THE NEXT GENERATION OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION AND DISCOVERY:

Key Issues and Trends

Marshall BreedingIndependent Consultant, Author, SpeakerFounder and Publisher, Library Technology Guideshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/http://twitter.com/mbreeding

28 February 2013 Iowa ILEAD USA Innovative Librarians conference

Abstract Libraries today face incredible challenges as they face

challenges brought on by shifts in their collections to include ever increasing of electronic content, never-ending budget pressures, and rising expectations by their customers for instant access to information.  In response to these challenges, libraries demand more effective and efficient automation solutions with requirements for additional features and functionality aligned with these new realities that may not have been present in previous automation products.  In the past, libraries could gain adequate automation by choosing the best integrated library system that fit their technical requirements and budget.  Now, for better or worse, many choices now exist that represent quite different paths, including decisions regarding open source versus proprietary products, evolutionary ILS versus new-generation library services platforms, online catalogs versus discovery services, locally implemented versus cloud-based deployment.  Marshall Breeding will present an overview of the current library automation landscape, highlighting the advantages and concerns presented by this new slate of alternatives. 

Library Technology Guides

www.librarytechnolog

y.org

Iowa Public Libraries: Automation

Library Journal Automation Marketplace

Published annually in April 1 issue Based on data provided by each vendor Focused primarily on North America

Context of global library automation market

LJ Automation MarketplaceAnnual Industry report published in Library Journal: 2012: Agents of Change 2011: New Frontier: battle intensifies to win hearts, minds

and tech dollars 2010: New Models, Core Systems 2009: Investing in the Future 2008: Opportunity out of turmoil 2007: An industry redefined 2006: Reshuffling the deck 2005: Gradual evolution 2004: Migration down, innovation up 2003: The competition heats up 2002: Capturing the migrating customer

Appropriate Automation Infrastructure

Current automation products out of step with current realities

Majority of library collection funds spent on electronic content

Majority of automation efforts support print activities

New discovery solutions help with access to e-content

Management of e-content continues with inadequate supporting infrastructure

Key Context: Libraries in Transition

Academic Shift from Print > Electronic E-journal transition largely complete Circulation of print collections slowing E-books now in play (consultation > reading)

All libraries: Need better tools for access to complex multi-

format collections Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections Demands for enterprise integration and

interoperability

Fundamental technology shift Mainframe computing Client/Server Web-based and Cloud Computing

http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrick/61952845/http://soacloudcomputing.blogspot.com/2008/10/cloud-computing.html

http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html

Local Computing Traditional model Locally owned and managed Shifting from departmental to enterprise Departmental servers co-located in

central IT data centers Increasingly virtualized

Cloud Computing Major trend in Information Technology Term “in the cloud” has devolved into

marketing hype, but cloud computing in the form of multi-tenant software as a service offers libraries opportunities to break out of individual silos of automation and engage in widely shared cooperative systems

Opportunities for libraries to leverage their combined efforts into large-scale systems with more end-user impact and organizational efficiencies

Gartner Hype Cycle 2012

Budget Allocations

Server Purchase Server

Maintenance Application

software license Data Center

overhead Energy costs Facility costs

Annual Subscription Measured

Service? Fixed fees

Factors Hosting Software Licenses Optional modules

Local Computing Cloud Computing

Library Management in the Cloud Almost all library automation vendors offer

some form of “cloud-based” services Server management moves from library to

Vendor Subscription-based business model Comprehensive annual subscription

payment Offsets local server purchase and maintenance Offsets some local technology support

Software as a Service Multi Tennant SaaS is the modern

approach One copy of the code base serves multiple

sites Software functionality delivered entirely

through Web interfaces No workstation clients

Upgrades and fixes deployed universally Usually in small increments

Data as a service SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared

data models Bibliographic knowledgebase: one globally

shared copy that serves all libraries Discovery indexes: article and object-level index

for resource discovery E-resource knowledge bases: shared

authoritative repository of e-journal holdings General opportunity to move away from library-

by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows

Leveraging the Cloud Moving legacy systems to hosted

services provides some savings to individual institutions but does not result in dramatic transformation

Globally shared data and metadata models have the potential to achieve new levels of operational efficiencies and more powerful discovery and automation scenarios that improve the position of libraries overall.

Transition to Web-scale Technologies

Web-scale: a characterization or marketing tag that denotes a comprehensive, highly-scalable, globally shared model

Web-scale: One of the key characteristics of emerging library management and discovery services

Displaces applications or data models targeting individual libraries in isolation

Discovery: index-based search Management: Library Services Platforms

Cloud Computing for Libraries

Volume 11 in The Tech Set

Published by Neal-Schuman / ALA TechSource

ISBN: 781555707859

http://www.neal-schuman.com/ccl

Book Image Publication Info:

A New Generation of Resource Discovery

Online Catalog

Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level

Not in scope: Articles Book Chapters Digital objects

Scope of SearchSearch:

Search Results

ILS Data

Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface

Single search box Query tools

Did you mean Type-ahead

Relevance ranked results Faceted navigation Enhanced visual displays

Cover art Summaries, reviews,

Recommendation services

Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level

Other local and open access content

Not in scope: Articles Book Chapters Digital objects

Scope of Search

Discovery from Local to Web-scale Initial products focused on interface improvements

AquaBrowser, Endeca, Primo, Encore, VuFind, LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena Mostly locally-installed software

Current phase is focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery Primo Central (Ex Libris) Summon (Serials Solutions) WorldCat Local (OCLC) EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) Encore Synergy (no index, though)

Discovery Interface search modelSearch: Digital

Collections

ProQuest

EBSCOhost

…MLA

Bibliography

ABC-CLIO

Search Results

Real-time query and responses

ILS Data

Local Index

MetaSearch Engine

Web-scale Index-based DiscoverySearch:

Digital Collections

Web Site ContentInstitution

al Repositori

es

…E-Journals

Reference Sources

Search Results

Pre-built harvesting and indexing

Consolidated Index

ILS Data

Aggregated Content packages

(2009- present)

Public Library Information PortalSearch:

Digital Collections

Web Site ContentCommunit

yInformatio

n

…Customer-providedcontent

Reference Sources

Search Results

Pre-built harvesting and indexing

Consolidated Index

LMS Data

Aggregated Content packages

Archives

Usage-generate

dData

Customer

Profile

Discovery Products

http://www.librarytechnology.org/discovery.pl

E-books in Libraries

Integrating e-Books into Library Automation Infrastructure

Current approach involves mostly outsourced arrangements

Collections licensed wholesale from single provider

Hand-off to DRM and delivery systems of providers

Loading of MARC records into local catalog with linking mechanisms

No ability to see availability status of e-books from the library’s online catalog or discovery interface

Legal / Business issues E-book products generally involve licenses that

provide access to titles but may not constitute full ownership of materials.

Will libraries need to re-purchase titles if they switch e-book providers

Lending models mostly adhere to restrictions consistent with print: Only one reader can access each copy licensed Digital copies may need to be repurchased after

designated number of uses (Example HarperCollins) No “doctrine of first sale:” Rights of the library

limited by the publishers

Technology Issues Access to materials controlled through Digital

Rights Management Closed ecosystems that control content through

identity management and rights policies Imposes significant overhead on the user

experience: Download an install DRM components Establish user credentials in site trusted by DRM Works only with devices that comply with DRM

restrictions

E-Book Challenges for Libraries Work toward legal framework that

preserves the role and value of libraries to provide access to materials without cost

Work toward business model where libraries can acquire materials at reasonable costs

Deliver materials with through a user-friendly experience It should be easier to borrow an e-book

from a library than purchase one from an online store

Challenges for library automation Provide the same types of management control

for e-books as other collection component Acquisitions: select and acquire materials from

multiple providers Cataloging: High-quality descriptive metadata

Electronic copies appropriately aligned with those in print or other media

Circulation: Integrated with other media. Option to lend e-reader devices

Discovery Integrated with all other formats Unified environment for content delivery

Next-Gen Library Catalogs

Marshall BreedingNeal-Schuman PublishersMarch 2010

Volume 1 of The Tech Set

Cooperation and Resource sharing

Efforts on many fronts to cooperate and consolidate

Many regional consortia merging (Example: suburban Chicago systems)

State-wide or national implementations Software-as-a-service or “cloud” based

implementations Many libraries share computing

infrastructure and data resources

Illinois Heartland Library Consortium

LargestConsortiumin US by Number of Members

Strategic Cooperation Shared infrastructure in support of strategic

collaborative relationships Opportunities to share infrastructure Examples:

2CUL Orbis Cascade Alliance

Opportunities to reconsider automation implementation strategies One library = 1 ILS? Ability to share infrastructure across organizational

boundaries?

Shared Infrastructure Northern Ireland South Australia Denmark (tender process underway) Chile Iceland

New-generation Library Management

Is the status quo sustainable? ILS for management of (mostly) print Duplicative financial systems between library and campus Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS) OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to

full-text electronic articles Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm,

DigiTool, etc.) Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.) Discovery-layer services for broader access to library

collections No effective integration services / interoperability among

disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes

Integrated (for print) Library System

Circulation

BIB

Staff Interfaces:

Holding / Items

CircTransact User Vendor Policies$$$

Funds

Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog

Public Interfaces:

Interfaces

BusinessLogic

DataStores

LMS / ERM: Fragmented Model

Circulation

BIB

Staff Interfaces:

Holding / Items

CircTransactUserVendor Policies$$$

Funds

CatalogingAcquisitionsSerials OnlineCatalog

Public Interfaces:

Application Programming Interfaces`

LicenseManagement

LicenseTerms

E-resourceProcurement

VendorsE-JournalTitles

Protocols: CORE

Common approach for ERM

Circulation

BIB

Staff Interfaces:

Holding / Items

CircTransactUserVendor Policies$$$

Funds

CatalogingAcquisitionsSerials OnlineCatalog

Public Interfaces:

Application Programming Interfaces

Budget License Terms

Titles / Holdings

Vendors

Access Details

Comprehensive Resource Management No longer sensible to use different

software platforms for managing different types of library materials

ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model

Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows

Academic Libraries need a new model of library management

Not an Integrated Library System or Library Management System

The ILS/LMS was designed to help libraries manage print collections

Generally did not evolve to manage electronic collections

Other library automation products evolved: Electronic Resource Management Systems –

OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories

Library Services Platform Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries

automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfillment requests, and deliver services

Services Service oriented architecture Exposes Web services and other API’s Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users

Platform General infrastructure for library automation Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to

extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data

Library Services Platform Characteristics

Highly Shared data models Knowledgebase architecture Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate local

data stores Delivered through software as a service

Multi-tenant Unified workflows across formats and media Flexible metadata management

MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX Bibframe New structures not yet invented

Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability

Open Systems Achieving openness has risen as the key

driver behind library technology strategies Libraries need to do more with their data Ability to improve customer experience and

operational efficiencies Demand for Interoperability Open source – full access to internal

program of the application Open API’s – expose programmatic

interfaces to data and functionality

Consolidated indexUnified Presentation LayerSearch:

Digital Coll

ProQuest

EBSCO…

JSTOR

Other Resour

ces

New Library Management Model

`API Layer

Library Services Platform

LearningManageme

nt

Enterprise ResourcePlanning

StockManageme

nt

Self-Check /

Automated Return

Authentication

Service

Smart Cad /

Payment systems

Discovery

Service

Library Services PlatformsCategory WorldSha

re Management Services

Alma Intota Sierra Services Platform

Kuali OLE

Responsible Organization

OCLC. Ex Libris Serials Solutions

Innovative Interfaces, Inc

Kuali Foundation

Key precepts Global network-level approach to management and discovery.

Consolidate workflows, unified management: print, electronic, digital; Hybrid data model

Knowledgebase driven. Pure multi-tenant SaaS

Service-oriented architectureTechnology uplift for Millennium ILS. More open source components, consolidated modules and workflows

Manage library resources in a format agnostic approach. Integration into the broader academic enterprise infrastructure

Software model

Proprietary Proprietary

Proprietary Proprietary Open Source

Development / Deployment perspective

Beginning of a new cycle of transition Over the course of the next decade,

academic libraries will replace their current legacy products with new platforms

Not just a change of technology but a substantial change in the ways that libraries manage their resources and deliver their services

Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS Aleph, Voyager, Millennium, Symphony, Polaris, BOOK-IT, DDELibra, Libra.se LIBERO, Amlib, Spydus, TOTALS II, Talis Alto, OpenGalaxy

Traditional Open Source ILS Evergreen, Koha

New generation Library Services Platforms Ex Libris Alma Kuali OLE (Enterprise, not cloud) OCLC WorldShare Management Services, Serials Solutions Intota Innovative Interfaces Sierra (evolving)

Competing Models of Library Automation

Convergence Discovery and Management solutions will

increasingly be implemented as matched sets Ex Libris: Primo / Alma Serials Solutions: Summon / Intota OCLC: WorldCat Local / WorldShare Platform Except: Kuali OLE, EBSCO Discovery Service

Both depend on an ecosystem of interrelated knowledge bases

API’s exposed to mix and match, but efficiencies and synergies are lost

Organization and personnel issues Refocus efforts of technologists and

technicians Away from redundant local

implementations Toward collaborative broad-based cross-

institutional services Deployment and maintenance of

conventional systems consumes all available resources

Library-by-library model least efficient

Progressive consolidation of library services

Centralization of technical infrastructure of multiple libraries within a campus

Resource sharing support Direct borrowing among partner institutions

Shared infrastructure between institutions Examples: 2CUL (Columbia University /

Cornell University) Orbis Cascade Alliance (37 independent

colleges and universities to merge into shared LSP)

Reassess expectations of Technology

Many previous assumptions no longer apply

Technology platforms scale infinitely No technical limits on how libraries share

technical infrastructure Cloud technologies enable new ways of

sharing metadata Build flexible systems not hardwired to

any given set of workflows

Reassess workflow and organizational options

ILS model shaped library organizations New Library Services Platforms may

enable new ways to organize how resource management and service delivery are performed

New technologies more able to support strategic priorities and initiatives

Time to engage Transition to new technology models just

underway More transformative development than

in previous phases of library automation Opportunities to partner and collaborate

Vendors want to create systems with long-term value

Question previously held assumptions regarding the shape of technology infrastructure and services

Provide leadership in defining expectations

Questions and discussion