheiconophilesoftheeighth
hile theinterestshownbytheseiconophilesin
eof theChristimageisofgreatimportanc etoan
developedimagetheory muchlessis
c kground politic al theological orwhat-
o f u s ti n ia n I ' s o wn a c ti o ns i n o th e r wo r ds
sevaluationofseventh-centurypractice
ngeighth-andninth-centuryattitudes
itisconsiderablymoredifficulttoapply
centuryevaluationtotheseventhcentury
nderstandingofwhatwasdeveloping
dpracticesofreligious artintheseventh
markedlyinrecentyears notleastasa
onedresearc hes. Untilnow however no
onthesub ec twasA ndr Grabar s ' empereurdans
a r is 1 9 6 . Ce r ta i n of G r ab a r s i d ea s we r e de v el o pe d w i th
. uc as oc hinaseriesofarticles Z urTheologie
e n e d ik t in i sc he M o na t ss c hr i ft X I X , 1 9 7 p p . 7 5 3 8 7
p p. 2 4 7 1 68 7 5 2 8 1 -8 a nd 4 7 -5 2 a n d m os t im po rt an t
h ri s tu s bi l d- a i se r bi l d i b id . X X I , 1 9 9 p p . 8 5 1 0 5.
dalreadybeguntopublishinGermany GerhardB .
rtant O riginandSignif ic anc eof theB y antine c ono-
M e di a ev a l St u di e s I , 1 9 40 p p . 12 7 -4 9 a n d s i nc e T h e
ntheGreek athersandtheB y antine c onoc lastic
b a rt o n O a ks a p er s V I I , 1 9 5 , p p . 1- 4 . S ti l l mo r e re c en t ly
perby rnst it inger TheCultof the magesin
sm D u m ba rt on O a ks a pe rs V I I I 1 95 4 p p. 8 1 5 o
128 ontheimportanc e aswellastheweaknesses of
a n d a d ne r s c o nt r ib u ti o ns . M os t r ec e nt o f a ll i s G r ab a r s
n t i n d o ss i er a r ch o l og i u e a r is 1 9 57 w hi c h ov e rl a ps a n d
c omposition partsof it inger swork .
t i n ge r u s t ci t ed w i th h i s O n S o m e c on s o f th e
in ateC lassic alandMediaevalStudiesinH onorofAlbert
r i nc e to n 1 9 5 5 p p . 1 2 - 15 0 a n d G ra b ar s ' i c on o cl a sm e .
cholarlyinterestinthepre- conoclasticperiodwas
antiumintheSeventhCentury heldatDumbarton
atwhichpartsof thepresentworkwerereadinabridged
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ostudythec oinsof ustinian inathorough
standpoint withaviewtoapplyingour
nandlaterperiods andtheirpossiblerela-
cimage-theory.
gewasapivotalone notonlyfortheB y an-
allofwhatweknowas urope. Theveryscar-
hichwemust reconstructapictureofthe
usthowcriticalitspositionwas. Wearewell
eeraof ustiniantheGreat aperiodinthe
erceivethebeginningsofthe evolutionof
oitsmediaevalform. B utwearefarlessau
hsubse uentdecade.With thecomingof
f irstofanewseriesofbattlesw iththeresurgent
ofallovertheB y antine mpire through
nmenandevents butlittleof theinstitu-
em life.W hen inanotherhundredyears
adsucceededinbeatingofftheMoslemon-
einstolift. Thestageisthesame butallelse
dialogue thewholef rameofreferenc ehas
penovernight intheeighthcentury.A
beendevotedto thestudyofthesenew
noperationunderthe saurians andallof
owmuchofthemodificationofthestruc-
placeinthec enturybefore eo I I , theyears
ianinvasionofSyriaaround61 andthef inal
ckonConstantinoplein717A.D .Thenew
hethemes integratingcivilandmilitary
wagrarianlaws ad ustingc onceptionsofprop-
strogorsky U berdievermeintlicheReformt tigkeit
a nt in is ch e Z e it sc hr if t h er ea ft er B Z ) X X X , 1 92 9 3 0 p p.
s ky S u r le s o ri g in e s de l a o i a gr a ir e b y a n ti n e B y -
p p . 16 9 8 0 a g o od s u mm a ry w i th b i bl i og r ap h y to d a te i s
rintheCambridge c onomic History , Cambridge 1941
cently O strogorskyhasarriveddefinitelyataH eraclian
f theB ookof theThemes: Surladatedelac om-
mesetsurl po uedelac onstitutiondespremiers
ur e B y a nt io n X X I I I , 1 9 5 , p p . 1 6 6. Ac co rd in g to
NomosGeorgikos wasprobablypublishedunder ustinian
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phyof ustinian I
ew realitiesofaravagedcountryside
tails largeandsmall ofB y antinelifec an
aybehypothesi ed tohavehadtheirorigins
edtheadventofH eraclius.
sition itisclearfromour evidence was
trulerof theH eraclianDynasty ustinian
interruptedandfollowedastheywerebyperiods
dthewayforthenew strongman eothe
espitetheirdifficultiesthelastperiodbefore the
y antinegovernmenten oyedsuf f icientstabil-
y withciviladministrationandpolicy
tices.
tof theperiod wef indasituationdirec tly
cribedwithregardtoits politicalhistory.The
hemanewattitudetowardthe Christian
anattitudewhic hwec all c onoc lasm. They lef t
hec harac terofB y antineart religious
rynatureof the c onoc lastic movementerased
cewhichwouldtelluswhatcamebeforeit
cethe conoclasticattitudeitselfderived.
hhaspushedtheoriginsof the saurian
c entury sowec anseenowthat c onoc lasm
weedfromuntilledsoil. R atherisit true
preparingitselffor decadesinthemindsof
uttheboundariesof the mpire andwhat
initstheoryandinitsprac tice inthe
ury wasofthegreatestimportancein
oppositeviewpoint conoclasm.
rtin thisperiod ustpriortothe cono-
t inasmuchasitformedthebasisfor the
hodo partyagainstthe mage-B reakers
e amplesnecessaryfortheformulationof
n-theory notonlythat butsurviv inge amples
tevidentlyprovidedthe pointofdeparture
hichfloweredalmostimmediatelyuponthe
ages intheninthc entury .
art historianbythisperiodimmediately
saurianD ynasty asmaybeseenfromthe
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certaininginthefirstplacewhatmonuments
andsecondlywhatthosemonumentscan
erandtendenciesoftheartsofthat time. t
fe tremelybroadsc ope c onsideredfromthe
caldistributionalone.Thiswasperhaps
wemayconsiderthe artoftheMediter-
esentedafundamental thoughnaturallynot
inallthelandsof theB y antine mpire
ule wasstillfelt itsartistichegemony
onsraisedaboutthecharacterofthisart can
torilywhenalltheartsof theperiod toward
ntury havebeenstudiedandcomparedin
etrick at ustthispoint oferasingthe
mpire leav ingusonly f ragmentsof itsrim.
noplewasun uestionablythemostactive
sof the astern mpire itsinf luencec ould
ltheperipheralareas withwhichitwasin
ppreciatingtheimportanceofthisessential
echangesandevolutionsofsuchprovincial
d changeswhicharerarelytheresultofi n-
utrathershoweverysignofbeingdependent
source.
vincialareaswherewe may intime be
tdatatoclarifythis aspectoftheproblem.
tc ul a rl y i n R o m e t h e o p es w e re f r e u e nt l y ac t iv e
onanddecoration asthetatteredpalimpsest
rsw itness oneof themostac tive opesin
I I , andtheartproduc edduringhisbrief
wththatof ustinian I , shouldprov idevalu-
yinference ofwhatinfluenceswerereaching
tthattime.
tc le O n S o m e c on s .. . , c i t ed a b ov e n . , d e m on s tr a te s
anartupontheConstantinopolitaninastrong way
w i t h re f er e nc e t o th e p er i od o f o p e o h n V I I 7 0 5 7 0 7
nfluenceshadhithertobeenthoughtto havebeen
artatitsmostautonomous.
thisperiodthebasic studyby it inger R mische
7 . b is u r M it t e de s 8 . a h rh u nd e rt s M u ni c h n . d. 1 9 6 .
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phyof ustinian I
ec iallyatThessalonika therewouldappearto
activityinthearts buthereproblemsof
entgreaterdifficultiesindrawingprecise
omparison. Thesameistrueof gypt in
nowledge foralthoughitis generallyagreed
b ecttorecurrentwavesofinfluencefrom
gypt sc on uestbytheMoslems thelackof
y withinevenacenturyforthe mostpart
arisone tremelydifficult. etitis probable
htheseproblemsofCopticchronologywill
ustsuchcorrelationsbetweenCopticmonu-
ddatedworksoutside gypt.
tstellusenoughaboutrelationsbetweenthe
andtheU mayyadc aliphs aswellasbetween
humblelevels forustobefullyawareof the
dartinitsmore formativestagesuponthe
hichitsupplemented.Thehappydiscoveries
nrecentyears aswellasthegenerally re-
mic studies givegreathopethatourknow ledge
asSassanianartw illbevastly increasedasmore
mesavailable.
dy atthepresentstageof ourknowledge
mbracewithprofitallthesescatteredfields
viewofthe natureofthecentralproblems
iousart themostpressingneedistoestablish
heart actuallyproducedintheimperial
periodwhic hc onc ernsus thesurviv ing
Thessalonikainandaboutthetimeof ustinian I ,
e T h e L o n g Si e ge o f T he s sa l on i ka : t s D a t e a nd
X L V I I I , 1 95 5 p p. 1 16 2 2 w it h bi bl io gr ap hy o n u st o ne
ecorationofthechurchofS.D emetrios.
rt againtheworkof it ingerisfundamental:
c Sc u lp t ur e A r ch a eo l og i a X X X V I I , 1 9 7 p p . 1 81 f f.
arTorpisengageduponstudiesofCoptic artwhich itis
etterabsoluteandrelativechronology. naddition
beingrecoveredanddocumentedbythe rinceton-
theMonasteryofSt.Catherine MountSinai.
edmuc htoourknowledgeof theinterrelationsofB y antine
materialassembledin ' ic onoc lasme esp. Chapter V ,
naddition wemaylook forwardtoac ontributionbyO leg
al i s I I , 1 9 5 8 .
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giblee c eptions ise c lusivelythatof the
asonthatthefollowingstudyis undertaken
itsob ec tiveistheestablishmentof thefollow-
or scoinage:
ticissueswerestruckunderhisreign
datwhatdates
gormeaningsthesecoinswerein-
ence
mayhavebeenforissuing them.
inthelightof thisinformation toc larifysome
f fic ial thatistosay bystateandec c lesiasti-
religiousimages andparticularlytheirusein
itistobehopedthatsomethingmaybe
onte tofthereligious artofthetime
festsitselfthroughboth styleandcontent
eoutlookof theage. romthismaterial itmay
rchwillhaveone moretoolwithwhichto
orproblemsof thehistoryofB y antineart.
position itisnec essarytoprov ideabrief
nc ipaleventsof ustinian I ' sreign in-
tohaveabearingupon hisnumismatic
ustinian I , whosefullnamewas lav ius
sitiongivenheregoesintomoredetail thanwouldother-
hbecausemuchofthefollowinghasa bearingupon
andbecausenoneoftheavailablemodernstudies
eire aminationoftheperiodtofurnish anabsolutely
onologyofevents. thasbeennec essarytoree -
andtomakeafewnewinterpretationsoftheirinforma-
yalltheproblemsraisedaboutthese uenceof ustin-
i na g e.
sourceisthe ChronographyofTheophanes
815A . D. :TheophanisChronographia ed. C . deB oor
i s c o n te m po r ar y t h e a t ri a rc h Ni c ep h or u s w h o he l d th e
m806to815 wroteasomewhatlessdetailedaccount
fMauric e 582 602 tohisownday:Nicephori
opolitaniO pusc ulaHistorica ed. C . deB oor eip ig
esmaybesupplementedbythatofMichaelthe
obite atriarc hofA ntioc hfrom1166until1199 and
ationnotavailableinthehistories ustcited:
Sy r ie n e d . . - B . C ha b ot a r is 1 8 99 1 9 24 .
orians whosharedmanyofthesamesources
aterB y antineandSyrianc hronic lers f romwhom
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phyof ustinian I
ponthedeathofhisfatherConstantine V ,
merof685A . D . hewasthensi teenyears
atthattimeinsounderc onditionthanhad
ec ades Constantine V hadbeatenof f the
ultoftheMoslempowerinthe protracted
etween67 and677 andreassertedthe
o faithattheSi thO ec umenicalCounc il
681.ThisCouncilcondemnedtheMonothe-
eacc eptingthetwo ersonsofChrist preached
thepersonalityofChrist thisheresy
edbytheprec edingemperor Constans I ,
man ope Honorius whomtheCounc il
aheretic . O fConstantine V svariousac tions
re theonlyonewhichwaslessthanaresound-
ignof679against theB ulgars whohad
ewinformatione ceptfromanoccasionalindirect
e uentblunder usuallymistaking ustinian I for
n o r I . a r m or e n ea r ly c on t em p or a ry t o t he e v en t s
aforementionedisthe iber ontific alis ed. .
1886 whichsuppliesinformationoneventstak ingplacein
scompletelyreliablein itsaccountsofwhatwastran-
ndelsewhereinthe ast.Materialupononeepisode
sec ondreignisfoundinA gnellus biographyofA rc hbishop
writtenintheninthc entury : iber ontific alis c c lesiae
der- gger inMonumentaGermaniaeHistoriae Sc riptores
u m et t a li c ar u m sa e c. V I - X , H a n n o ve r 1 8 7 8 p p . 6 7 7 1 .
e tof thec hurc hc ounc ilheldunder ustinian I :
umConc iliorumnovaetamplissimac ollec tio X , c ols.
dernstudyof ustinian I isfoundinthe essay
e m pe r eu r a u ne c ou p , i n C h o se s e t ge n s de B y a n ce
7 2 1 1 w hi c h al s o e i s ts i n a p ri v at e ly - pr i nt e d n g li s h
owsliterallyandratheruncriticallytheaccounts
horus. O nlyslightlymoreromantic i edisadrama
co s ' E m p e r eu r a u me c o u p : C h ro n i u e b y a n t i ne e n
1929 ambitiousandelaborateenoughtota anytheater
eeStadium.
edac c ountof thereignsof ustinian whichfollows
sarenotindicatede ceptwherea uestionofinterpre-
mentbetweensourc es arises.
a n I , n a me d H e r a cl i us i s m en t io n ed i n a S a cr e d
nt in e V t o o pe B e n ed ic t I , u ot ed i n th e i be r o nt . ,
whichhasnotbeenpreservedinthepapalarchives pre-
the year684.Nofurthermentionofthis brother
edbefore ustinian I assumedtheimperium.
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kans andwhomhewasunabletodislodge
s.
nian I ' snewreignweredesignedto con-
engtheningthepositionof the mpire both
alliesandenemiesabroad.Tomake
etenetsofstric tO rthodo y heheldasynod
onf irmtheA ctsof theSi thCounc il. n688
c eforthisSynodissc atteredand inpart c onfused
ndrawnaboutitwhichhavea bearingupon ustinian
nc eptionofhisimperialfunc tionw ithregardtoec clesiastic al
togo intotheproblem:
sfirst mangledbyTheophanes where under
or pp. 61 2 , confusionwasc reatedbyanuncertainty
laterQ uinise teCounc il c f . below n. 14 , and
nes losingsightofthedistinctionbetweenthis
heSynodismentionedinthe ib. ont. , p. 68
onon srec eiptof ustinian ssac raregardinghisSynod
A c tsof theSi thCounc il andthesac raitself ispre-
Ma n si o p . ci t . X I , c ol s . 7 7 8 a t t he h e ad o f o ne t e t
Counc il theonewhic hithadc onveyed.
b y . G r r es J u s ti n ia n I u nd d a s r m i sc h e a p st -
I , 1 9 08 p p. 4 2 5 4 t h at u st in ia n I w a s ab ro ga ti ng t he
atriarchalauthoritytopublishtheactsofan
usthiswasthe firstmoveinaconcertedcaesaropa-
ngemperortobring theSeeofR omeunderthe
authority.Thisseemsratheran overstatementof
unts themostimportantbeingthelackofevidence
blicationwasconsideredtheparticularprerogative
rities tothecontrary theinitiativeineachofthe
takenbythereigningemperor fromConstantine
anycaseconsideredtobeinfringinguponclerical
eemperorhelde -of f ic io infac t therankofdeacon
nthesameway itwasc ustomaryfortheemperor
orcirculatingthecompletedactsof thecouncils.
foundreasontoob ec ttoc ertainof ustinian I ' s
c ationthathispromulgationof thete tsof theSi th
asinanywaydisapproved.
ingtheSynodseemstobe moresimple.Thereis
meofthe ActsoftheSi thCouncilwhichwasthe
acehadstrayedfromits placeinthepalace
dintheoff ic esof thec hanc ellery . C f . Mansi op. c it.
96 . Whenthevolumewaslocatedandreturned itwasdeemed
checkedineverywayforauthenticityandaccuracy
apsbecause astheemperorintimatesinhissacra
dbeencirculated presumablybyrecalcitrant
eoriginalvolumewasmissingfromits rightfulplace.
mayhavearisen furthermore bec ause early in
Theodore whohadbeendeposedbyConstantine V
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o no g ra p hy o f u s ti n ia n I
ampaignagainsttheB ulgarsandSlavsin
cceededinrelievingtheirpressureon the
ally aboutthesametime hec oncludedanew
onevenmorefavorabletermsthanthose
rtheroutof677 histroopshadbeenonthe
ernborders afactwhichmayhaveinfluenced
erpeac e andhisablestgeneral eontius
meniaandtherestof thesub-Caucasus which
into theMoslemorbit.
thisstringofsucc esseswasbrokenwhenthe
eB y antinesofv iolatingthetermsof thetreaty
he irstA rmenia anddefeated ustinian I ' s
stopolis.Whatevertheostensiblecauseof
tsresultwasclear:Armeniasurrenderedto
he mpirelostvaluableprestigethroughout
wever theemperorc ontinuedtoc onc ernhim-
swell.H eheldachurchcouncilona more
synodof686 inthesameTrullanH allof the
Si thCounc ilitselfhadmet sinc eneither
if thCounc ilof55 haddealtw ithmatters
e thisnewc ounc ilof ustinian I ' s meet-
sintendedtobesimplyacontinuationof theproceed-
eSi thCounc il forhisMonotheletev iews hadre-
totheSee ofConstantinople.AlthoughTheodore
rcircumspectionduringthissecondtermofoffice
desirableto takethisdramaticwayofdemon-
ullO rthodo tenets aswellasthatofhisemperor.
sdatesthenewtreatywiththeMoslemsat thebegin-
s r e ig n M o sl e m so u rc es d a te i t t o A. H . 6 9 / 68 9 A . D . :
A b d al - Ma l ik b . Ma r wa n T h e n cy c lo p ed i a of s l am
de n 1 9 54 p p . 76 7 . n v i ew o f t he u n re l ia b il i ty o f Th e op h -
cularpoint theMoslemchronologyseemspreferable.
forananalysisof thevariousimputedc ausesof the
ntinerelations. Whatevertheostensiblecause itwould
eaktookplacesimplybecausetheMoslemswere
umeactivehostilitiesoncemore andsowerepre-
ablyade uateprovocationservetheirpurpose.
inise teCouncilhasoccasionedmoredifficultythan
becauseofthevariousconflictingmethodsofkeeping
oradisc ussionof theproblem c f . H efele- ec lerc ,
I I " p p. 5 60 1 . . B . B u r y H i s t or y of t he a te r R o ma n
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gitselfsolelywithbringingupto datethis
tc ametobeknown therefore asthe
tissuedonehundredandtwoc anonsdealing
andc lerical inwhichtheauthorityof theChurc h
estated.
unfortunately byacouncilofclergy
asterndioc eses sothatwhenevera uestion
epracticesobservedinthe asternchurches
nions suchastheArmenianorthe R oman
ionwasinfavorof thefamiliarone.
ma orimportancewithregardtothe
althoughit wasthe atriarchofArmenia
eredhislandto theMoslemsthefollowing
nwithConstantinopleoverthesemattersmight
cedhisdecision butwhenitcameto offend-
ousmatterswereatstake.Theprincipalpoints
ticallevelweretherecognitionof85 Apos-
omeac know ledgedonly50 andtheasser-
ebishopsofConstantinoplewiththoseof
owhichseniorityofestablishmentdidnotentitle
tice theCouncilprohibitedfastingonSatur-
m itpermittedthelowerordersof theclergyto
dyinthatcondition apracticedisapproved
eHolySee thec ommandtoabstainf rom
strangledanimalsinfringeduponcertain
df inally adec reethatChristshouldberepre-
nd on 1 88 9 p p. 2 6 7 n ot e , p oi nt ed o ut t he c on fu si on i n
177 citedabove n.11 , wherethechroniclerhad
properlypreservedintheActsof theCouncil Mansi
1-1oo6 , butfailedtoplaceitintheproperera soTheoph-
706A . D. fortheCounc il. Heknewthatthismust
unc ilhadtakenplac eduring ustinian sf irstreign so
eCouncilat theverybeginningofthatreign
pportunitytoconfusetheCouncilwiththeSynod
ethelatterpart oftheMonotheleteControversy.The
o kp l ac e a s e cl e rc s h ow s d u ri n g n d ic t io V , t h at i s
A . D . b u t e c le r c , o p . ci t . I I " , p . 5 61 h i ms e lf
dictioV in692.
Counc il c f . Mansi op. cit. X I , c ols. 921-1oo6 theyare
e - e c le r c , o p .c i t. I I 1 p p . 56 2 7 5 . O u r ow n d is c us s io n
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g ra p hy o f u s ti n ia n I
ratherthanasa amb c ondemnedoneof the
symbolicearlyChristianimagerywhichhad
heWest.
ertainthatthe framersofthesecanonswere
tof theirof fenseintheeyesofRome " thetone
pressionthatthe asternbishopsfelt
nc olleagues inthosetroubledyears were
ewpointswhereunfortunatepoliticalcir-
rbarianinvasions hadcompelledtemporary
correctprocedure.
andmotivationsoftheframersofthe
thefactremainsthattheActsoftheCouncil
signedbytheemperor aswellasby the
ple A le andria erusalem andA ntioc h
notherbishopsand representativesof
reforwardedtoRome. There opeSergius
wasanaffronttohisdignity aswellasan
ndstatus notonlyrefusedtosign theActs
oninanychurchunderhis urisdiction.The
nformonths withactiondelayedbythe
ommunic ationstopassf rom asttoWestand
heemperorresortedtothee pedient suc cess-
ans I in65 , ofk idnappingthe ope. O n
tendedinalow-comedydebaclefortheimperial
andwasstrengthenedratherthanotherwise.
ofurtherc hanc eforreprisalagainstthe ope
soverthrownbyacoupledbyhis erstwhile
Theunpopularityengenderedby ustinian sde-
theCaliphateandthe apacyhadnot
wherebrutalministerscarriedoutapolicy
toweakenthetraditionalpowerofthenobility
. G r r es o p .c i t. s e es t h es e C an o ns a s w el l a s al m os t
n I did asadirectattempttoimposetheimperial
A sremarkedabove n. 11 itis uestionablewhether
thisguisetoeitherantagonistat thetime.
uestofA rmenia eontiushadbeenmadegeneralof
hehadbeenunderarrestforthreeyearswhic htakes
battleofSebastopolis andsuggeststhathemight
disaster.
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bflockedtothestandardof revolt and
omewhile ustinian I wasdisf iguredw ithslit
kenofdeposition andthene iledtoChersonin
eeyears until698 andtheonlyma orevent
rycampaignwhichresultedinhisdownfall.
onofMoslemterritoryledtothe fallof
eontiusdispatc hedapowerfulnavaland
srecapture.Althoughthise peditionhad
ndevenreoccupiedthecity theMoslemsin
ents f rightenedof f theB y antinef leet and
ofCarthagein698.
awareofitsdisgrace decideditsonly
entwastorebelagainstits emperor the
radmirals A psimar newemperorunderthe
andsailedforConstantinople. Theretheymetw ith
rthage eontiuswasdeposed mutilated
a n d e i l e d t o a mo n as t er y . Ti b er i us I I p r ov e d no t
underhisrulethe mpirewasableatleast
ee pandingMoslempower.
theCrimea ustinian I hadbeenforc edto
eauthoritiestherediscoveredthathewas
one. Hetookrefugew iththe haganof the
emostpowerfulof theH unnishtribesof thestep-
hagan ssister-german whomhenamed
, informedoftheseevents bribedthe hagan
ustinian I ; forewarnedbyhisloyalw ife
ondtime gatheredaboatloadofsupporters
iac rosstheB lac kSea.
of704 thelittlepartywinteredatthe
af tere perienc ingviolentstormsatsea and
ulgars whowereonlytoohappytocon-
inian I ' sc ampaigntow inbac khisthrone. t
of705 however thatthisbarbarianhost
ofConstantinople. Theinhabitantsofthe
eB oor p. 74 rec ordsthec aptureof thec ityunder
. , but ustinian sac tsof revengeunderthefollowing
4-5. Sinc ethelatteryearistermedthef irstof ustinian
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g ra p hy o f u s ti n ia n I
rsandcatc alls andmighthavestayedsafe
ramparts hadnot ustinianbeenableto
rposternneartheB lachernaegate occupy
andrallyhisownsupporters.Thefickle
sApsimaratthismoment and ustinian
ronewithouthavinghadtoresortto the
allowingtheB ulgararmyinsidethewallsof
ratedinthe H ippodrome towhichboth
eposed eontiusweredragged. usti-
the athisma presidedovertherac esw ithone
hisprostratefoes whilethemobchanted
theaspandthebasilisk thelionandthe
dunderfoot play ingonthenamesof
hentheraceswereover ustiniansent
gontobebeheaded. Hisvengeancefella lso
cus whohadconsec ratedtheusurpers he
to R o m e a s a li v in g w it n es s o f u s ti n ia n I ' s
waswroughtinthearmyand thecivilser-
pportedtheusurpersweree ec uted.
theemperordispatchedanarmadato
bac khisw ifeTheodora. Thisf leetcametogrief in
msforwhichthe B lackSeaisfamous
he hagansentamessagetohisbrother- in-
younothavesenttwoorthreeshipstofetchyour
dsomanymen Didyoue pec ttohaveto
earnthatasonisborntoyou sendandget
astthemotherand childweresafelybrought
hemusthaveassumedthecrownbeforethebeginningof
er thee ec utionofhisvengeanc eagainstthosehe
andtheceremonialrewardingofhisB ulgarallies
sumedsometime perhapsasmuchasseveral
, i n t he G r ee k v er s io n . Th i s is t h e su b e ct o f c ou r se o f t he
arrior intheA rc hbishop s alace R avenna c f .
menti tavolistorichideimosaic idiRavennaV , R ome
& l .B .
havethoughtso.The haganhadnotprovenhimself
sinthepast norwashetodosointhefuture. The
u o te d i n Th e op h . p . 7 5 a n d in M i ch a el S y ru s e d .
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stinianc rownedthemboth andruled ointly
owasnamedTiberiusinfurtherimitationof
n , theGreat.
ntchangesinthe leadershipoftheother
sc usandRome aswell. Abdel-Malikdied
gnofe ceptionalbrilliance tobesucceeded
rmoreferventpartisanofA rabisation. nthe
a bl e st o f t he G r ee k o p es o h n V I I , w a s
me. twasw iththis opethat ustinian I
ertheA c tsof theQ uinise teCounc il w ith
dedpapal signature.Theblinded a-
oubtedlyaneffectivemessenger buthe
etropolitanbishopsbearingthosesi
ushadrefusedtosign thirteenyearsearlier.
ohavebeen farlessoverbearingthistime
arieswerebishops notsoldiersasbefore
nwhich ustiniancouchedhisdemands
treme.H eurgedtheelderlypontiffto con-
Actsmightbecommunicated thissynod
canonswhichseemedworthyofapproval
wereunsatisfac tory . nstead ohnreturned
eemperor sayingthathecouldfind no
yethestillneglectedtosign Thus when
thewholebusinesshadtobe takenupall
sor Constantine.
esc ompleted ustinian I hadafallingout
he hanof theB ulgars andin708heledan
lac kSeac oasttoA nc hialus. Hisarmywas
andthesurvivorsreturnedtoConstantinople
yeartheMoslems onthemoveoncemore
dingcenterofTyana wellnorthofthe
areliefe peditionwasslaughtered and
romthistimeon MoslemraidsonB y an-
erandbolder smallpartiesofmarauders
phorus lootingandburningastheywent.
however thatoursourc eforthisepisodeiswhollyone-
o nl y i n th e i b . o n t. , p p . 8 5 -6 a n d no t i n an y
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g ra p hy o f u s ti n ia n I
ed inpreparationforthefull-scaleinvasion
ghtyearslater.
Constantinoplerec eivedthec eremonial
e Constantine whowashonoredw ithgreat
andhisson asourR omansourcesrelate.
eQ uinise teCouncilwereagaindiscussed
ponbutthe factremainsthatwehaveno
of692signedbyanyRoman ope.
tyreturnedhome whentheylearned
theyhad sorecentlyconferredwasdead
eriuswhohad metthemontheroadto
eredattheveryaltarofthe Churchofthe
ustinian sunremittingvengefulnesshadbe-
heob ec thadbeenhishomeofe ile
e peditionstotheCrimea designed ac -
topunishtheChersonitesfortheir attempt
Apsimar furnishedinsteadarebelarmada
himself . nef fect itwasthesamestoryas
preventedfromaccomplishingtheir
c eof the ha ars foundthemselvesobliged
astheonlypossiblewayof savingthem-
ortheirfailure.
eared butc ouldnotbec ertain thathislast
grief committedthetacticalerrorofleaving
ldarmy toscoutinthedirectionof
ay therebelf leetwasabletosei ethec apitalin
weresubverted and ustinian I felleasily
forinstante ec ution.
bertyof reducingTheophanes rec ordedfoure pedi-
ree: respectively pp. 77 81and44-8 sinc eTheoph.
entaspectsofoneandthesamee pedition. tmay
emaynot havebeenthesolemotiveforthese
inv iewofthec ontinualinterferenc eof the ha ars
ntsinand aroundCherson.
ontemporaryeventsinA rmeniaand a ic a c f . V .
s de s a ct e s du a t ri a rc a t , i p p . 12 7 8 w i th e t e nd e d
ustinian I hadgoodreasontofeartroublef romthat
theknowledgethatthechiefofthe rebelswasan
adedhimthattheywouldmovefirstin thatdi-
gConstantinopleitself.
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theArmenian hilippicusB ardanes as-
proclaimedtheMonotheletefaithreinstated
earingof this tookgreatalarm buthisfears
danes reignwasshort andMonotheletism
sionofpettyrulers whofollowedtothe
e scenefortheassumptionofpowerby
gr e at s a ur i an i n M ar c h of 7 1 7 A. D . w he n t he M os l em s
ge toConstantinople forthesecondtime
tisanotherhistory .
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U ST N AN I
aticevidenceforthearthistorianwill
period andfromcountrytocountry.B y
thefollowingstatementmaybeconsidered
ac oinsandtheirsucc essors theB y antine
eriods:Thesecoinsrepresentasignificant
raphy neverentirelyneglectedbythe
o bringmessagestothegeneralpublic
ereof thec oinagetendstoref lec t then
erialpolicyastheymaybesusceptibleof
rialiconography andinanycase are
nographythantostylisticcharacter.The
over partookofsomeofthesacredcharacter
traitsof theemperor. Thusthecoinagein-
entionsoftheimperialauthority toa
ccordingtothedistanceoftheissuing
authority andtheactualpowerthere
s i n th e c as e o f th e i ss u es o f u s ti n ia n I a r a di c al
tureof thetypesrepresented wecan
cantshiftin imperialpolicyitselfhad
en w illbetodesc ribethetypesofc oinsissued
rdescriptions webaseourworkbothonthe
eneralc ataloguesof theB y antinec oinage
ge aspresentedonc oins retaineditssacredc harac -
yof reverenceevenaftertheRestorationof the mages
eO rthodo ic onophiles isdemonstratedbythe
ec umenic alCouncilof869 Mansi op. c it. X V I ,
a dn er in D . O . a pe rs V I I , p . 2 n .1 56 .
ie r D e s c r ip t io n g n r a le d e s mo n na i es b y a n ti n es I ,
9 26 and 2 5 l .X X X V I I a nd X X X V I I I ; W . W r ot h
e Co i ns i n t he B r i t i sh M u se u m h e re a ft e r B M C I , o n do n
5a nd 5 4- 7 l .X X X V I I I , X L ; a nd . To ls to i M on na ie s
ss ia n V I I I , S t . e te rs bu rg 1 9 14 p p . 8 2 7 0 an d 89 0 6
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9
peciali edworksonthisimmediatesetof
c oinageof ustinian I , asthatofanyother
od wefindthattheprincipaldetermining
tingspecif ic ally tothec oinageof ustinian arethe
nQ uintino D ellemonetedell imperatoreGius-
1 8 45 a n d A. R . B e l li n ge r T h e Go l d Co i na g e of u s ti n ia n
gy I I , u ne 1 950 p p. o I I .
graph whichseemstohaveesc apedthenotic eof the
bove hasbeenlargelysupersededbytheirwork
posalconsiderablygreater uantitiesofspecimens
nclusions. tdoeshaveatleast anacademicinter-
valiantattempttosurveytheproblemsof thebron e
authorgathereda largenumberofpieces forthe
venance andalthoughmanymustnowbereattributed
udy ashasbeenshownbytheworkofR ic otti rina
otinthenatureofac atalogue butgivesac learidea
asthestylistic distinctionwithwhichthecoinage
ustbecredited. Thesameauthorhasreturnedtoarelated
ec entartic le CoinsandB y antine mperial olic y
1 95 6 p p. 7 0 8 1 .
ourownstudy althoughspecificallyconcerned
stinian I butw iththoseofhisperiodasawhole is
a f fr a nc h i L a n u m i sm at i ca d i e o n i o I . S t ud i o su
ione talo-B i antina Numismatic aeSc ien eA f f ini
V , 1 9 8 p p. 7 - 4 i b id . V , 1 9 9 p p. 7 1 5 9 1 -2 . R e -
say erugia 1940. af f ranc hi althoughnotaspec ialist
wasablebytheapplic ationof techni uesofstylistic
phicandpaleographicmethodologytomakeaset of
nsofmintsforthe taliancoinageofthisperiod
esucceededinidentifyingforthefirsttime thecoins
ei es p r ev i ou s ly a t tr i bu t ed t o e o I I b y me a ns o f a mo n o-
bron es whichmonogram inc ludinganunmistaka-
ra in t o e o nt i us r a th e r th a n to e o i d en t if i ed o n h is c o in s
simplee planationhasbeenfoundfortheidentif ic ation
hisc oinsas L eo inthefactthatthelatterwasthe
dathiscoronation theformerhisoriginalgiven
becametheemperorTiberius B ardanes hilippic us
of thepartsof thedoublename L eo eontius
chroniclerstooverlookhis officialname andretain
ng-standingconfusionofstrugglingnumismatists:
T h e My s te r y of e o nt i us I , N u mi s ma t ic C h ro n ic l e V I : 1 4
mportantstudybyDiegoR ic otti rina L amone-
e p oc a b i a n ti n a N u mi s ma t ic a X V I , 1 9 50 p p . 26 6 o &
ichfurtherc larifiesthesituationasregardsSic ilianmintsof this
erelatedproblems asweshallindicateinournotesbelow.
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ographyof ustinian I
egoldissues andmostspecificallyamong
fractionalgold butthec oinsinsilverand
velysimplesub-typestothesolidi althoughinthe
fgreaterlibertyin creatingvarianttypes
w iththenormaldif ferentiationsdemandedbythe
ominationalindications. orthepurposes
nlythetypesof thesolidineedbedescribed nor
e preciseepigraphyofthelegends orthe
presentedamongtheknownspecimens. or
thecataloguescitedaboveprovideinforma-
onofac orpus. af f ranc hi sessay ustc ited
e epigraphyofthecoinlegendsofthese
A NU S E A V B u s t of u st in ia n I , f a ci ng b ea rd le ss
imenwherehehasalightbeardandthe
) ; hewearsthec rownwith globus
semicircularornamentsurmountedbya
lamys thelatterfastenedattheright
lfibula inhisright handheholdsthe
A A V G U C r os s p ot e nt o n t hr e e st e ps b e ne a th
fficinalettersappearattheend ofthe
, .
o lidusf romtheA. M. riend r. Collec tion now in
usuallycataloguedtogetherwiththoseofourType
lingerhaspointedout belongstoadistinc tseries both
rtraitureand ofthedifferentobverseinscription
techangesindies. x amplesinc ludeB MC I ,
5 a nd 6 C on st an ti no pl e mi nt ; p . 3 7 2 C ar th ag e a nd p . 3 6
oCarthagebutnowattributedtoSardinia c f . below
o p. c it . V I I I , p . 8 7 1 & 1 6 a n d p. 8 4 , 4 1 C ar th ag e ;
s ma t ic a e Sc i en e A f fi n i V , 1 9 9 p . 8 l . , f i g s . 1- 2
d p .1 1 l . V , f i g s . 1- 2 R o m e .
D , for D ominus suggeststhatthistype
beforethedeathofConstantine V ; ustinian I was
usin680. B utinthisc aseweshoulde pec tthere-
hepluralwithreferencetothe Augusti whichit
b y d at e d e a m p l es t h e b e ar d le s s b r o n e c f. b e lo w
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2
ccurinthefractionalgold and
counterpartwithbeardlesspor-
A NU S E A V B u s t of u st in ia n I , f a ci ng c os tu me d
eardandmustache.
A A V G U C r os s p ot e nt o n t hr e e st e ps w i th m i nt a n d
b o ve . L A T , 2
nstantinopleminthastheimperial
ve whilethatf rom taly isdistin-
essportrait conventionalfrom
nominationsareindicatedbychanges
thereverse:on thesemisthecross
rtainlyatleastinpart af ter685. tisprobablybestto
tialissue ofthenewemperor carriedonlonger
thers.
ed b y a f fr a nc h i l o c. c i t. p . 1 1 l . V , f i gs . 1 7- 1 8 R o m e .
sodrawnourattentiontotheseriesofbron ec oinswith
meofwhichappeartohaveinscriptionsbeginning
althoughothersdecidedlydonot. O nec onsistentgroup
essportrait inbothfollesandhalf - folles hastheword
verse andisgenerallysomewhatheav ierthanotherbron e
of thesamedenominations. f aswehavesuggested
arlyyearsof ustinian I ' sf irstreignweredevotedto
monythroughouttheempireandabroad thisseries
nningofhisreignin adirectway.Noconclusions
drawn however untilfarmoreresearchhasbeen
andthedatede amplesfullycollated. ublished
t er o p. ci t. I , p . 26 2 1 T ol st oi o p. ci t. V I I I , p . 85 ,
8 a nd R . R a tt o S al e Ca ta lo gu e u ga no 1 9 0 N o. 1 69 6.
3 0 1 1 2 4 7 I o Constantinople ; p . 3 7 3 6 Carthage ;
th ag e- Sa rd in ia ; p . 4 1 5 1 R o me ; p p. 4 2- , 5 6 9 S ou th
o o p. ci t. V I I I , p p .8 5 4 0 - 12 1 4 1 5 1 7 2 6 p . 84 , 4 o
f ra nc hi l oc . ci t. p . 8 l . , f i g s. 4 C on st an ti no pl e ; p . o
R a venna ; p .11 l. V , 4 R ome ; p .12 l. X , 1 4 Syracuse ;
l . V I I I , 1 4 S . t al y , a t th is t im e ra th er t ha n
t r i na N u mi s ma t ic a X V I , 1 9 50 p p . 41 - 2 1 2 4 - o
. c it. pp. 12 3 & passim makesmuc hof thebeardless
mwiththoseontheW esternfractionalgoldtotoy
perorwasbeardlessthroughouthisentirefirstreign.
oldprovidesnoevidenceforthe imperialportraiture
olidi wereprobablyissuedoverafar shorterper-
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aphyof ustinian I
s P L A T , ) ; o n t he t r ie n s i t ha s
wb a rr e d fo o t P L A T , 4 .
T S R E X R E G N AN T U M B u st o f Ch ri st f ac in g w it h
nonimbus . H airandbeardf lowing wears
righthandinact ofbenedictioninfront
ospelsinf rontof leftbreast B ookmustbe
althoughthisisnotvisible infield
A NU S S R U C H R I S T T he e mp er or s ta nd in g fa c-
rsthec rownwithc ross andlong ewelled
os inhisrighthand heholdsthec ross
lef thand themappa. B eneath CO NO P .
ereoccupiesthereverseof the
ythe presenceofthemint-mark
thefac tthatonthetriens theonly
ertainlyknowntodate thecross
the plainbaseseenonthe reverse
L A T , 6 .
M C I , p . 3 3 , 1 9 2 1 C on st an ti no pl e ; p . 3 8 7 4 4
4 2 5 4 R o me ; p p. 4 - 5 6 1 -7 S . t al y ; T ol st oi o p. ci t.
7 4 2 4 4 6- 59 p p. 8 49 -5 0 6 7 - 71 a ff ra nc hi l oc .c it . p . 8
7 8 C on st an ti no pl e ; p .1 0 l . I I , 7 - 10 R a ve nn a ; p .1 1
o me ; p . 1 , l . X , 1 9 2 0 S yr ac us e ; a nd R i co tt i r in a l oc .
S yr ac us e .
3 4 2 5 C on st an ti no pl e ; T o l st oi o p. c it . V I I I ,
, p . 3 5 u nn um be re d C on st an ti no pl e ; p . 3 9 4 5 6
9 4 7 S ic il y ; T ol st oi o p. ci t. V I I I , p p. 85 2 7 7 8- 92 a f-
l . , 2 5 6 C on st an ti no pl e ; p .1 0 l . I I , 2 5 8 R a ve nn a ;
2 1- 0 S yr ac us e ; a nd R i co tt i r in a l o c. ci t. p p. 42 3 , 1 7 1 52 .
n e s in cl ud e th e ye ar s , I , I I , V ? ) , V I I , a nd
tedfrom685 theyearofac c ession ratherthanfrom
A ugustusin68o:cf . R ic otti rina loc . cit. p. 58
l g er R e g e s te n d er a i se r ur k un d en d e s O s t r m i sc h en
o 1 92 4 p . 28 n . 2 6 .
3 1 2 1 1 1 7 C on st an ti no pl e ; p . 3 6 1 C ar th ag e- Sa rd in ia ;
I , pp.84o- , 27 3 4 affranchi loc.cit. p.8 l. , 5 6 Con-
C I , p . 3 3 , 2 2 3 t r em i ss i s of C on s ta n ti n op l e ;
I , p.844 n.1 asemistakenfromSabatier op.cit. I ,
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- 2
R E X R E G NA NT U M B u st o fC hr is t fa ci ng s am e
butfacialtypeisdif ferent triangularshape
erow ofcurls whilethebeardis
A NU S M U L T U S A N B u s t of t h e em p er o r f a ci n g
globusc ruc iger and ewelledc ostume
d thec rosspotentonthreesteps inhis
A X , andsurmountedbyadouble-barred
ro ss . L A T , 7 .
howtheconventionalchangesin
heemperor srighthand. Henc e
sed theemperorisstillindicated
P L A T , 8 .
X V I I , 4 a p pa r en t ly d r aw n fr o m an a c tu a l pi e ce o n w hi c h
sacrosspotent onglobusbase butthelackof
urceinSabatiermakesitimpossibletosubstantiate
herwiseuni uec oin , andpp. 847-8 60- , all
f fr a nc hi l o c. c i t. p . 8 l . , 1 9 2 0 t r em i ss i s of C o ns t an t i-
. 3 4 2 6 7 C on st an ti no pl e ; T o ls to i o p .c it . V I I I ,
Sicilianbron esdatedtothe firstreignare
emperortypesimilarto thatofthereverseofthis
p . 4 0 4 8 5 0 a nd a ff ra nc hi l oc .c it . p . 1 , l . X , 2 5 6 .
hand onlyvariantsofstanding-emperortypeswhich
esestablishedbyH eracliusandConstans I . or
ic otti rina op. c it.
3 2 1 8 C on st an ti nop le ; p . 4 1 5 R o me ; p . 4 , 6 0 S.
o p. ci t. V I I I , p p .8 41 3 , 5 9 a ff ra nc hi l oc .c it . p . 9 l . I ,
o pl e ; a n d R i c ot t i r i na l o c. c i t. p . 5 7 n . 1 a t tr i bu t in g a
dinSanQ uintino op. c it. totheSardinianmint.
sthepossibilityof aSyracusansub-typeofthis
mperorinloroscostume butwithnormalstepped-cross
171. f thispiecehasbeenac c uratelydesc ribed this
tionshiptoourType I I asourType V -B doesto
uestionhingesonwhetherornot theemperorisactually
ype I I . nasmuc hasR ic otti rinawasunable
theillustrationinhissourc e asalesc atalogue we
thatthisismoreprobablya Syracusane ample
dition.
ow pp. 26f.
I , p . 3 4 2 4 C on st an ti no pl e ; p . 4 2 5 5 g iv en
p ob ab ly S ou th t al ia n ; p . 4 5 7 4 S . t al y ; T ol st oi
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aphyof ustinian I
R E X R E G NA NT U M B u st o fC hr is t fa ci ng e a ct -
ANU S T T B E R I U S P A U B u st of u st ini an I ,
bustofTiberius beardless onright both
wnsw ith globusc ruciger div itision and
swithhisrighthand acrosspotenton
thec enterof thef ield. L A T , 9.
showtheconventionalalterations
ythetwoAugusti confirmingthat
se o f t he c oi n P L A T , o .
ofType V savethatthec o-emperorshold
A X andsurmountedbya patriarc hal
e o f Ty p e I I .
w iththeproperepigraphic c hangestoac -
ce o f t wo A u gu s ti . L A T , I .
p . 8 44 4 5 c a ll e d a se m is b u t th e b as e o f th e cr o ss h e ld b y t he
pieceis almostcertainlyatremissisofwiderthan
48 9 6 4 6 a nd a ff ra nc hi l oc . ci t. p . 9 l . I , 4 9- 50
theabovearetremisses butinthepartof theWhittemore
mbartonO aksf romthe oggMuseumofA rt are
andfromtheConstantinoplemint.
. 3 5 2 8 C on st an ti no pl e ; a nd T ol st oi o p. c it . V I I I ,
i na l o c. c it . p . 4 6 1 7 2 S y ra cu s e , a s w el l a s an u n -
erbron esofvariousdenominationsatD umbarton
5 4 1 2 C on st an ti no pl e ; T ol st oi o p. ci t. V I I I , p .8 92 1 2
p . 9 l . I , 5 6 C on st an ti no pl e .
M C I , pp . 5 4 5 6 C on st an ti no pl e ; p. 5 6 I
; T o ls to i o p . ci t. V I I I , p p . 89 4 4 I o a ff ra nc hi l oc -
, 4 5 6 s e mi s o f Co n st a nt i no p le ; a p i ec e of 1 / 4- s ol i du s we i gh t
ampleintheShawCollec tionatDumbartonO aks.
. 5 5 7 C on st an ti no pl e ; T ol st oi o p. c it . V I I I , p . 89 5 1 2.
kconcurrentlywiththistypeare foundunder
below.
5 7 1 2 S . t al y ; T ol st oi V I I I , p . 89 , ; a ff ra nc hi l oc .c it .
5 6 R a v e n na er r on e ou s ly i d en t if i ed i n t he t e t a s a c oi n o f
andR ic otti rina loc . c it. p. 57 n. 1 thereattribution
ogue No. 1709 toSardinia. A notherof theseSardinian
llectionatDumbartonO aks.
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2 5
fthis typeareknownonlyfrom
ingissuesof / . . solidus whiletheob-
onventionalreversesonConstan-
happearstohavebeenthe normal
at t h at m i nt P L A T , 1 2 .
theB y antinemintsisfairlywell
s af f ranc hi sac hievementtoarriveatanew
lysisofthemintsof talyfortheperiod
nof eo I I , onthebasisofmorec omplete
ce loc alc ollec tions etc . thanhadbeenavail-
A tvarianc ewithWroth then af f ranc hi
n taly:atR avenna atR ome somewhere
nSicily . TheSic ilianmintof thisperiodc anbe
arkstohavebeenlocatedatSyracuse that
wasinc losetouc hwiththemintof the om-
tum mayhavebeenlocatedatNaples.
erecerc udyof theSic ilianc oinagehassupple-
af f ranc hi sf indingsabouttheseriesand
oinsof thisperiod " buthehasalsobeenableto
sof aparticulartypeastheproductof a
nia probablyatCagliari intheterritoryof
a. Thef irstissuesof thisnewmint whichhave
kCarthaginianone appearedduring
streign whenCarthagewasalreadythreatenedby
L A T , I ) .
onstothepreviousarrangementsofthe
anobtainthe followingpictureofthenumis-
m is i s p ub l is h ed b y a f fr a nc h i l o c . ci t . p . 1 2 l . V I I I ,
onlyagroupof1/2-solidusweightgoldpiec esareknown
inianmint c f . R ic otti rina loc . c it. p. 57 n. 1
i t. V I I I , p . 8 9 4 I , a n d R a t t o S a le s C at a lo g ue N o .
nowatDumbartonO aks isanothere ample.
own.
, p p. 3 5 - 6 8 1 o C on st an ti no pl e ; T ol st oi o p. ci t. V I I I ,
a f fr a nc h i l oc . ci t . p . 9 l . I , 5 7 -8 C on s ta n ti n op l e ;
7 - 8 R o m e e r r on e ou s ly i d en t if i ed i n t he t e t ; a n d R i c ot t i
46 1 7 S yr ac us e .
s of X X n u mm i a T o l s to i o p . ci t . V I I I , p . 8 57 .
1 asdetailedinthenotesabove.
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aphyof ustinian I
eignsof ustinian I , ac c ordingtothe
E : Typ e A , I , I I , V .
A .
A , I , I I , and V -B .
V - B .
A , I I , V , V -B .
p e , I I , V - B .
.
entwhichwehavefollowedinnumbering
ssuesof ustinian I is w ithafewe c eptions
nalorderusedinpreviousnumismaticstudies
etfac ts. tmaybewell atthispointinour
ontheotherhand thisarrangementises-
Thesearethe pointsonwhichitis based:
rliest struck bothbecauseitstypesare
ousnumismaticissues andbecauseit
beardlessboyhood. Type forthesame
atelyafter.
, ontheotherhand areplainlylate they
ndreign when ustinian sinfantsonTiberius
s. O n theotherhand theywouldappear
eorlesssimultaneously Type V atCon-
V -B elsewhereintheWest w iththebron e
servingatthec apital. ThisleavesonlyTypes I
edintheirrelativec hronologic alpositions wemay
milarityofTypes I I and V which although
ptionofanabsolutechronologicalprecedence
pe I I m ak e s it c l ea r t ha t t he m or p ho l og y o f
e d ir ec ti on I I I I I V r at he r th an I I I I I V .
tstothesameconclusion:wehaveal-
yp e s I , I I a n d V , i t i s Ch r is t w ho o cc u pi e s
noc lasme pp. 16 7 goestoc onsiderablelengthtorefutethe
op. c it. V I I I , pp. 842- , thatallourc oinsofTypes
hatisthosewiththec urly -beardedChrist- image wereofWestern
encethatonlythe smallerproportionofcoinsof
esternmints whilethebulkareof definitely
c f . af f ranc hi op. c it. esp. pp. 7 15.
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2 7
whiletheemperorisonthereverses. This
ecedentedintheimperialnumismaticicono-
sno parallelinearlierissuesof eitherChris-
theobverse thesideofgreatesthonor had
heimperialimageofhighest rank.This
bytheemperorto Christismostclearly
ype I , wheretheinc lusionof themint-markseals
geofposition. ThedesignofTypes I I and V
nc ludeamint-markand infac t themint-
nthesecoins. The uestionarisesasto
efirst:wasthemint-markomittedbecause
it orwasadesignchosenwhichleft no
)
factthattheemperororemperorsstillocc upythe
and V c anbedeterminedbyc omparingthe
hthebaseofthe crosspotentheldbythe
ec oin sdenomination. This however isan
lyonlywhenavarietyof goldpiecesisat
nsaree aminedoneatatime hencealess
c onoc lastic c oins too wheretheimageof
type thereisevenlessof anobviousindica-
oror theChrist-imageoccupiestheobverse
esbegins itisto beseenthatChristalways
whichmoreorlessby definitionisconsidered
riptionof thesecoinsof ustinian I , ' ic onoc lasme
e followshisownprec edentf rom ' empereur pp. 19 20
reverseamistakec ommon forthatmatter to
ec oins. udgingby inc onsistenc iesw ithin ' ic ono-
p . 1 6 C h ri s t on r e ve r s p . 1 7 C h ri s t on a v er s
on revers etc . theauthorismerelyunawareof the
dsymbolicdistinctionbetweenobverseandreverse
haspointedout thisistrueof theentiresc yphateseries
netypestruckbyR omanus V , whichappearstobea
doesnotoc c upythediebyhimself :B MC I ,
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M E R O R
hatthec oinsof ustinian I showafar
dartisticproficiencythanthoseofhis
anobservationwhichhasbeenechoedby
ldplacethebeginningof thec hangew iththelast
. A farmoreplastic c onceptionof theportrait-
ec tionof thec onventionali edtypeswhic hhad
seventhcentury infavorofe tremelydeli-
perydetails delineationofeyes etc . whichre-
onvincingrealismofimagery alltheseare
nthe Constantinoplemint.Thisnewstyle
ghthef irstreignof ustinian andthatof
hedistinctionin stylewhichmadethemisat-
rulersoconspicuouswhendisplayed
re s c he m at i e d t yp e s of e o I I a n d ev e n wi t h
thesecondreignandbeyond afull
ngdatearoundor before685.
sapparentinterestinthe ualityof the
sultimatec ause isastrongsenseofportraiture
these coins especiallythesolidi.W hatthe
edrealismofthecoinimagesmayhavebeen
teracompletee aminationofallthetypes
rtraitiscommontothreeof ourfivecoin
hedivitisionandchlamys crowned and
erof theglobuscruciger isseenonTypes
A T , - 2 , w h er e u st in ia n I a p pe ar s al on e a nd a ga in
- B P L A T , 9 1 1 , w h er e he s ha re s ho no rs w it h
whoiscostumedidentically.
Wrothusedtheterms mantleandrobe for
s andremarked thathereforthef irsttimehe
n . .
edattheDumbartonO aksSymposium 1957.
3 0 n. 2.
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9
nemperoraswearingthisformof non-
essed however thatinitsgenerallinesthe
donearlier issues asfarbackasH eraclius.
f fac t thatac arefule aminationof thec oin
real introductionofthiscivilcostume
mentthedevelopmentofB y antinec oin
ange.Therestrictionofthemesonthe
thefourthandthesi thcenturies which
described broughtabout bythetimeof
an asituationwhereinthevarietyofcoin
tremelylimitedindeed.Thesolidiborea
stportraitof theemperor atypewhic hhad
tu s I i n t he f o ur t h ce n tu r y P L A T I , 1 6 ;
armor wearingahelmet c arryingaspear
andbearingadecoratedshieldbeforehisleft
ueshadprofileportraits asdidthesilver
wasonthelast-namedmetalthattheonlyrec ent
ected underA nastasius whenanew
asestablished baseduponthefollisof 40
hdenominationofbron ecoinwasidentified
on thereverse denotingthevaluein
.
r5 8 9 however ustinian introduc ed
l-faceportraitsoftheemperor stillwearing
thac rowninsteadofahelmet andholdingin
c ru ci g er P L A T I , 1 7 . T h is w en t i nt o
houghthefrac tionalgold onwhichitwas
talbust tendedtocontinuetorepresent
efore.
ystemofdatingwasintroducedatthesametime
lngustobesoprec iseaboutthee ac ttimeof
hichthereverseswerenumberedaccordingto
ear. Thismakesitpossibletodatethebron e
ndofmanyofhissucc essors rightdownto
. 1 5 9.
I V , etc.
V , 11 2 l. V , 4 5 e tc.
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ographyof ustinian I
heprac tic ec anbelinkeddirec tly toaNovellaof 1
whichorderedtheabandonmentof theoldc ustom
e anditsreplacementbytheuse ofthe
heregnalyearof thec urrentruler.
tinian continuedtodominateB y antine
e c eptionstobedisc ussedlater untilthe
emperor inhisearlierissues af teremploy ing
hoc as c ontinuedthefrontaltype showing
mentumthrownacrosstheshoulders
1 8 . S ta rt in g ab ou t 61 1 4 h ow ev er H e r ac li us b eg an t o
tcostume usingalmostthesameelements
r mo r i s vi s ib l e P L A T I , 1 9 . T h i s w e
nningofthemantle-and-robe ormoreproperly
e.
nfull onsomelatercoinsofH eraclius
lltothewearer sank les anditwas
succ essor Constans I . Constantine V , on
dthistype andwentallthewaybac k tothe
aryportraitwhichhadprevailedfromthe
tothatof ustinian , andwhichmayhave
ewarlikepreoccupationsofhistroubled
, 2 0 ; h e a ls o e mp l oy e d so m eo f t he f u ll - fa ce t y pe s
ustinian , ustasheissuedaseriesofbron e
eandweightonlyto thoseofthatemperor.
d i d on h i s fi r st c o in s t h en w as t o r ev i ve t h e
Constans I ; whenhesoughttoassoc iate
duringhissec ondreign heusedthesame
. 9 .
C or pu s iu ri s ci vi li s e d. R . S ch oe ll a nd W . r ol l v ol . I ,
ustinian datedhisc oinsbyregnalyears andhis
mostofhissuccessors someinterestinge amplesof
dictionyearshaverec entlybeenidentifiedby . Grier-
Mauric e hoc as andH eraclius Numismatic Chronic le
pp. 49 70 l. I I I V .
X I I I , 1 .
X I I I , 2- .
X I I I , 4 9 etc.
X I I I , o -12 e tc .
X X , 1 2 1 5 e tc.
l. X X X V I , 1 1 1 2 X X X V I I , 9 1 0 16 X X X V I I I , 8 e tc.
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I
atedtypetoconveythesense oftheco-
fatherandson.
tn ia n I ' s c o in T y pe s V an d V - B p re s en t a
nality thisis iconographicallyspeaking
heideaof co-rulersclaspingasymbolof
ndicatetheir ointimperiumwascommon
tothefifthcentury theplacingof
ses ontheotherhand wasafavorite
eraclians.Theparticularcompositionhere
nodoubt forType V , whereitwasnec es-
supportthecrosspotent asasymbol
ecoin svalue whenthetypewasc arried
Type V -B , andthecrosspotenthadthe
mpositionwiththetwoco-emperorswasre-
D ominus ustinianus erpetuusAugustus and
tinianusetTiberius erpetuiA ugusti arein
nandB y antinetraditionsofc oinlegends
tendedtorestricttothe barestessentialsof
re.
asidefromwhatevidencewehavefrom
mains wecangainconsiderableinforma-
eremonies. D espiteitslatedate inthetenth
ityandtraditionalismofgarmentssuc hasthese
booktrustworthywithregardto general
lity.
mys whenassembledas bersolthas
c learthatthiswasthegarmentofhighestdignity in
oneoftheprimarysymbolsofimperialpower.
any indeedonnearlyallthe greatciviland
antium butitwasthegarmentwhichwas
sshouldersathisc oronation atthesame
egarmentsmaybefoundthroughoutthete t butChap-
k , spec if icallyc onc ernedw iththeimperialc ostume sum-
cularlyconvenientfashion:Constantin orphyro-
vr e de s C r m on ie s ed . A. V o g t a ri s 1 9 5 4 0 h er ea ft er D e C er .
p p. 1 7. 5 9 .
l a ng e s d h i s t oi r e et d a r ch o l og i e by a n ti n es e t r ac t f ro m
e de s re li gi on s X X V I ) , a ri s 1 91 7 p p. 5 6 .
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ographyof ustinian I
utonhishead itwasworn too bythe
atafal ue.Theuseofthe chlamysassuch
estric tedtotheimperialfamily whiletheimperi-
purplec loth embroideredingold therewere
escribedmaterialsandcolorswhichwere
of courtdignitaries.Astherobesofmanda-
embroideredwithdragonsof different
otheB y antinedignitarywasadditionally
oloredtabulum whoseembroideredde-
usand theoccasionofwearing.
ese uatedinB y antinewritingswiththe
eltedtunic-likegarmentslightlyshorterthan
ghtbewornnotonlyunderthatc loak but
it ak ion astheoc casionre uired. This
overgarmentatthecoronationuntilthe
yswasplacedovertheimperialshoulders.
wehaveconsiderableinformationinour
crownsusedfor variousoccasions but
asprovenimpossibletorelate thisinforma-
eofthecoinsandothermaterialremains.
ustinian I onhiscoins apparentlya
urmountedinfrontby asemicircular
asmallcross appearstohaveoriginated
andisf irstc learlydisc ernableonthatruler s
I , 2 1 . H e r ac li us a nd h is s on s w h en s ho wn w or e a
onwhichthecentralornamentcomesdown
clet andwhichwasinusefrom atleastthe
A T I , 1 8 1 9 . T h e ty p e of c r ow n i nt r od u ce d b y
eotherhand remainedinuselongaf terthefallof
y. tistheonlytypeofc rownseenonthec oins
ereverdetailisf ineenoughtoensurethata
ownisbeingportrayed untilthereignof
me anewc rownseemstobeintroduc ed w ithno
simplec rosssurmountingthef ront P L A T
1 .
X X , 12 1 6.
X I I I , 4 8 9 etc.
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3
B o t h t h is a n d th e p re ce d in g t yp e a re s e en o n c oi n s of t h e
mperors butbythereignofMichael V the
asbecometheonlytype used.Asmention-
ndicatethatmorethanonecrownwas inuse
narc hs atleastinthetenthcentury butweare
otheticalopinionasto whichonemayhave
andhencetheonerepresentednumismatical-
ghthcenturies.
eruler shandasa symbolofworlddomina-
greatanti uity intheRomanworld. A lready
ublic itwasheldbythegoddessRoma are-
edintoChristiantimes. nthelater
ostf re uentlysurmountedbytheNike who
a m e da l li o n of C o ns t an t iu s I P L A T I I , 2 4 ,
roughthefirstcenturyofthe Christian
ngthattimethetendencytowardChristiani a-
swassuggested asonacoinof theephem-
in 50 wheretheglobusisshownsur-
omonogram. tdoesnotappearto have
wever untilthereignofTheodosius I P L A T
a t a t im e wh e n th e cr o ss - sc ep t re a l so m a ke s i ts f i rs t n um i s-
sameseries andwhenthec rossasasym-
ceinthe imperialcoinage asapparently
religiousart asawhole.Asregardsthe
ver itbecameanintegralelementoftheimpe-
henew issuesof ustinian andassuchit
u s ti n ia n I , a n o rm a l a t t ri b ut e o f th e B y a n -
teps whichisusedonthe reverseofthe
onglobusorw ithoutbase onthef rac tional
c analsobetrac edasatypetothec oinsofTheodo-
l. X L V , 20 21.
l d i i n I n s ig n ie n u nd T r ac ht d e r R m i sc h en a i se r
5 p p. 11 7 2 0 .
, l . , 1 e tc .
l . o 6 .
c riptionhistori uedesmonnaiesf rapp essousl E mpireromain
1 8 9 2 p . 2 2 : a s o l id u s in t h e V a t ic an M u se u m.
l . 5 1 , e t c.
2 6 et c.
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ographyof ustinian I
forthef irsttimeanewreversetypeisintroduc ed the
oy inprof iletotheleft holdingbeforehera
incrosswhoseoutlineisdecoratedwithsome-
A T I I , 2 5 . O n t h eb as is o f th e le ge nd V O T X X
hisissuemaybelinkedtothevic ennaliaofTheodo-
ec ombinationof imperialpersonagesinwhosename
bversesofTheodosius I , hisw ife udocia his
ncleH onoriustheWesternemperor andhis
tpossibletodateit uiteprec isely totheyear
liarimperialimageof Nikeplantinga
wasintroducedonthe coinageofthe
I forgoodreason:theoccasionalmost
onofpeace theprecedingyear aftera
gainsttheSassanianrulerB ahramV ,
religiouspersecutionsagainstChristian
N u mi s ma t i u e b y a n t i ne e t a rc h o l og i e de s l ie u s a in t s
it B u c a r es t 1 9 48 p p . 78 - 94 . r o lo w s t h es i s ha s c er t ai n
pointedoutbyGrabar ' ic onoc lasme p. 28 n. 2
o sofarasGrabarin re ectingtheconnection
Theodosius I sotheractiv itiesc onc erningtheTrue
ac oincidencefora ewelledc rosstoappearatGolgotha
gningmonarch atalmosttheidenticalmoment.
hypothesi ingapriorerec tionbyConstantine on
n butthiswouldnotdestroythevalidityof rolow s
Theodosius I .
thebasic pointmadeby rolow wetaketheliberty
ub ec tof thisparticularissue inordertoamplifya
erwhicharegenerallyoverlooked.
l . 5 4 2 7 .
butlong-overlooked artic leby . . W. deSalis The
i a s u d oc i a l a ci d ia a n d H o n or i a a n d of T h eo d o-
e o , S t r u ck i n t a ly N u m is m at i c Ch r on i cl e N . S . V I I ,
hsessayshouldhavesettledonc eandforalltimethe
s. udo iaonthec oinsof thereignofTheodosius I ,
hat thelatterstruckcoinsnotonlyin thename
a b u t in t h at o f h is d a ug h te r u d o i a I w h o ma r ri e d
ndstruc kcoinsintheWestas ic inia udo ia but
datConstantinoplebythesamenameasher grand-
i a , w i fe o f A rc ad i us .
entoldagain w ithfullc redittodeSalis brillianc e
o y c e E u d o i a u d oc i a u d o i a : D a t ed S o li d i
A meric anNumismatic Soc ietyMuseumNotesV I , 1954
ayhopethatthedistinc tionsbetweenthesethreeladies
in.
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5
domain. nthepeacetreaty Theodosius I
erationoftheChristianfaithfrom the
torywasc elebratedasama ortriumphforthe
ith.
kenbythe crossonthiscointype
entfurnishestheclue.Only twoyears
T h eo d os i us I h a d se n t mo n ey t o e r us a le m t o
reat ewelledc rossonGolgotha onthesite
hisgreatornamentedc rossmusthavebeenthe
cedin thehandoftheNike onthecoinsof
orsucceedingrepresentationsofthecrossas
imperialvictory.
ucceedingrulers asthecrossmightor
ewellededges andastheNikewasturned
stransformedintoatrueAngel wearingmas-
negarments onthec oinsof ustin , f rom
A T I I , 2 6 . i na ll y o n th e co in s of T ib er iu s I ,
roppedentirely andthecrossonsteps
ersetypeofthesolidi asseenonthe first
. O n t h e o th e r ha n d a s r o lo w h as s h ow n o n
ustinian I ac tually revertstotheearliertype
kewhooriginallysupportedthevictorious
I I , o f co u rs e t h e em p er o r is w e ar i ng a d i ff e re n t
me c harac teri edbytheloros thebroad
etc . butthefullestGreekac countisinSoc rates H istoria
18 2 1 M ig ne . G . X V I I , co ls . 77 8 4 . T oo bt ai n a
of thepic ture c f . A . Christensen I ransousles
en 1 9 44 p p . 26 9 8 1 . . o l lw i t , O s t r m i sc h e l a st i k
it B erlin 1941 isanablegeneralsurveyof thearts
i t.
u s ti n t he i r st C am b ri d ge 1 9 50 p p . 41 8 2 6 .
noc lasme pp. 27 8 suggeststhataConstantinianprec edent
berius inestablishingthistype andthatthere
tinianmonumentinConstantinopleitselfwhich
sore ec ts rolow semphasisonthec ontinuityof
reverses feelingthatthiswasmuchmoreof an
p . 9 2 .
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ographyof ustinian I
welledscarfwhichwaswornwoundaboutthe
withitsendsfallingalmostto thefeet
7 . Contemporarydoc umentationonthisc ostumeis
eintheB y antinec eremonialcanbeascertained
leB ookofCeremonies andmostparti-
hechapteronthe imperialregalia. n
eloros mentionedwithreferencetoonlyone
day when af terthepreliminaryceremoniesin
nAkoubitoi theemperorputonthe loros
rown asitpleaseshim whiletak ingasceptre
eane ikakiainhisright. nthisc ostumehe
on theimperialrobingroomattheGreat
dthelorosin favorofthechlamysbefore
sceremonialsthere.Aftercommunion he
returntothe alace.Soimportantwasthis
onstantine orphyrogenitusleftamonghis
yonthesignific anceof thec ostume:B ook I ,
Whyitisthaton asterSundaytheemperor
nsulsandthepatric iansweartheloros. H ere
ssymboli ingboththedeathand the
heloros woundaboutthebody likeaw ind-
edwithgemsandembroideredwithgold the
svictoryoverdeathbymeansof thecross
oll w rappedinc lothandf illedw ithdust rec alls
brac edbytheB ookof ife.
however:immediatelyafterthisdescrip-
planation namely thatthec ostumeand
entially thoseof theancientc onsulsofRome
ricians then asareminderof thegloriesof
nbec amek ingsforayear andassumednot
ttheheavyresponsibilitiesoftheadministra-
ue obviously:eveninthetenthcenturyit
1 n . 15 .
e i sk e B o nn 1 82 9 p p . 6 7 9 . Cf . . B . B u r y T he C er e-
nine orphyrogennetos nglishHistoricalR ev iew
1907 p. 225:Thissection hasnospec ialmarksofConstantinian
torysentenceisunlikethegeneralstyle oftheD e
eft openwhetheritwascompiledbyConstantineor
olderwork .
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7
costume ofwhichtheloroswasthemost
wasthatof theRomanc onsuls. nthehistory
eB y antineemperors andinthehistory
mayliesomeoftheanswersweseek . etusf irst
onsistedatthe apogeeofitssplendor.
ntofthe monumentsrelatedtothe
thec onsulardiptychs hasrevealedmostof
ytoanunderstandingoftheconsularcos-
ntsofthedresswereas follows:theunder-
unicwith fullsleeves.O verthiswasworn
eevelesscolobium anothervarietyoftunic
eredtheconsularregaliain thecourseof
outermostwasthec onsulartoga which
otheimportanceof theoc casion eitherthe
aywear orthepurpletogawhichbears
whic hinitshighestgradeswasofgold em-
preciousstones.Thiscostumewascom-
oots orcalcei andtheinsigniaofoffice
p a an d t he s c ep t re P L A T V , 2 9 .
e withapurpletrabearatherthan the
wornbytheV iric onsulares themenofc on-
themselvesduringtheirtermofofficewore
antly thetriumphalc ostume w iththetunic
gold thec olobiumalsopurple andthe
lopedduringthehistoryof the mpireintothe
ratedw ithgoldrosettes. twas ohn ydus
thesi thc entury f irstappliedtheGreekword
armentshadtheirantec edentsinRomanR e-
theyhadvagueassociationswithstillearlier
y.Thebasicelementsofthecostume which
Triumphator werethetunicapalmata
picta thesewerethegarmentswornby
i e C o n su l ar d ip t yc he n u nd V e r w n d te D e n k m l e r B e r l i n 1 9 29 .
p. 4 4 .
p. 5 4 .
Saglio Dic tionnairedesanti uit sgrec uesetromainesV ,
a b y G. B l u m.
4 9: T og a b y . C ou rb y.
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ographyof ustinian I
pitolinus whobestowedv ic toryuponthe
mperorA ugustusmadethetogapic taapartof
orceremonialoccasions thetriumphaland
allylostwhateverdistinctionsmayhave
priortothistime andbythesec ondcenturyof
andpurposesidentic al atthesametime
orec eiveatriumphhadbecomethee c lusive
rs sothattherewasno suchthingasa
yothermemberofthestate.D uringthe
beaortogapic taassumeditsf inal narrow
t inrepresentationsoftheloros.
tothis triumphaliconographyofthe
herewasoneattributewhichwas not:the
eldinthe consul srighthandat thegames
nthef irstof anuary hisinaugurationday
thesignaltocommencetheperformance.
dontheconsulardiptychshavethe appear-
kethenapkinsforwhichtheywerenamed
themappawasgivenaddedfirmnessby the
nsidethecloth asdescribedbythe
B ookofCeremonies. Thistypeofmappa
akakia whenc etheparentageof theB y an-
.
themappawas andalwaysremainedso
oftheconsularofficeproperlyspeaking
producerof thespectacles isclearfrom
toCassiodorus itdatesf romthetimeof
yedthestartof thegamesbystayinglateat
uncheon.W henthecrowdinthe nearby
waitingsolong theemperorthrewhis
hedining-hall asasignalthattheproceed-
im. D espitethepatnessof thestory and
: T r iu mp h us b y R . G a g u at .
ct. T e t p . 54 .
mb e rg & S a g l io o p . ci t . V , p . 5 2 .
c t. T e t p p. 62 3 .
a r ia e I I , 5 1 e d . Th . M om ms e n M . G. H . a u ct o re s
B e r l i n 1 8 94 p . 1 06 . T he t o po g ra p hy o f t he a l at i ne i n r e-
einR omewouldnotmakethisfeatan impracticalone.
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9
dentshaveshowntowardit thereisno
ortheuseof thenapkin-mappaatthegames
o.
er underwentama oralterationinthecourse
changewhichsomecommentatorshavecon-
d oftheconsulateitself. What hadhap-
meof ustinian thec onsulatehadbe-
maldignity bestowingonitsbearer
ertaingames notablythoseofthefirstof
salsopriv ilegedtof reeslaves andtheright
cgiftsin honorofhisappointment but
omeanalmostintolerableburdenfor any
urdenofwhichtheemperorc ouldnotbutbefully
turythelastof thec onsulsretiredinRome
rcertainlapsesofappointment thenamingof
n541. Thisdidnotmean however thatthe
oe ist instead theremerelyceasedtobe
e.Atthe sametime thereremained
titlee -c onsul whichforc enturieshadbeen
erouslyuponmenwhohadneverheldthe
aswellasuponthosewhohad f rom541
mmonthanever.
sulateproperbecamepurelyanimperial
rorassumedmoreorlessautomaticallyupon
assuch itsdutieswereamalgamatedwiththe
mperialresponsibilities tosuc hane tent
became ustanothertitletobe citedina
nities withoutanydistinctionofitsfunc-
n wasthef irstemperortoc elebratethis
a gl io o p. c it . I I , p . 15 9 : M ap pa b y . o tt ie r.
The mperialA dministrativeSystemintheNinthCentury
2 5 6 .
gi o o p . c it . , p p . 14 6 6 8 1 : C o ns u l b y G . B l o c h . r e ei n g
s wasdoubtlessanothervestigeof theprerogativesof the
ofthe laterhistoryoftheconsularofficeandtitles
m p ir e w i th a r s u m o f p re v io u s sc h ol a rl y o pi n io n i s t ha t
x c onsul. O bservationssurl histoireduc onsulat l po ue
a nt io n X I X , 1 94 9 p p. 7 -5 8.
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aphyof ustinian I
66 " itwasatthistimethattheimperial
ntotheconsularregalia.
atthistimethattheconsularc ostumereappears
signif ic antly ustatthemomentthatthe
clusivelyanimperialoffice. tsfirstoccur-
y ea r o f u s ti n I ' s s u cc es s or T i be r iu s I
, 2 7 ; t h e ne t e mp er or M au ri ce T ib er iu s i ss ue d at
duringhisreign c onsular typesinbron-
n d go l d. h o ca s t oo m i nt e d bo t h so l id i a n d br o n e s
rthefirst timetheconsularsceptreappears
eadofbytheimperialRomaneagle P L A T
theimageof theemperorasc onsulforthe
eraclius onaseriesoverwhic htherehad
butwhichhasnowbeensatisfactorilyeluci-
esameemperorraisedhiseldestson H eraclius
rrankontheoccasionofhis owntriumphin
sfulc onclusionof the ersianWars thereaf ter
onsularof fic e althoughbothConstantine V
d ib u s u s ti n i mi n or i s V , e d . a r ts c h M . G . H . a u ct . a nt .
in 1 87 9 p p . 14 7- 56 .
4 , e d. a rt sc h l o c. ci t. p .1 5 .
follesduringtheinitialyearofhisreign allofTiber-
apiec es andmanyofhisotherbron ec oins wereof this
l . X I V , 5 6 l s. X V & X V I , p a s si m. T he re i s al so a n
artype whichincludesintheobverselegendthe
V I V A T E L I X : b id . , l .X I I I , 2 0.
V I I , 8 l . X V I I I , 2 & 4 a r e co